Stesen Shah Alam dan Stesen Putrajaya dan aktiviti pembakaran terbuka di kawasan pertanian seperti di Stesen Banting dan Stesen Kuala Selangor adalah punca peningkatan bilangan hari IPU tidak sihat di Lembah Klang. Rajah 1.5: Bilangan Hari Tidak Sihat, Lembah Klang, 2010-2023 Figure 1.5: Number of Unhealthy Days, Klang Valley 2010-2023 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Banting 0 5 5 20 41 45 27 7 5 19 0 5 2 12 Shah Alam 32 22 11 15 33 43 29 1 10 45 1 2 1 14 Cheras 59 48 37 30 34 52 33 9 10 32 3 4 5 31 Klang 6 6 13 11 34 28 11 3 8 15 0 2 2 19 Petaling Jaya 3 3 4 8 19 27 12 3 1 15 2 8 0 11 Kuala Selangor 0 0 5 2 16 20 0 0 2 13 0 0 1 3 Putrajaya 8 3 2 9 31 41 14 2 7 23 4 4 0 15 Batu Muda 17 15 25 21 43 51 29 3 1 16 0 1 1 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bilangan Hari / Number of Days Status Kualiti Udara Wilayah Utara Secara keseluruhan, status kualiti udara di utara Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia yang meliputi negeri Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang dan Perak adalah pada tahap baik dan sederhana sepanjang masa. Stesen Langkawi, Kedah mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU baik yang lebih tinggi (220 hari) berbanding stesen-stesen yang lain manakala Stesen Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU sederhana tertinggi iaitu 342 hari. Sebanyak lima (5) stesen mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU tidak sihat iaitu di Stesen Seberang Jaya, Pulau agriculture areas such as the Banting Station and Kuala Selangor may have caused the increase in the number of ‘unhealthy’ API days in Klang Valley. Northern Region Air Quality Status Overall, the air quality status of the Northern region of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia which comprises the states of Perlis, Kedah, the State of Penang, and the State of Perak was at a ‘good’ to ‘moderate’ level at all times. The Langkawi Station, Kedah recorded a higher number of ‘good’ daily API readings (220 days) compared to other stations, while the Sebarang Jaya Station, Penang recorded the highest number of ‘moderate’ daily API readings of 342 days. A total of five (5) stations recorded ‘unhealthy’ daily API readings, 17 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
Baik / Good (0 - 50) Sederhana / Moderate (51 - 100) Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy (101 - 200) Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy (201 - 300) Berbahaya / Hazardous (> 300) Kangar Langkawi Alor Setar Sungai Petani Kulim Seberang Jaya Minden Balik Pulau Perai Taiping Tasek Ipoh Manjung Tanjung Malim 178 220 163 138 77 15 91 41 94 27 87 52 177 187 145 202 227 288 342 2 8 1 1 274 128 237 324 269 337 278 312 183 5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Bilangan Hari / Number of Days Rajah 1.6: Status Kualiti Udara, Wilayah Utara Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia, 2023 Figure 1.6: Air Quality Status, Northern Region of The West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 2023 Pinang (8 hari), Stesen Tanjung Malim, Perak (5 hari), Stesen Taiping, Perak (2 hari) dan Stesen Tasek, Perak serta di Stesen Manjung, Perak yang masing-masing merekodkan satu (1) hari bacaan IPU yang tidak sihat sepanjang tahun 2023 disebabkan oleh zarah halus daripada kejadian jerebu dan peningkatan bahan pencemar ozon daripada pelepasan asap kenderaan bermotor. Status kualiti udara keseluruhan bagi wilayah utara di Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.6. Status Kualiti Udara Wilayah Selatan Kualiti udara di Wilayah Selatan Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia meliputi Negeri Sembilan, Negeri Melaka dan Negeri Johor adalah berada pada tahap IPU baik dan sederhana sepanjang masa. Stesyen Pengerang, Johor mencatatkan bilangan bacaan hari IPU baik yang tertinggi iaitu 190 hari namely the Seberang Jaya Station, Penang (8 days), the Tanjung Malim Station, Perak (5 days), the Taiping Station, Perak (2 days) and the Tasek Station, Perak as well as at the Manjung Station, Perak which recorded one (1) unhealthy API day reading throughout the year 2023. This is due to fine