ANNEX

PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU) / AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API) CALCULATION Pengiraan IPU ini berdasarkan system Pollution Standard Index (PSI) yang diterimapakai di peringkat antarabangsa oleh United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
API calculation is based on Pollution Standard Index (PSI) that has been accepted at the international level by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Sulfur Dioksida / Sulphur Dioxide Habuk Halus (PM10) / Particulate Matter (PM10) Habuk Halus (PM2.5) / Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Ozon / Ozone Nitrogen Dioksida / Nitrogen dioxide Karbon Monoksida / Carbon monoxide PENGUKURAN 6 PARAMETER PENCEMAR / MEASUREMENT OF 6 POLLUTANT PARAMETERS • Kiraan purata bagi setiap parameter diambil mengikut tempoh masa berlainan.

The average calculation for each parameter is taken at different range of periods. • Hal ini kerana had tempoh pendedahan yang berlainan yang boleh diterima oleh manusia.

This is because they have different exposure periods that are acceptable to humans. PARAMETER PENCEMAR / POLLUTANT PARAMETERS TEMPOH PURATA / AVERAGING PERIOD Sulfur Dioksida / Sulphur Dioxide 1 Jam / 1 Hour Habuk Halus (PM10) / Particulate Matter (PM10) 24 Jam / 24 Hours Habuk Halus (PM2.5) / Particulate matter (PM2.5) 24 Jam / 24 Hours Ozon / Ozone 8 Jam / 8 Hours 1 Jam / 1 Hour Nitrogen Dioksida / Nitrogen Dioxide 1 Jam / 1 Hour Karbon Monoksida / Carbon Monoxide 8 Jam / 8 Hours • Purata kepekatan bagi setiap pencemar mengikut tempoh yang tertentu ini seterusnya diseragamkan menggunakan formula matematik khusus bagi menghasilkan satu nilai yang tidak berunit yang dinamakan sebagai SUB-INDEKS.

The average concentration of each pollutant over a given period is then standardized using a specific mathematical formula to produce a non-unitary value called SUB-INDEX. • Setiap pencemar akan menghasilkan sub-indeks tersendiri.

Each pollutant will produce its sub-index. • Sub-index tertinggi secara relatif akan diambilkira sebagai bacaan IPU.

The highest relative sub-index will be considered as API reading. • Lazimnya, bacaan IPU adalah ditentukan oleh kepekatan habuk halus yang merupakan pencemar dominan pada kebanyakan masa terutamanya semasa berlakunya jerebu di Malaysia.

Usually, API readings are determined by the concentration of particulate matter that is the dominant pollutant most of the time especially during haze in Malaysia. ANNEX I 198 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 ANNEX

PENENTUAN PENGIRAAN INDEKS PENCEMAR UDARA (IPU) / DETERMINATION OF AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) CALCULATION Pencemar Individu / Individual Pollutants Indeks Individu
(Sub-Indeks) / Individual Index
(Sub-Index) Pilih Indeks
Maksima / Select Max.
Index Indeks Pencemar
Udara / Air Pollutant
Index SO2 (1 hr) NO2 (1 hr) CO (8 hr) PM10 (24 hr) O3 (8 hr) PM2.5 (24 hr) Indeks (SO2) Indeks (NO2) Indeks (CO) Indeks (PM10) Indeks (O3) Indeks (PM2.5) IPU API Indeks Maksima Maximum Index Bermula 2017 / Started on 2017 API Breakpoint of Concentration Equation for API X = PM2.5 (24 h average, unit: µg/m3) 0 - 50 0 ≤ X ≤12.0 API = 4.1667 x X 51 - 100 12.1 ≤ X ≤ 75.5 API = 0.7741 x (X - 12.1) + 51 101 - 200 75.5 ≤ X ≤ 150.4 API = 1.3218 x (X - 75.5) + 101 201 - 300 150.5 ≤ X ≤ 250.4 API = 0.9909 x (X- 150.5) + 201 301 - 400 250.4 ≤ X ≤ 350.4 API = 0.9909 x (X - 250.5) + 301 401 - 500 350.5 ≤ X ≤ 500.4 API = 0.6604 x (X - 350.5) + 401 FORMULA SUB-INDEKS BAGI PM2.5 YANG TELAH DIMODIFIKASI MENGIKUT STANDARD USEPA / SUB-INDEX FORMULA FOR PM2.5 THAT HAS BEEN MODIFIED ACCORDING TO USEPA STANDARD 0 50 300 100 200 500 Sederhana Moderate Baik Good Tidak Sihat Unhealthy Sangat
Tidak Sihat Very Unhealthy Merbahaya Hazardous PETUNJUK STATUS KUALITI UDARA AIR QUALITY STATUS INDICATION 199 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 ANNEX

