KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI
DAN KELESTARIAN ALAM
Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Sustainability
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
Department of Environment
Laporan Kualiti
Alam Sekeliling
Environmental Quality Report
2023
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI
DAN KELESTARIAN ALAM
Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Sustainability
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
Department of Environment
Laporan Kualiti
Alam Sekeliling
Environmental Quality Report
2023
KEMENTERIAN SUMBER ASLI
DAN KELESTARIAN ALAM
Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environmental Sustainability
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
Department of Environment
Department of Environment, Malaysia Copyright 2023 DOE This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non profit purpose without special permission from the copyright holder; provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No part of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Department of Environment, Malaysia ISSN 2636-9834 Designed and Printed by: Sasyaz Holdings Sdn. Bhd. (219275-V) 31-2, Jalan PJU 7/16A, Mutiara Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia T: 03-7803-3754 Taman Negara
KANDUNGAN / CONTENTS
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PRAKATA / PREFACE
BAB / CHAPTER 1 • KUALITI UDARA / AIR QUALITY
Pengawasan Kualiti Udara / Air Quality Monitoring
Status Kualiti Udara / Air Quality Status
Tren Kualiti Udara / Air Quality Trends
BAB / CHAPTER 2 • KUALITI AIR SUNGAI / RIVER WATER QUALITY
Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai Manual / Manual River Water Quality Monitoring
Status Kualiti Air Mengikut Sungai / Water Quality Status by River
Tren Air Sungai / Trend in River Water
Status Kualiti Air Mengikut Stesen / Water Quality Status by Stations
Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai Kategori Tercemar /
Water Quality Monitoring Stations Categorised as Polluted
Tren Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai /
Trends of River Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Analisis Logam Berat Di Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai /
Analysis of Heavy Metals at River Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Kualiti Air Sungai bagi Stesen di Hulu Muka Sauk /
River Water Quality for Stations Located at Upstream Intakes
Status Pengawasan Kualiti Air Sungai Automatik /
Continuous River Water Quality Monitoring (CRWQM) Status
BAB / CHAPTER 3 • KUALITI AIR TANAH / GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Pengawasan Kualiti Air Tanah / Groundwater Quality Monitoring
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Kawasan Pertanian /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Agriculture
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Bandar dan Pinggir Bandar /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Urban and Suburban
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L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Tapak Perindustrian /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Industrial Sites
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Bekas Tapak Pelupusan Sampah /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Used Solid Waste Landfills
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Padang Golf / Status of Groundwater Quality Index of Golf Courses
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Luar Bandar / Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Rural
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Bekas Lombong Emas /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Used Gold Mine
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Bekalan Air / Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Water Supply
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Bekas Tapak Pelupusan Bangkai Haiwan /
Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Used Animal Burial Sites
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Akuakultur / Status Groundwater Quality for Aquaculture
Status Kualiti Air Tanah bagi Kawasan Peranginan / Status of Groundwater Quality Index for Resorts
Status Kualiti Air Tanah / Groundwater Quality Status
Analisis Peratusan Nilai Pematuhan mengikut Parameter Berdasarkan Jenis Guna Tanah /