particles from haze and an increase of ozone pollutants from motor vehicle emissions. The overall air quality status for the northern region of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is shown in Figure 1.6. Southern Region Air Quality Status The air quality in the Southern Region of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia comprising Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor had ‘good’ to ‘moderate’ API readings at all times. The Pengerang Station, Johor recorded the highest number of ‘good’ daily API readings of 190 days while the Larkin Station, Johor recorded the highest 18 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
manakala Stesyen Larkin, Johor mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU sederhana tertinggi iaitu 341 hari. Manakala Semua stesen mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU yang tidak sihat kecuali Kluang Johor. Kawasan yang merekodkan bacaan IPU tidak sihat tertinggi adalah di Nilai, Negeri Sembilan (15 hari) diikuti oleh Batu Pahat, Johor (14 hari), Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (13 hari), Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan dan Larkin, Johor (11 hari), Bukit Rambai, Melaka (10 hari), Segamat, Johor (9 hari), Alor Gajah, Melaka (8 hari), Tangkak, Johor (6 hari), Bandaraya Melaka dan Pasir Gudang, Johor (4 hari) serta Kota Tinggi dan Pengerang, Johor (1 hari). Peningkatan bacaan hari IPU yang tidak sihat ini adalah disebabkan oleh kejadian jerebu setempat dan jerebu merentas sempadan akibat daripada aktiviti pembakaran hutan dan kawasan pertanian di samping pembentukan O3 di udara daripada kepadatan trafik yang tinggi. Status kualiti udara secara keseluruhan bagi wilayah selatan di Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.7. Tarikh / Date Bilangan Hari / Number of Days Baik / Good (0 - 50) Sederhana / Moderate (51 - 100) Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy (101 - 200) Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy (201 - 300) Berbahaya / Hazardous (> 300) Nilai Seremban Port Dickson Bukit Rambai Melaka Alor Gajah Pasir Gudang Larkin Kota Tinggi Segamat Batu Pahat Kluang Pengerang Tangkak 26 13 10 4 4 8 15 35 35 38 45 119 72 12 203 101 210 243 190 85 323 314 319 320 316 238 289 341 161 255 141 122 174 274 11 11 14 1 1 6 9 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Rajah 1.7: Status Kualiti Udara, Wilayah Selatan Pantai Barat Semenanjung Malaysia, 2023 Figure 1.7: Air Quality Status, Southern Region of The West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 2023 ‘moderate’ daily API readings of 341 days. Meanwhile, all stations recorded ‘unhealthy’ daily API readings except the Kluang Station, Johor. The areas that recorded the highest ‘unhealthy’ daily API readings were in Nilai, Negeri Sembilan (15 days) followed by Batu Pahat, Johor (14 days), Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (13 days), Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan and Larkin, Johor (11 days) ), Bukit Rambai, Melaka (10 days), Segamat, Johor (9 days), Alor Gajah, Melaka (8 days), Tangkak, Johor (6 days), Malacca City and Pasir Gudang, Johor (4 days) and Kota Tinggi and Pengerang, Johor (1 day). The increase in ‘unhealthy’ daily API readings was due to the occurrence of local and transboundary haze caused by the burning of forest and agriculture apart from the formation of O3 in the air from high traffic density. The overall air quality status for the Southern Region of the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is as shown in Figure 1.7. 19 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