PARAMETER
UNIT CLASS I IIA/IIB III# IV V A l mg/l NATURAL LEVEL OR ABSENT

(0.06) 0.5 LEVEL ABOVE IV As mg/l 0.05 0.4 (0.05) 0.1 Ba mg/l 1

Cd mg/l 0.01 0.01* (0.001) 0.01 Cr (VI) mg/l 0.05 1.4 (0.05) 0.1 Cr (III) mg/l

2.5

Cu mg/l 0.02

0.2 Hardness mg/l 250

Ca mg/l

Mg mg/l

Na mg/l

3 SAR K mg/l

Fe mg/l 1 1 1 (Leaf) 5 (Others) Pb mg/l 0.05 0.02* (0.01) 5 Mn mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.2 Hg mg/l 0.001 0.004 (0.0001) 0.002 Ni mg/l 0.05 0.9* 0.2 Se mg/l 0.01 0.25 (0.04) 0.02 Ag mg/l 0.05 0.0002

Sn mg/l

0.004

U mg/l

Zn mg/l 5 0.4* 2 B mg/l 1 (3.4) 0.8 Cl mg/l 200

80 Cl2 mg/l

(0.02)

CN mg/l 0.02 0.06 (0.02)

F mg/l 1.5 10 1 NO2 mg/l 0.4 0.4 (0.03)

NO3 mg/l 7

5 P mg/l 0.2 0.1

Silica mg/l 50

SO4 mg/l 250

S mg/l 0.05 (0.001)

CO2 mg/l

Gross- Į Bq/l 0.1

Gross- ȕ Bq/l 1

Ra-226 Bq/l < 0.1

Sr-90 Bq/l < 1

CCE mg/l 500

MBAS/BAS mg/l 500 5000 (200)

O & G (Mineral) mg/l 40; N N

O & G (Emulsified Edible) mg/l 7000; N N

PCB mg/l 0.1 6 (0.05)

Phenol mg/l 10

Aldrin/Dieldrin mg/l 0.02 0.2 (0.01)

BHC mg/l 2 9 (0.1)

Chlordane mg/l 0.08 2 (0.02)

t-DDT mg/l 0.1 (1)

Endosulfan mg/l 10

Heptachlor/Epoxide mg/l 0.05 0.9 (0.06)

Lindane mg/l 2 3 (0.4)

2,4-D mg/l 70 450

2,4,5-T mg/l 10 160

2,4,5-TP mg/l 4 850

Paraquat mg/l 10 1800

NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MALAYSIA Notes:

• = At hardness 50 mg/l CaCO

= Maximum (unbracketed) and 24-hour average (bracketed) concentrations

N = Free from visible film sheen, discolouration and deposits ANNEX II 200 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 ANNEX

PARAMETER UNIT CLASS I IIA IIB III IV V Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7

2.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 12 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 7 5 - 7 5 - 7 3 - 5 < 3 < 1 pH

6.5 - 8.5 6 - 9 6 - 9 5 - 9 5 - 9

Colour TCU 15 150 150

Electrical Conductivity* µS/cm 1000 1000

6000

Floatables

N N N

Odour

N N N

Salinity % 0.5 1

2

Taste

N N N

Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 500 1000

4000

Total Suspended Solid mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 300 Temperature oC

Normal + 2 oC

Normal + 2 oC

Turbidity NTU 5 50 50

Faecal Coliform** count/100 ml 10 100 400 5000 (20000)a 5000 (20000)a

Total Coliform count/100 ml 100 5000 5000 50000 50000

50000 Notes: N : No visible floatable materials or debris, no objectional odour or no objectional taste

• : Related parameters, only one recommended for use ** : Geometric mean a : Maximum not to be exceeded NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MALAYSIA WATER CLASSES AND USES CLASS USES Class I Conservation of natural environment. Water Supply I – Practically no treatment necessary.
  Fishery I – Very sensitive aquatic species. Class IIA Water Supply II – Conventional treatment required.
  Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species. Class IIB Recreational use with body contact. Class III Water Supply III – Extensive treatment required. Fishery III – Common of economic value and tolerant species; livestock drinking. Class IV Irrigation Class V None of the above. 201 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 ANNEX

