eqr_2023.pdf

(Sumber: Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan, Malaysia 2023) (Source: Road Transport Department, Malaysia, 2023) 12,000,000 14,000,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 Bilangan Kenderaan Berdaftar yang Sedang Digunakan (Aktif) /
Number of Registered In-use Vehicles (Active) Motokar /
Motorcars Teksi dan
Kereta Sewa / Taxi and Rental Cars Bas /
Buses Kenderaan Barang / Freight Vehichles Motorsikal /
Motorcycles 2022 12,820,815 16,009 8,268 341,608 8,301,640 2023 11,830,739 13,217 4,449 254,944 6,249,069 0 16,000,000 18,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000 0 Bilangan Kenderaan Berdaftar /
Number of Registered Vehicles Motorsikal /
Motorcycles Motokar /
Motorcars Bas /
Buses Teksi dan
Kereta Sewa / Taxi and Rental Cars Kenderaan Barang / Freight Vehichles 2022 16,205,228 16,435,568 62,787 112,737 1,390,552 2023 16,867,912 17,403,119 64,083 116,726 1,436,369 (Sumber: Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan, Malaysia 2023) (Source: Road Transport Department, Malaysia, 2023) Tarikh / Date Rajah 5.9: Bilangan Kenderaan Berdaftar yang Sedang Digunakan (Aktif), 2022-2023 Figure 5.9: Number of Registered In-Use Vehicles (Active), 2022-2023 Rajah 5.8: Bilangan Kenderaan Berdaftar Terkumpul, 2022-2023 Figure 5.8: Number of Registered Vehicles, 2022-2023 INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN 182 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3

Rajah 5.10: Beban Pencemaran Bahan Pencemar Udara dari Semua Punca, 2021-2023 Figure 5.10: Air Pollutant Emission Load from All Sources, 2021-2023 BEBAN PENCEMARAN PENCEMAR UDARA Beban Pencemaran Secara Menyeluruh Dianggarkan pada tahun 2023, keseluruhan beban pencemaran yang terkumpul bagi pencemar karbon monoksida (CO) adalah 1,847,312 tan metrik, 882,330 tan metrik bagi nitrogen dioksida (NO2), 284,304 tan metrik bagi sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan 25,950 tan metrik bagi jirim zarahan (PM). Perbandingan keseluruhan beban pencemaran bagi tahun 2021, 2022 dan 2023 seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.10. Secara keseluruhannya, beban pencemar bagi parameter NO2, SO2 dan PM didapati meningkat pada tahun 2023 kecuali bagi parameter CO dimana terdapat penurunan. Peningkatan adalah sebanyak 4.19% bagi beban pencemar NO2. Manakala, beban pencemar SO2 menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 30.72% dan beban pencemar PM menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 9.42% berbanding dengan tahun 2022. 2,000,000 2,250,000 2,500,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 500,000 750,000 250,000 Beban Pencemaran (Tan Metrik) /
Emission Loading (Metric Tonnes) CO NO2 SO2 PM 2021 1,687,860 800,177 214,392 22,649 2022 2,070,909 846,864 217,490 23,715 2023 1,847,312 882,330 284,304 25,950 0 AIR POLLUTION EMISSION LOAD Overall Emission Load It was estimated that in 2023 the overall cumulative air pollutant emission load was 1,847,312 metric tonnes of carbon monoxide (CO), 882,330 metric tonnes of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 284,304 metric tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and 25,950 metric tonnes of particulate matter (PM). A comparison of the combined air pollutants emission load in 2021, 2022 and 2023 is shown in Figure 5.10. Overall, there was an increase in emission loads for NO2, SO2 and PM. However, CO emissions decreased slightly during that period. The increase in emission load for NO2 was 4.19%, while the emission load of SO2 pollutants increased by 30.72% and PM pollutants have increased by 9.42% compared to the year 2022. (Sumber: Daripada National Energy Balance 2020) (Source: From National Energy Balance 2020) Pencemaran / Pollutant INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES 183 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3

Rajah 5.11: Punca Beban Pencemaran SO2 (Tan Metrik), 2023 Figure 5.11: SO2 Emission Load by Sources (Metric Tonnes), 2023 Punca Beban Pencemaran Loji janakuasa merupakan penyumbang utama kepada beban pencemar SO2 (63%), diikuti dengan lain-lain kategori (28%), industri (5%) dan kenderaan bermotor (4%) (Rajah 5.11). Bagi beban pencemar PM pula, penyumbang terbesar adalah daripada loji janakuasa (38%), industri (29%), diikuti lain-lain kategori (23%) dan kenderaan bermotor (10%) (Rajah 5.12). Penyumbang terbesar bagi NO2 adalah daripada loji janakuasa (70%) diikuti kenderaan bermotor (19%), industri (8%) dan lain-lain kategori (3%) (Rajah 5.13). Walau bagaimanapun, kenderaan bermotor masih merupakan penyumbang terbesar kepada CO (95%) (Rajah 5.14). Punca-punca bagi kategori ‘Lain-lain’ yang dinyatakan di dalam rajah-rajah adalah merupakan pelepasan bahan pencemar udara dari kawasan perumahan, komersial dan penggunaan bukan tenaga. Anggaran pencemaran yang dihasilkan oleh beban pencemar udara daripada kenderaan bermotor iaitu HC, CO, PM, NO2 dan SO2 pada tahun 2022 dan 2023 ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5.15. Emission Load by Sources Power plants contributed the highest SO2 emission load (63%), followed by other categories (28%), industries (5%) and motor vehicles (4%) (Figure 5.11). As for PM, the highest contributors were power plants (38%) followed by industries (29%), others (23%) and motor vehicles (10%) (Figure 5.12). The highest contributors of NO2 were power plants (70%) followed by motor vehicles (19%), industries (8%), and others (3%) (Figure 5.13). However, motor vehicles remained the highest contributor of CO (95%) (Figure 5.14). ‘Others’ in the figures represent air pollutant emissions from residential, commercial and non-energy use sources. The estimated annual air pollutant emission loads of HC, CO, PM, NO2 and SO2 from motor vehicles for 2022 and 2023 are shown in Figure 5.15. Loji Janakuasa / Power Stations Lain-lain / Others Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicles Industri / Industries 179,480 63% 78,794 28% 11,215 4% 14,815 5% INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN 184 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3

Rajah 5.13: Punca Beban Pencemaran NO2 (Tan Metrik), 2023 Figure 5.13: NO2 Emission Load by Sources (Metric Tonnes), 2023 Rajah 5.12: Punca Beban Pencemaran PM (Tan Metrik), 2023 Figure 5.12: PM Emission Load by Sources (Metric Tonnes), 2023 Loji Janakuasa / Power Stations Lain-lain / Others Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicles Industri / Industries Loji Janakuasa / Power Stations Lain-lain / Others Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicles Industri / Industries 69,105 8% 28,774 3% 171,337 19% 613,115 70% 5,864 23% 2,664 10% 7,494 29% 9,928 38% INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES 185 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3

Tarikh / Date Rajah 5.14: Punca Beban Pencemaran CO (Tan Metrik), 2023 Figure 5.14: CO Emission Load by Sources (Metric Tonnes), 2023 8,265 0.004% 77,227 4% 1,750,407 95% 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 500,000 Beban Pencemaran (Tan Metrik) /
Emission Loading (Metric Tonnes) PM SO2 NO2 HC CO 2022 3,768 13,841 211,431 501,559 1,997,005 2023 2,664 11,215 171,337 400,295 1,750,407 0 Loji Janakuasa / Power Stations Lain-lain / Others Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicles Industri / Industries 11,414 1% Rajah 5.15: Beban Pencemar Udara dari Kenderaan Bermotor, 2022-2023 (Metrik Tan) Figure 5.15: Air Pollutant Emission Load from Motor Vehicles, 2022-2023 (Metric Tonnes) Parameter INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN 186 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3

INVENTORI BUANGAN TERJADUAL Pada tahun 2023 sebanyak 5,841,596.82 tan metrik buangan terjadual telah dihasilkan. Ini merupakan pengurangan sebanyak 1.24% berbanding 5,915,073.84 tan metrik yang dilaporkan pada 2022. Rajah 5.16 menunjukkan perbezaan jumlah penghasilan buangan terjadual bagi tahun 2013-2023. Kategori utama buangan yang dihasilkan adalah dros/sanga/ klinker/abu, enapcemar logam berat dan buangan gipsum (Jadual 5.1). Rajah 5.17 menunjukkan jumlah penghasilan buangan terjadual berdasarkan kepada kumpulan di dalam jadual pertama PPKAS (BT) 2005 bagi tahun 2023. Negeri Selangor telah menghasilkan jumlah terbesar buangan terjadual (27%), diikuti oleh Johor (21%), Sarawak (11%), Perak (9%), Negeri Sembilan (9%), Pahang (7%) manakala 10 negeri-negeri yang lain menghasilkan sebanyak (18%) (Rajah 5.18). Berdasarkan jumlah buangan terjadual yang dihasilkan mengikut jenis industri, loji janakuasa didapati menghasilkan buangan terjadual yang tertinggi sebanyak 1,809, 917.70 tan metrik diikuti pengilangan logam 1,114,619.21 tan metrik dan industri kimia 574,076.24 tan metrik (Jadual 5.2). Trend pengurusan buangan terjadual dalam negara adalah seperti di Rajah 5.19. SCHEDULED WASTES INVENTORY In 2023, a total of 5,841,596.82 metric tonnes of scheduled wastes were generated. This represents an overall decrease of 1.24 % as compared to 5,915,073.84 metric tonnes reported in 2022. Figure 5.16 illustrates the variation in scheduled waste generation from 2013 to 2023. The main categories of waste generated were dross/slag/clinker/ash, heavy metal sludge and gypsum (Table 5.1). Figure 5.17 shows the amount of scheduled waste generated in 2023, categorized according to the groups in the first scheduled of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005. The state of Selangor generated the largest amount of scheduled wastes (27%), followed by Johor (21%), Sarawak (11%), Perak (9%), Negeri Sembilan (9%), Pahang (7%) whilst the other 10 states generated a total of 18% (Figure 5.18). Based on the scheduled waste generated by industry, power plant generated the largest with a total of 1,809, 917.70 metric tonnes followed by metal refinery 1,114,619.21 metric tonnes and chemical industry 574,076.24 metric tonnes (Table 5.2). The scheduled waste management trend in the country is as shown in Figure 5.19. J&T Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn Bhd (JBAM) INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES 187 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3

Rajah 5.17: Jumlah Penghasilan Buangan Terjadual mengikut Jadual Pertama Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling

(Buangan Terjadual) 2005 Figure 5.17: Total Scheduled Wastes Generation According to the First Schedule Environmental Quality (Schedule Wastes)

Regulations 2005 Metrik Tan / Metric Tonnes 8,000,000.00 7,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 4,000,000.00 1,387,861.64 2,541,762.34 2,918,478.34 2,766,613.45 2,017,280.76 2,355,085.21 4,013,189.02 5,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 3,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 0

1. SW205
2. SW204
3. SW104
4. SW206
5. SW322
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9. SW204
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12. SW204
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14. SW422
15. SW305
16. SW104
17. SW205
18. SW204
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20. SW206
21. SW205
22. SW104
23. SW204
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25. SW307
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30. SW321
31. SW104
32. SW205
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34. SW206
35. SW305 Rajah 5.16: Jumlah Penghasilan Buangan Terjadual, 2013-2023 Figure 5.16: Total Scheduled Wastes Generation, 2013-2023 7,185,227.76 7,505,195.76 5,915,073.84 5,841,596.82
36. SW104
37. SW204
38. SW205
39. SW322
40. SW422
41. SW104
42. SW204
43. SW205
44. SW305
45. SW321
46. SW104
47. SW204
48. SW205
49. SW110
50. SW321
51. SW104
52. SW204
53. SW205
54. SW307
55. SW305 Metrik Tan/Tahunan / Metric Tonnes/Yearly 3,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,689,416.61 1,409,002.32 935,284.74 764,065.39 43,827.75 2,500,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,500,000.00 500,000.00 0.00 SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 Tahun / Year INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN 188 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3