Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) Purata kepekatan tahunan SO2 yang direkodkan pada tahun 2023 adalah 0.0014 ppm lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tahun 2022 iaitu 0.0013 ppm. Walaubagaimanapun, bacaan ini di bawah had yang ditetapkan dalam Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia IT-2 iaitu 0.035 ppm (Rajah 1.17). JAS dan beberapa agensi berkaitan telah melaksanakan beberapa strategi dalam mengawal SO2 di Malaysia. Antara strategi tersebut adalah menggalakkan penggunaan bahan api yang lebih bersih dan menggalakkan penggunaan gas asli dalam proses industri dan kenderaan. Mulai Januari 2020, bahan api petrol EURO4M RON95 yang mengandungi kandungan sulfur kurang dari 50 mg/l telah dilaksanakan dan pada 1 April 2021, EURO5 Diesel yang mengandungi kandungan sulfur kurang dari 10 mg/l pula telah diperkenalkan di pasaran. Rajah 1.18 menunjukkan kepekatan purata tahunan bagi SO2 mengikut kategori guna tanah. Berdasarkan kepada rajah tersebut, menunjukkan bahawa kepekatan SO2 di kawasan-kawasan industri, bandar dan pinggir bandar pada tahun 2023 adalah lebih tinggi berbanding dengan tahun 2022. Ini menunjukkan bahawa pelepasan gas daripada industri dan peningkatan bilangan kenderaan di jalan raya memberi kesan kepada peningkatan SO2 di udara. Tarikh / Date Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2023 2022 2020 Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi SO2 (IT-2) = 0.035 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for SO2 (IT-2) = 0.035 ppm 0.003 0.002 0.001 0 Tahun / Year 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.0015 0.001 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0014 0.0012 Rajah 1.17: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Sulfur Dioksida (SO2), 2010-2023 Figure 1.17: Annual Average Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), 2010-2023 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) The average annual concentration of SO2 recorded in the year 2023 was 0.0014 ppm which was higher than in the year 2022 which was 0.0013ppm. However, this reading is below the limit set in the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard IT-2 which is 0.035 ppm (Figure 1.17). The DOE and other related agencies have implemented strategies for controlling SO2 in Malaysia. Encouraging the use of cleaner fuel and encouraging the use of natural gas in industrial processes and vehicles are among the strategies used. Since January 2020, petrol fuel EURO4M RON95 containing sulphur content less than 50 mg/l has been implemented, and on 1st April 2021, EURO5 Diesel which contains sulphur less than 10 mg/l has been introduced in the market. Figure 1.18 shows the annual average concentration of SO2 according to land use categories. Based on the figure, it shows that in the year 2023, the SO2 concentration in industrial estates, urban and sub-urban areas was higher than in the year 2022. This shows that the gas emissions from industries and the increase in the number of vehicles have an impact on the increase of SO2 in the air. 29 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
Rajah 1.18: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) Mengikut Guna Tanah, 2010-2023 Figure 1.18: Annual Average Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Based on Land Use, 2010-2023 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Industri / Industrial 0.0022 0.0022 0.0022 0.0022 0.0026 0.0024 0.0028 0.0019 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011 0.0013 Bandar / Urban 0.0019 0.0020 0.0018 0.0020 0.0020 0.0018 0.0023 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0017 Pinggir Bandar / Suburban 0.0012 0.0014 0.0015 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0013 0.0019 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 Latarbelakang / Background 0.0014 0.0007 0.0009 0.0005 0.0006 0.0009 0.0010 0.0010 0.0009 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi SO2 (IT-2) = 0.035 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for SO2 (IT-2) = 0.035 ppm 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0000 Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) Pada tahun 2023, kepekatan purata tahunan NO2 adalah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tahun 2022 iaitu dengan bacaan 0.0065 ppm dan jauh berada di bawah had yang ditetapkan dalam Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia IT-2 seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.19. Kepekatan NO2 tinggi di kawasan bandar seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.20. Ini mungkin berpunca daripada pelepasan asap kenderaan bermotor yang mempunyai bilangan kenderaan yang amat tinggi di kawasan bandar. Karbon Monoksida (CO) Kepekatan purata tahunan CO pada tahun 2023 menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding tahun 2022 iaitu dengan bacaan 0.5558 ppm dan mematuhi Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia IT-2 (Rajah 1.21). Rajah 1.22 menunjukkan kepekatan CO untuk pelbagai kategori guna tanah di mana kawasan bandar masih merekodkan bacaan purata tahunan CO tertinggi berbanding dengan kawasan yang lain. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) In the year 2023, the annual average concentration of NO2 was higher than the year 2022 with the average reading at 0.0065 ppm which is much lower than the limit set in the Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard IT-2 as shown in Figure 1.19. The concentration of NO2 is high in urban areas as shown in Figure 1.20. This may be due to smoke emissions from motor vehicles as urban areas have a very high number of vehicles. Carbon Monoxide (CO) The annual average concentration of CO in 2023 showed an increase when compared to 2022 with a reading of 0.5558 ppm and complies with the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard IT-2. Figure 1.21 and Figure 1.22 show the concentration of CO for various categories of land use where urban areas continue to record the highest average annual CO readings as compared to other areas. 30 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
Rajah 1.19: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2), 2010-2023 Figure 1.19: Annual Average Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), 2010-2023 Tarikh / Date Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2023 2022 2020 Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi NO2 (IT-2) = 0.16 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for NO2 (IT-2) = 0.16 ppm 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.0089 0.0094 0.0094 0.0094 0.0098 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.0057 0.0057 0.0065 0.0063 0.0095 Tahun / Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Industri / Industrial 0.0105 0.0104 0.0109 0.0109 0.0110 0.0115 0.0100 0.0058 0.0037 0.0038 0.0033 0.0033 0.0024 0.0040 Bandar / Urban 0.0098 0.0105 0.0101 0.0103 0.0107 0.0101 0.0110 0.0100 0.0110 0.0105 0.0081 0.0082 0.0094 0.0093 Pinggir Bandar / Suburban 0.0073 0.0081 0.0083 0.0077 0.0073 0.0088 0.0066 0.0075 0.0073 0.0069 0.0056 0.0055 0.0059 0.0062 Latarbelakang / Background 0.0019 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0021 0.0025 0.0030 0.0031 0.0028 0.0032 0.0025 0.0025 0.0023 0.0026 Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi NO2 (IT-2) = 0.16 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for NO2 (IT-2) = 0.16 ppm 0.0160 0.0160 0.0180 0.0140 0.0120 0.0100 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0020 0.0000 Rajah 1.20: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) Mengikut Guna Tanah, 2010-2023 Figure 1.20: Annual Average Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Based on Land Use, 2010-2023 31 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
Rajah 1.21: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Karbon Monoksida (CO), 2010-2023 Figure 1.21: Annual Average Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO), 2010-2023 Tarikh / Date Rajah 1.22: Purata Kepekatan Tahunan Karbon Monoksida (CO) Mengikut Guna Tanah, 2010-2023 Figure 1.22: Annual Average Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Based on Land Use, 2010-2023 Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2023 2022 2020 Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi CO (IT-2) = 10 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO (IT-2) = 10 ppm 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.6510 0.6809 0.6827 0.6855 0.7238 0.6184 0.5588 0.5819 0.6521 0.6617 0.5451 0.5339 0.5558 0.5283 Tahun / Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Industri / Industrial 0.7439 0.7662 0.7576 0.7670 0.8116 0.7050 0.5527 0.6303 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Bandar / Urban 0.6933 0.7221 0.7004 0.7418 0.7923 0.6219 0.5784 0.6745 0.7247 0.7126 0.5831 0.5800 0.6003 0.6379 Pinggir Bandar / Suburban 0.6541 0.6146 0.6447 0.6012 0.6258 0.5840 0.5637 0.5889 0.6329 0.6250 0.5304 0.5172 0.5052 0.5310 Latarbelakang / Background 0.3357 0.3123 0.2932 0.2899 0.2886 0.3357 0.2680 0.4340 0.6170 0.6476 0.6265 0.5940 0.5190 0.4970 Kepekatan (ppm) / Concentration (ppm) Standard Kualiti Udara Ambien Malaysia bagi CO (IT-2) = 10 ppm Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO (IT-2) = 10 ppm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 32 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
2
KUALITI
AIR SUNGAI
RIVER WATER QUALITY
BAB
CHAPTER
SUNGAI MANUAL
PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR
SUNGAI MANUAL
MANUAL RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING
672
55
1353
8118
SUNGAI /
RIVERS
STESEN /
STATIONS
STESEN /
STATIONS
PERSAMPELAN /
SAMPLING
DIPANTAU OLEH
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
MONITORED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
PEMANTAUAN DI
HULU MUKA SAUK
UPSTREAM WATER
INTAKES MONITORING
PENGAWASAN KUALITI
AIR SUNGAI MANUAL
MANUAL RIVER WATER
QUALITY MONITORING
PERSAMPELAN KUALITI
AIR SUNGAI
SAMPLING OF RIVER
WATER QUALITY
34
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR SUNGAI
KELAS I
CLASS I 341
(25%)
KELAS II
CLASS II 731
(54%)
KELAS III
CLASS III 262
(20%)
KELAS IV
CLASS IV 19
(1%)
KELAS V
CLASS V
0
(0%)
STESEN
STATIONS
STESEN
STATIONS
STESEN
STATIONS
STESEN
STATIONS
STESEN
STATION
KELAS I
CLASS I 164
(25%)
KELAS II
CLASS II 363
(54%)
KELAS III
CLASS III 137
(20%)
KELAS IV
CLASS IV
8
(1%)
KELAS V
CLASS V
0
(0%)
SUNGAI
RIVERS
SUNGAI
RIVERS
SUNGAI
RIVERS
SUNGAI
RIVERS
SUNGAI
RIVER
4%
25 SUNGAI / RIVERS
72%
486 SUNGAI /
RIVERS
24%
161 SUNGAI /
RIVERS
Kategori IKA / WQI Category
B / C
Bersih / Clean
ST / SP Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted
T / P
Tercemar / Polluted
INDEKS KUALITI AIR MENGIKUT SUNGAI
WATER QUALITY INDEX BY RIVER
STATUS KUALITI AIR MENGIKUT SUNGAI
WATER QUALITY STATUS BY RIVER
4%
52 STESEN / STATIONS
73%
987 STESEN /
STATIONS
23%
314 STESEN /
STATIONS
Kategori IKA / WQI Category
B / C
Bersih / Clean
ST / SP Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted
T / P
Tercemar / Polluted
INDEKS KUALITI AIR MENGIKUT STESEN
WATER QUALITY INDEX BY STATION
PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR
SUNGAI AUTOMATIK
CONTINUOUS RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING
26
DIPANTAU OLEH
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
MONITORED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
30
PENGAWASAN KUALITI
AIR SUNGAI AUTOMATIK
CONTINUOUS RIVER WATER
QUALITY MONITORING
17
DIPANTAU OLEH
JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR
MONITORED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
SUNGAI
RIVERS
STESEN
STATIONS
PARAMETER
PARAMETERS
STATUS KUALITI AIR MENGIKUT STESEN
WATER QUALITY STATUS BY STATION
35
E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
RIVER WATER QUALITY