SUB INDEX & WATER QUALITY INDEX INDEX RANGE CLEAN SLIGHTLY POLLUTED POLLUTED Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 91 - 100 80 - 90 0 - 79 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3- N) 92 - 100 71 - 91 0 - 70 Suspended Solids (SS) 76 - 100 70 - 75 0 - 69 Water Quality Index (WQI) 81 - 100 60 - 80 0 - 59 DOE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WATER QUALITY INDEX PARAMETER UNIT CLASS I II III IV V Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l < 0.1 0.1 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.9 0.9 – 2.7

2.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l < 1 1 – 3 3 – 6 6 – 12 12 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l < 10 10 – 25 25 – 50 50 – 100 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 7 5 – 7 3 – 5 1 – 3 < 1 pH

7.0 6.0 – 7.0 5.0 – 6.0 < 5.0 5.0 Total Suspended Solid mg/l < 25 25 – 50 50 – 150 150 – 300 300 Water Quality Index (WQI) 92.7 76.5 – 92.7 51.9 – 76.5 31.0 – 51.9 < 31.0 DOE WATER QUALITY INDEX CLASSIFICATION WQI FORMULA AND CALCULATION Formula WQI = (0.22 * SIDO) + (0.19 * SIBOD) + (0.16 * SICOD) + (0.15 * SIAN) + (0.16 * SISS) + (0.12 * SIpH)
where; SIDO = Subindex DO (% saturation)
SIBOD = Subindex BOD SICOD = Subindex COD SIAN = Subindex NH3-N SISS = Subindex SS SIpH = Subindex pH 0 ≤ WQI ≤ 100 Best Fit Equations for the Estimation of Various Subindex Values Subindex for DO (in % saturation) SIDO = 0
for x ≤ 8 SIDO = 100
for x ≥ 92 SIDO = - 0.395 + 0.030x2 - 0.00020x3 for 8 < x < 92 Subindex for BOD SIBOD = 100.4 - 4.23x for x ≤ 5 SIBOD = 108*exp( - 0.055x) - 0.1x for x > 5 202 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 ANNEX

Subindex for COD SICOD = - 1.33x + 99.1
for x ≤ 20 SICOD = 103exp( - 0.0157x) - 0.04x for x > 20 Subindex for NH3 -N SIAN = 100.5 - 105x
for x ≤ 0.3 SIAN = 94exp( - 0.573x) - 5 * I x – 2 I for 0.3 < x < 4 SIAN = 0
for x ≥ 4 Subindex for SS SISS = 97.5exp( - 0.00676x) + 0.05x
for x ≤ 100 SISS = 71exp( - 0.0016x) - 0.015x for 100 < x < 1000 SISS = 0
for x ≥ 1000 Subindex for pH SIpH = 17.2 - 17.2x + 5. 02x2 for x < 5.5 SIpH = - 242 + 95.5x - 6.67x2 for 5.5 ≤ x < 7 SIpH = - 181 + 82.4x - 6.05x2 for 7 ≤ x < 8.75 SIpH = 536 - 77.0x + 2.76x2 or x ≥ 8.75 Note: *means multiply with Sungai / River PENENTUKAN INDEKS KUALITI AIR MENGIKUT SUNGAI / DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX BY RIVER Stesen 1 / Station 1

• Bilangan stesen adalah berbeza mengikut sungai yang dipantau. Bagi contoh ini, pengiraan median adalah ke atas 18 data IKA /
  The number of stations varies according to the river monitored. For this example, the median calculation is on 18 WQI data *Sungai yang mempunyai lebih dari satu (1) stesen / More than one (1) station along river Enam (6) kali persampelan
  setiap stesen / Six (6) sampling each station Menghasilkan satu (1) IKA sungai / Generate one (1) river WQI Enam (6) IKA di setiap stesen /
  Six (6) WQI each station Pengiraan median IKA /
  WQI median calculation Stesen 2 / Station 2 Stesen 3 / Station 3 6 Frekuensi Persampelan / 6 Sampling Frequencies 6 Frekuensi Persampelan / 6 Sampling Frequencies 6 Frekuensi Persampelan / 6 Sampling Frequencies 6 IKA / 6 WQI 6 IKA / 6 WQI 6 IKA / 6 WQI Median IKA / WQI Median IKA / WQI 203 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 ANNEX