Percentage Analysis of Compliance Value by Parameter Based on Type of Land Use
BAB / CHAPTER 4 • KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI /
MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin / Marine Water Quality Monitoring
Status Stesen-Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin / Status of Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Status Kualiti Air Marin bagi Pantai / Marine Water Quality Status of Coastal Areas
Status Kualiti Air Marin bagi Muara Sungai / Marine Water Quality Status of Estuary
Status Kualiti Air Marin bagi Pulau / Marine Water Quality Status of Islands
Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Automatik / Continuous Marine Water Quality Monitoring
BAB / CHAPTER 5 • INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN /
INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES
Beban Pencemaran Air / Water Pollution Load
Pengiraan Beban Pencemaran Air / Water Pollution Load Calculation
Punca-Punca Pencemaran Udara / Sources of Air Pollution
Beban Pencemaran Pencemar Udara / Air Pollution Emission Load
Inventori Buangan Terjadual / Scheduled Wastes Inventory
ANNEX
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PRAKATA / PREFACE DATO’ WAN ABDUL LATIFF BIN WAN JAFFAR Ketua Pengarah Kualiti Alam Sekeliling Malaysia Director General of Environmental Quality Malaysia “Alam Sekitar, Tanggungjawab Bersama” “Environment, Our Shared Responsibility” S aya amat berbesar hati untuk membentangkan Laporan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 2023 seperti yang dikehendaki di bawah Seksyen 3(1)(i) Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling 1974. Status kualiti udara di Malaysia ditunjukkan menerusi bacaan Indeks Pencemar Udara (IPU). Pada tahun 2023 bacaan IPU status baik adalah sebanyak 33.2% manakala IPU status baik pada tahun 2022 adalah 46.1%. Penurunan sebanyak 12.9% adalah kerana negara mengalami keadaan cuaca yang lebih kering dan panas berbanding tahun sebelumnya yang mana keadaan ini telah meningkatkan kes-kes pencemaran udara dan bilangan titik panas (hotspots) di dalam negara. Bacaan IPU sederhana adalah sebanyak 65.7% dan 1.1% adalah tidak sihat pada tahun 2023 untuk seluruh Malaysia. Status kualiti air sungai yang ditentukan menerusi Indeks Kualiti Air (IKA) menunjukkan penurunan pada tahun 2023. Sebanyak 1,353 stesen pengawasan kualiti air sungai manual yang merangkumi 672 sungai telah I t is my pleasure to present the Environmental Quality Report 2023 as required under Section 3(1)(i) of the Environmental Quality Act 1974. The air quality status is reported in terms of Air Pollutant Index (API). In 2023 the API ranked good was 33.2% while in year 2022 it was 46.1%. The decrease of 12.9% is due to the country having experienced drier and hotter weather conditions than the previous year, which, in turn increased the number of cases of air pollution and hot spots in the country. The API ranked moderate and unhealthy were 65.7% and 1.1% respectively, throughout Malaysia in 2023. The river quality in terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) showed a slight decrease in 2023. A total of 1,353 manual river water quality monitoring stations covering 6 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
Pulau Pangkor dipantau dalam tahun 2023. Peratus bilangan sungai bersih adalah 72% pada tahun 2023 berbanding 74% pada tahun 2022. Status kualiti air mengikut stesen sungai juga menunjukkan penurunan kepada kualiti air sungai pada stesen-stesen yang dipantau pada tahun 2023. Bilangan stesen sungai yang dikategorikan sebagai bersih adalah 987 (73%) stesen pada tahun 2023 berbanding 1,002 (74%) stesen pada tahun 2022. Secara umumnya, penurunan kualiti air yang direkodkan pada tahun 2023 adalah disebabkan oleh peningkatan beban pencemaran pada sungai daripada punca tetap dan punca tidak tetap. Pada tahun 2023, pengawasan kualiti air tanah yang dijalankan menunjukkan bahawa semua stesen berada dalam julat nilai pematuhan Standard Kualiti Air Tanah Bagi Rawatan Air Mentah Secara Konvensional (Air Minuman) kecuali bagi parameter besi (Fe), mangan (Mn), dan sebatian fenol mempunyai peratusan julat nilai pematuhan Standard Kualiti Air Tanah Bagi Rawatan Air Mentah Secara Konvensional (Air Minuman) yang rendah bagi guna tanah tertentu. Dalam tahun 2023, daripada 368 stesen pengawasan kualiti air marin bagi pantai, muara sungai dan pulau di negara ini, sebanyak 173 stesen adalah terbaik, 27 stesen baik, 167 stesen sederhana dan satu (1) stesen dikategorikan tercemar. Stesen tercemar ini berada di kawasan muara. Sebanyak 5,841,596.82 tan metrik buangan terjadual telah dihasilkan pada tahun 2023. Ini mewakili penurunan keseluruhan sebanyak 1.24% berbanding 5,915,073.84 tan metrik yang dilaporkan pada 2022. JAS akan terus mengukuhkan dan melaksanakan strategi, program dan aktivitinya dengan berkesan dalam menguruskan alam sekitar secara lestari. 672 rivers were monitored in 2023. The percentage of clean river stations is 72% in 2023 compared to 74% in 2022. There has been a decrease in river water quality status by monitored stations in 2023. The numbers of river stations categorised as clean was 987 (73%) of stations in 2023 compared to 1,002 (74%) stations in the previous year. In general, the decrease in water quality recorded in 2023 is due to an increase in the pollution load on the river from point sources and nonpoint sources. In 2023, the results derived from the groundwater quality monitoring showed that all stations were within the Groundwater Quality Standards for Conventional Raw Water Treatment (Drinking Water) values except for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and phenolics which had a low range of Groundwater Quality Standards for Conventional Raw Water Treatment (Drinking Water) value. In 2023, out of the 368 marine water quality monitoring stations at coastal, estuary and islands in the country, 173 stations were excellent, 27 were good, 167 were moderate while the remaining one (1) station was categorised as poor. The marine water quality station categorised as poor was located at the estuary. A total of 5,841,596.82 metric tonnes of scheduled wastes were generated in 2023. This represents an overall decrease of 1.24% as compared to 5,915,073.84 metric tonnes reported in 2022. DOE will continue to strengthen and implement its strategies, programmes and activities effectively in managing the environment sustainably. 7 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
8 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
9 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY 1 KUALITI UDARA AIR QUALITY BAB CHAPTER
IPU / API STATUS KUALITI UDARA / AIR QUALITY STATUS 0 – 50 Baik / Good 51 – 100 Sederhana / Moderate 101 – 200 Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy 201 – 300 Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy
300 Berbahaya/ Hazardous • Ozon di Permukaan Bumi (O3)
Ground Level Ozone (O3) • Karbon Monoksida (CO)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) • Sulfur Dioksida (SO2)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) IPU adalah dikira berdasarkan kepekatan enam (6) bahan pencemar utama / The API is calculated based on concentration of six (6) major pollutants: • Habuk Halus Bersaiz Kurang
dari 10 Mikron (PM10)
Particulate Matter of Less than
10 Microns in Size (PM10) • Habuk Halus Bersaiz Kurang
dari 2.5 Mikron (PM2.5)
Particulate Matter of Less than
2.5 Microns in Size (PM2.5)
PENGAWASAN KUALITI UDARA
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
STESEN PEMANTAUAN AUTOMATIK /
AUTOMATIC MONITORING STATIONS
65
STESEN PEMANTAUAN MANUAL /
MANUAL MONITORING STATIONS
14
STESEN PEMANTAUAN MOBIL /
MOBILE MONITORING STATIONS
3
Stesen pemantauan kualiti udara di seluruh negara /
Air quality monitoring stations in the country
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L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI UDARA
33.2% 65.7% 1.1% • Industri / Industrial • Bandar / Urban • Pinggir Bandar / Suburban • Luar Bandar / Rural Jenis pengkelasan stesen kualiti udara mengikut guna tanah / Types of classification of air quality stations according to land use: 4 Indeks Pencemar Udara (IPU) bagi keseluruhan Malaysia pada tahun 2023 telah menunjukkan sedikit penurunan bagi peratus IPU berstatus baik berbanding tahun 2022. IPU baik pada tahun 2023 untuk seluruh Malaysia / Good API throughout Malaysia in 2023 The Air Pollutant Index (API) for the whole of Malaysia in 2023 has shown a slight decrease in the percentage of good API status compared to 2022. IPU sederhana pada tahun 2023 untuk seluruh Malaysia / Moderate API throughout Malaysia in 2023 IPU tidak sihat pada tahun 2023 untuk seluruh Malaysia / Unhealthy API throughout Malaysia in 2023 11 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY