PENGAWASAN KUALITI UDARA
Program Pengawasan Kualiti Alam Sekitar atau EQMP
merupakan program yang merangkumi pengumpulan
data bagi pemantauan kualiti udara, kualiti air sungai
dan kualiti air marin di seluruh Malaysia bagi tujuan
melaporkan tahap sebenar kualiti alam sekitar negara
dalam usaha untuk memantau, mencegah dan
mengawal pencemaran. Sistem pengawasan EQMP
akan berperanan sebagai mekanisma amaran awal
bagi kejadian pencemaran alam sekitar seperti jerebu,
tumpahan minyak, bencana industri dan pelupusan
haram buangan serta toksik berbahaya. Di bawah
Program EQMP, terdapat Pusat Data Alam Sekitar yang
akan memaparkan data-data alam sekitar yang dicerap
melalui stesen-stesen pengawasan kualiti alam sekitar
yang diselaraskan oleh JAS.
Salah satu komponen di bawah EQMP adalah
pengawasan status kualiti udara. Pengawasan status
kualiti udara dilaksanakan melalui 65 stesen pengawasan
kualiti udara automatik,14 stesen pengawasan secara
manual dan tiga (3) stesen pengawasan kualiti udara
bergerak yang ditempatkan setiap satu di Semenanjung
Malaysia, Sabah dan Sarawak iaitu Mobile Continuous Air
Quality Monitoring (MCAQM) bagi memenuhi aspirasi
penempatan stesen pengawasan kualiti udara di
seluruh negara. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan bilangan
stesen pengawasan kualiti udara di Malaysia. Lokasi
stesen pengawasan kualiti udara seluruh Malaysia pula
seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.2.
Stesen-stesen pengawasan kualiti udara ditempatkan
di lokasi yang dikategorikan sebagai kawasan bandar,
pinggir bandar, perindustrian dan luar bandar
bertujuan untuk mengesan sebarang perubahan
ketara ke atas kualiti udara yang mungkin memberi
kesan berbahaya kepada kesihatan manusia dan alam
sekitar. Stesen pengawasan kualiti udara di Keningau,
Sabah dikategorikan sebagai latarbelakang yang
menjadi penunjuk aras bacaan kualiti udara.
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
The Environmental Quality Monitoring Programme or
EQMP is a programme that involves data collection for
air quality monitoring, river water quality and marine
water quality throughout Malaysia for the purpose of
reporting the actual level of environmental quality in
the country in an effort to monitor, prevent and control
pollution. The EQMP monitoring system will serve as an
early warning mechanism for environmental pollution
incidents such as haze, oil spills, industrial disasters and
illegal disposal of hazardous wastes and toxins. Under
the EQMP Program, there is an Environmental Data
Center that will display environmental data observed
through environmental quality monitoring stations
coordinated by the DOE.
One of the components under the EQMP is the
monitoring of air quality status. The monitoring of
air quality status is carried out through sixty-five (65)
automatic air quality monitoring stations, fourteen (14)
manual monitoring stations, and three (3) mobile air
quality monitoring stations namely Mobile Continuous
Air Quality Monitoring ( MCAQM) that are placed each
in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. With these
in place, the target of having air quality monitoring
stations throughout the country, is met. Figure 1.1
shows the number of air quality monitoring stations in
Malaysia. The location of air quality monitoring stations
throughout Malaysia is shown in Figure 1.2.
Air quality monitoring stations are located in areas
categorised as urban, suburban, industrial and rural
areas, thereby aiming to detect any significant changes
in air quality that may pose harmful to human health
and the environment. The air quality monitoring station
in Keningau, Sabah is categorised as the benchmark
for air quality.
KUALITI UDARA /
AIR QUALITY
12
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Rajah 1.2: Lokasi Stesen Pengawasan Udara Automatik dan Manual di Malaysia Figure 1.2: The Location of Air Quality Monitoring Stations Throughout Malaysia Rajah 1.1: Senarai Bilangan Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Udara di Malaysia Figure 1.1: The Number of Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Malaysia. JUMLAH / TOTAL 65 Stesen Automatik /
Automatic Station 14 Stesen Manual /
Manual Station Kota Bharu Besut Kuala Terengganu Paka Kemaman Balok Baru Kuantan Indera Mahkota Kuantan Rompin Kota Tinggi Pengerang Pasir Gudang Larkin Kluang Batu Pahat Bukit Rambai Alor Gajah Seremban Banting Shah Alam Putrajaya Batu Muda Temerloh Jerantut Kuala Selangor Tanjung Malim Pegah Ipoh Seri Manjung Seberang Perai Kulim Hi-Tech Tasek Ipoh Tangkak Segamat Tanah Merah Alor Setar Kangar Langkawi Sungai Petani Balik Pulau Mindah Taiping Kota Bharu Besut Kuala Terengganu Paka Kemaman Balok Baru Kuantan Indera Mahkota Kuantan Rompin Kota Tinggi Pengerang Pasir Gudang Larkin Kluang Batu Pahat Bukit Rambai Alor Gajah Seremban Banting Shah Alam Putrajaya Batu Muda Temerloh Jerantut Kuala Selangor Tanjung Malim Pegah Ipoh Seri Manjung Seberang Perai Kulim Hi-Tech Tasek Ipoh Tangkak Segamat Tanah Merah Alor Setar Kangar Langkawi Sungai Petani Balik Pulau Mindah Taiping Kuching Samarahan Sri Aman Sarikei Sibu Kapit Mukah Bintulu Samalaju KLP Miri Limbang Labuan Kimanis Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau Miri Kuching Samarahan Sri Aman Sarikei Sibu Kapit Mukah Bintulu Samalaju KLP Miri Limbang Labuan Kimanis Keningau Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau Miri KEDAH 4 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual P. PINANG 4 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual PERAK 5 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual SELANGOR 5 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 2 Automatik / Automatic 3 Manual W.P. PUTRAJAYA 1 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual N. SEMBILAN 3 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual PERLIS 1 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual KELANTAN 2 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual TERENGGANU 4 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual PAHANG 5 Automatik / Automatic 2 Manual JOHOR 8 Automatik / Automatic 3 Manual MELAKA 3 Automatik / Automatic 1 Manual SARAWAK 12 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual W.P. LABUAN 1 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual SABAH 5 Automatik / Automatic 0 Manual 13 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
STATUS KUALITI UDARA Status kualiti udara di Malaysia ditunjukkan menerusi Indeks Pencemar Udara (IPU). Bacaan IPU seluruh negara dipaparkan di laman sesawang Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Air Pollution Index of Malaysia (APIMS). IPU adalah dikira berdasarkan kepekatan enam (6) bahan pencemar utama iaitu ozon di permukaan bumi (O3), karbon monoksida (CO), nitrogen dioksida (NO2), sulfur dioksida (SO2), zarah halus bersaiz kurang dari 10 mikron (PM10) dan zarah halus bersaiz kurang dari 2.5 mikron (PM2.5). Pengiraan IPU adalah seperti pada ANNEX. IPU ini dikategorikan sebagai baik, sederhana, tidak sihat, sangat tidak sihat dan berbahaya seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual 1.1. AIR QUALITY STATUS The air quality status in Malaysia is reflected in terms of the Air Pollution Index (API). The API for the whole country is displayed on the website of the Department of Environment, Air Pollution Index of Malaysia (APIMS). The API is calculated based on the concentration of six (6) main pollutants, namely ozone which exists at the ground level (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), fine particles less than 10 microns in size (PM10) and fine particles less than 2.5 microns in size (PM2.5). The API calculation is shown in the ANNEX. This API is categorised as good, moderate, unhealthy, very unhealthy, and dangerous as stated in Table1.1. IPU / API STATUS KUALITI UDARA / AIR QUALITY STATUS 0 – 50 Baik / Good 51 – 100 Sederhana / Moderate 101 – 200 Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy 201 – 300 Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy
300 Berbahaya / Hazardous Jadual 1.1: Indeks Pencemar Udara (IPU) Table 1.1: Air Pollutant Index (API) Pada tahun 2023 bacaan IPU status baik adalah sebanyak 33.2% manakala IPU status baik pada tahun 2022 adalah 46.1%. Penurunan sebanyak 12.9% adalah kerana negara mengalami keadaan cuaca yang lebih kering dan panas berbanding tahun sebelumnya yang mana keadaan ini telah meningkatkan kes-kes pencemaran udara dan bilangan titik panas (hotspots) di dalam negara. Bacaan IPU sederhana adalah sebanyak 65.7% dan 1.1% adalah tidak sihat pada tahun 2023 untuk seluruh Malaysia. Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan purata bacaan IPU sepanjang 2023 di Malaysia. In 2023 the API ranked good was 33.2% while in year 2022 it was 46.1%. The decrease of 12.9% is due to the country having experienced drier and hotter weather conditions than the previous year, which, in turn increased the number of cases of air pollution and hot spots in the country. The API ranked moderate and unhealthy were 65.7% and 1.1% respectively, throughout Malaysia in 2023. Figure 1.3, shows the average API in Malaysia for the year 2023. 14 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA
Pada tahun 2023, Malaysia mengalami keadaan berjerebu yang agak teruk akibat daripada jerebu setempat dan jerebu merentas sempadan sehingga menyebabkan kebanyakan tempat di Semenanjung Malaysia dan Sarawak mencatatkan bacaan IPU yang tidak sihat. Terdapat lapan (8) kes kebakaran yang melibatkan kebakaran tanah gambut dan tapak pelupusan sampah yang direkodkan bagi tahun 2023 iaitu tiga (3) kes di Kelantan, dua (2) kes di Pahang, dua (2) kes di Johor dan satu (1) kes di Sabah. Malaysia mengalami beberapa episod jerebu merentas sempadan iaitu bermula pada 1 September 2023 hingga 20 Oktober 2023 di mana menyebabkan kualiti udara merosot di kawasan Lembah Klang, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor dan Sarawak. Bacaan IPU tertinggi yang direkodkan sepanjang tempoh jerebu tersebut adalah 174 di Batu Pahat, Johor. Sepanjang tempoh jerebu tersebut, stesen Cheras dan stesen Nilai telah mengalami keadaan kualiti udara yang tidak sihat yang paling lama selama 2 hari berturut-turut. 120°E 115°E 110°E 105°E 100°E 7°N 6°N 5°N 4°N 3°N 2°N 1°N Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu Pahang Johor Melaka N. Sembilan Selangor Perak P. Pinang W.P. Kuala Lumpur W.P. Putrajaya W.P. Labuan Sabah Sarawak In 2023, Malaysia experienced a relatively severe hazy condition due to local and transboundary haze causing most places in Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak to record unhealthy API readings. There were eight (8) fire cases involving peat land and landfill recorded for the year 2023, with three (3) cases in Kelantan, two (2) in Pahang, two (2) in Johor, and one (1) in Sabah. Malaysia encountered several transboundary haze episodes from 1st September 2023 to 20th October 2023, which caused air quality in Klang Valley, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor, and Sarawak areas to deteriorate. The highest API reading recorded during the haze period was 174 in Batu Pahat, Johor. During the haze period, Cheras and Nilai stations encountered the longest unhealthy air quality conditions for 2 consecutive days. Rajah 1.3: Purata Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) di Malaysia Figure 1.3: The Average API in Malaysia API 60 55 50 45 40 15 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 AIR QUALITY
Status Kualiti Udara Lembah Klang Pada tahun 2023, status kualiti udara di Lembah Klang menunjukkan semua stesen mencatatkan bacaan hari IPU sederhana yang lebih tinggi berbanding hari IPU baik. Status kualiti udara di Lembah Klang secara keseluruhannya ditunjukkan seperti di Rajah 1.4. Stesen Kuala Selangor mencatatkan bilangan hari IPU baik yang tertinggi di Lembah Klang iaitu 51 hari manakala Stesen Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan bilangan hari IPU sederhana yang tertinggi iaitu 352 hari. Stesen Cheras, Kuala Lumpur mencatatkan bilangan hari IPU tidak sihat yang tertinggi di Lembah Klang iaitu 31 hari diikuti oleh Stesen Klang (19 hari), Stesen Putrajaya (15 hari), Stesen Shah Alam (14 hari), Stesen Banting (12 hari), Stesen Petaling Jaya (11 hari), Stesen Batu Muda (8 hari) dan Stesen Kuala Selangor (3 hari) seperti yang ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1.5. Semua stesen di Lembah Klang merekodkan bacaan hari IPU yang tidak sihat bagi tahun 2023 disebabkan oleh keadaan berjerebu di dalam negara bagi tempoh yang tertentu. Peningkatan bahan pencemar PM2.5 seperti di Stesen Klang, pembentukan O3 daripada pelepasan asap kenderaan di kawasan trafik yang tinggi seperti di Stesen Cheras, Stesen Batu Muda, Kuala Lumpur, Bilangan Hari / Number of Days Putrajaya Kuala Selangor Batu Muda Banting Petaling Jaya Cheras Klang Shah Alam 21 51 3 7 8 16 2 16 329 311 352 346 346 318 343 335 15 3 8 12 11 31 19 14 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Baik / Good (0 - 50) Sederhana / Moderate (51 - 100) Tidak Sihat / Unhealthy (101 - 200) Sangat Tidak Sihat / Very Unhealthy (201 - 300) Berbahaya / Hazardous (> 300) Rajah 1.4: Status Kualiti Udara, Lembah Klang 2023 Figure 1.4: Air Quality Status, Klang Valley 2023 Klang Valley Air Quality Status In 2023, the air quality status in the Klang Valley showed that all stations recorded higher ‘moderate’ daily API readings than ‘good’ daily API readings . The overall status of air quality in Klang Valley is shown in Figure 1.4. Kuala Selangor stations recorded the highest number of ‘good’ API readings in Klang Valley which was 51 days, while the Batu Muda Station, Kuala Lumpur recorded the highest number of ‘moderate’ API readings of 352 days. The Cheras Station, Kuala Lumpur recorded the highest number of ‘unhealthy’ API readings in Klang Valley of 31 days, followed by Klang Station (19 days), Putrajaya Station (15 days), Shah Alam Station (14 days), Banting Station (12 days), Petaling Jaya Station (11 days), Batu Muda station (8 days) and Kuala Selangor Station (3 days) as shown in Figure 1.5. All stations in Klang Valley recorded ‘unhealthy’ daily API readings in the year 2023 due to the haze condition in the country for a certain period of time. The increase in pollutants PM2.5 in Klang Station, formation of O3 from vehicle emission in high traffic areas such as the Cheras Station, the Batu Muda Station, the Kuala Lumpur Shah Alam Station, and the Putrajaya Station, as well as the open burning in 16 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI UDARA