Status Kualiti Udara Di Pantai Timur Kualiti udara di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia yang merangkumi negeri Pahang, Terengganu dan Kelantan bagi tahun 2023 berstatus baik dan sederhana pada kebanyakan masa. Stesen Rompin, Pahang mencatatkan bilangan bacaan hari IPU baik tertinggi iaitu 182 hari dan Stesen Kota Bharu, Kelantan merekodkan bacaan hari IPU sederhana tertinggi iaitu 299 hari. Tujuh (7) stesen mencatatkan status kualiti udara tidak sihat yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan kepekatan PM2.5 akibat kebakaran hutan dan belukar di kawasan setempat iaitu Stesen Tanah Merah, Kelantan (4 hari), Stesen Indera Mahkota, Pahang dan Stesen Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu masing-masing tiga (3) hari, Stesen Kota Bharu, Kelantan (2 hari) dan Stesen Rompin, Pahang, Stesen Paka dan Stesen Kemaman, Terengganu masing-masing satu (1) hari. Manakala Stesen Balok Baru, Pahang mencatatkan sembilan (9) hari bacaan IPU yang tidak sihat akibat daripada peningkatan bacaan gas sulfur dioksida daripada kawasan perindustrian yang berhampiran. Status kualiti udara di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia secara keseluruhan adalah seperti di Rajah 1.8. East Coast Air Quality Status The air quality on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia which comprises the states of Pahang, Terengganu, and Kelantan for the year 2023 was ‘good’ to ‘moderate’ at all times. The Rompin Station, Pahang recorded the highest number of ‘good’ daily API readings which was 182 days, and the Kota Bharu Station, Kelantan recorded the highest ‘average’ daily API readings of 299 days. Seven (7) stations recorded an ‘unhealthy’ air quality status caused by the increase of PM2.5 concentrations due to forest and bush fires in the local area, namely the Tanah Merah Station, Kelantan (4 days), the Indera Mahkota Station, Pahang and the Station Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu three (3) days each, the Kota Bharu Station, Kelantan (2 days) and the Rompin Station, Pahang, the Paka Station, and the Kemaman Station, Terengganu one (1) day each. Meanwhile, the Balok Baru Station, Pahang recorded nine (9) days of unhealthy API readings due to the increase of sulphur dioxide gas from nearby industrial areas. The overall air quality status on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is shown in Figure 1.8. Kuala Terengganu 20 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
Bilangan Hari / Number of Days Baik / Good (0 - 50) Sederhana / Moderate (51 - 100) Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy (101 - 200) Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy (201 - 300) Berbahaya / Hazardous (> 300) Jerantut Rompin Temerloh Balok Baru Kota Bharu Paka Kemaman Besut Tanah Merah Kuala Terengganu Indera Mahkota 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 213 152 224 3 138 239 126 182 1 182 257 1 107 240 125 287 4 74 290 3 72 232 1 132 299 2 64 270 9 86 Rajah 1.8: Status Kualiti Udara, Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia, 2023 Figure 1.8: Air Quality Status, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 2023 Status Kualiti Udara di Sabah, Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan Dan Sarawak Kualiti udara di Sabah, Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan dan Sarawak adalah pada tahap baik dan sederhana sepanjang masa bagi tahun 2023. Stesen Sarikei merekodkan bacaan hari IPU baik yang paling tinggi di Sarawak iaitu 277 hari dan Stesen Kimanis merekodkan bacaan hari IPU baik yang tertinggi di Sabah iaitu 322 hari. Manakala bagi Stesen Labuan, bacaan hari IPU baik lebih tinggi dicatatkan iaitu 213 hari berbanding dengan bacaan hari IPU sederhana iaitu 152 hari. Terdapat lima (5) stesen di Sarawak yang mencatatkan bacaan tidak sihat bagi tahun 2023 iaitu Stesen Sri Aman (8 hari), Stesen Kuching (3 hari), Stesen Sibu (2 hari) Sabah, Federal Teritory Labuan and Sarawak Air Quality Status The air quality in Sabah, Federal Territory Labuan and Sarawak was at ‘good’ to ‘moderate’ at all times for the year 2023. The Sarikei Station recorded the highest number of ‘good’ daily API readings of 277 days in Sarawak and the Kimanis Station recorded the highest number of ‘good’ daily API readings in Sabah at 322 days. Meanwhile, for the Labuan Station, the number of good daily API readings (213 days) was higher compared to the ‘moderate’ daily API readings of 152 days. There were five (5) stations in Sarawak that recorded ‘unhealthy’ readings for 2023, namely the Sri Aman Station (8 days), the Kuching Station (3 days), 21 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY