PERLIS KEDAH P. PINANG PERAK SELANGOR W.P. KUALA LUMPUR W.P. PUTRAJAYA N. SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR PAHANG KELANTAN CM01K CM12A CM03N CM02M CM04J CM05J CM13T TERENGGANU SARAWAK W.P. LABUAN SABAH CM14S CM10S CM11Q 0 320 40 80 160 240 400 km Rajah 4.11: Lokasi Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Automatik Figure 4.11: Location of Continuous Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations State Boundary CMWQM Station BASEMAP 167 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
Pulau Langkawi, Kedah
NEGERI / STATE
LOKASI STESEN /
STATION LOCATION
ID STESEN /
STATION ID
KELAS /
CLASS
PERATUSAN PEMATUHAN (%) / PERCENTAGE OF COMPLIANCE (%)
OKSIGEN TERLARUT /
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
JUMLAH PEPEJAL TERAMPAI /
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS)
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS (PAHs)
Kedah
Pulau Langkawi
CM01K
2
99.08
99.92
100
Melaka
Jeti Pulau Undan
CM02M
1
81.30
99.97
100
N. Sembilan
Port Dickson
CM03N
2
99.94
99.93
99.31
Johor
Tanjung Piai
CM04J
2
99.82
98.93
100
Tanjung Pengelih
CM05J
3
100
99.92
100
W.P. Labuan
W.P. Labuan
CM10L
3
100
99.96
100
Sarawak
Santubong
CM11Q
E3
44.57
98.13
99.39
Perak
Pulau Mentagor
CM12A
2
90.46
99.81
100
Terengganu
Pulau Kapas
CM13T
1
82.87
99.70
100
Sabah
Teluk Sepanggar
CM14S
3
100
99.96
100
Jadual 4.15: Peratusan Pematuhan Parameter DO, TSS dan PAHs mengikut Kelas (SKAMM)
Table 4.15: Percentage of DO, TSS and PAHs Parameters Compliance according to
Their Station Classes (MMWQS)
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KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI
5
INVENTORI PUNCA
PENCEMARAN
INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES
BAB
CHAPTER
J&T Berjaya Alam Murni Sdn Bhd (JBAM)
5
Industri Pembuatan
Manufacturing Industries
Sistem Pengolahan
Kumbahan
Sewage Treatment Systems
Industri Berasaskan
Pertanian
Agriculture-Based Industries
Pasar Basah
Wet Markets
Ternakan Babi
Pig Farming
Punca Utama Pencemaran Air
Main Sources of Water Pollution
INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN
INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES
Parameter
Parameters
Punca Utama /
Main Sources
BOD & AN
Sistem Pengolahan Kumbahan
Sewage Treatment Systems
SS
Ternakan Babi
Pig Farming
Jumlah Beban dalam Tan/Hari
Total Load in Tonnes/Day
BOD 444.63 SS 636.42 AN 160.36
3
Parameter Utama
Main Parameters
BOD
SS
AN
INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN
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L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
65
KUALITI UDARA / AIR QUALITY
Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Udara /
Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Pengurangan sebanyak 1.24%
berbanding 5,915,073.84 tan metrik
yang dilaporkan pada 2022
Parameter /
Parameters
Punca Utama /
Main Sources
SO2
Loji Janakuasa / Power Plants
NO2
Loji Janakuasa / Power Plants
PM
Industri / Industry
Loji Janakuasa / Power Plants
CO
Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicle
5,841,596.82 MT
Buangan Terjadual yang Terhasil / Scheduled Wastes Generated
Debu, sanga, dros atau abu merupakan kategori
buangan yang dihasilkan dengan kuantiti tertinggi iaitu =
Jumlah BT yang mengaplikasikan konsep
4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover) =
Dust, slag, dross or ash is the
category of waste produced with the
highest quantity which is 44.71%
44.71%
1.38 MT x 106
Total BT that applies the 4R concept
(Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover) =
1.38 MT x 106
4
4
Punca Utama
Pencemaran Udara
Main Sources of Air Pollution
Parameter Utama
Main Parameters
• Loji Janakuasa / Power Plants
• Industri / Industry
• Kenderaan Bermotor / Motor Vehicle
• Lain-Lain / Other
SO2
NO2
CO 1,847,312
Jumlah Beban dalam Tan Metrik / Total Load in Metric Tonnes
NO2 882,330
SO2 284,304
PM 25,950
PM
CO
Buangan
Terjadual
Scheduled
Wastes
A reduction of 1.24% compared
to the 5,915,073.84 metric
tonnes reported in 2022
INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES
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INVENTORI PUNCA
PENCEMARAN /
INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES
BEBAN PENCEMARAN AIR
Sungai merupakan antara ekosistem yang mempunyai
keupayaan asimilasi untuk mengurangkan kesan
pencemaran melalui proses daripada penguraian,
penyebaran dan pelarutan. Namun begitu, keupayaan
ini mempunyai batas dan sekiranya melebihi, kualiti air
sungai akan merosot.
Keupayaan asimilasi sungai ini berkait rapat dengan
beban pencemaran yang dilepaskan ke dalam sungai
pada sesuatu masa. Ianya dipengaruhi oleh kadar
aliran jasad air dan kepekatan bahan pencemar yang
dibawa oleh jasad air.
Beban pencemaran air merupakan salah satu kriteria
penting dalam menentukan strategi dan perancangan
tindakan untuk mencegah dan mengawal pencemaran
air. Pelaksanaan kawalan beban pencemaran air
merupakan usaha untuk meningkatkan kualiti air
sungai demi mengekalkan kegunaan berfaedah sungai
sebagai sumber bekalan air, rekreasi, akuakultur,
pertanian serta menampung keperluan sistem ekologi.
Punca beban pencemaran air terbahagi kepada dua
(2) kategori iaitu punca tetap dan punca tidak tetap.
Punca tetap beban pencemaran air adalah punca yang
mempunyai takat pelepasan yang tetap dan tidak
berubah dalam tempoh masa yang singkat. Sektor
seperti industri pembuatan, ternakan dan sistem
pengolahan kumbahan adalah termasuk di dalam
kategori ini.
Manakala punca tidak tetap pula merupakan punca
yang tidak mempunyai takat pelepasan yang tetap dan
sering berubah-ubah yang menyukarkan anggaran
pelepasan
beban
pencemaran
dibuat.
Aktiviti
pertanian, kerja tanah, perlombongan dan kumbahan
bukan najis (air cucian dapur dan bilik air selain
kumbahan) merupakan punca bagi kategori ini.Pada
masa ini, kajian berkaitan beban pencemaran bagi
WATER POLLUTION LOAD
Rivers are one of the ecosystems that have the
assimilation capacity to reduce the impacts from
pollution through the processes of degradation,
dispersion, and dilution. However, this ability has
a limit and if exceeded, the quality of river water
will deteriorate.
The assimilation capacity of the river is closely related
to the pollution load discharged into the river at a
certain time. It is influenced by the flow rate of the
water body and the concentration of pollutants carried
by the water body.
The water pollution load is one of the important
criteria in determining strategies and planning for
actions to prevent and control water pollution. The
implementation of water pollution load control is one
of the efforts to enhance the river water quality in order
to maintain the beneficial uses of the river as a source
of water supply, recreation, aquaculture, agriculture as
well as to sustain the needs of the ecological system.
The sources of water pollution load can be divided
into two (2) categories which are point sources and
non-point sources. Point sources are pollution sources
that have specific identifiable discharge points and
do not change in a short period of time. Sectors such
as manufacturing industries, livestock and sewage
treatment systems fall into this category.
On the other hand, non-point sources are the sources
that do not have specific identifiable discharge points
and the locations are varied which makes it difficult to
estimate the amount of pollution loads discharged.
Agricultural activities, earthworks, mining, and sullage
(domestic wastewater other than sewage such as
kitchen and bathroom wastewater) are the sources
under this category. Currently, studies related to the
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L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
pollution load from sources for this category are not widely available for reference particularly in Malaysia. WATER POLLUTION LOAD CALCULATION The water pollution load reported is based on five (5) types of pollution sources, namely manufacturing industry, agriculture-based industry, sewage treatment system, pig farming and wet market which have slaughtering activities. The source of data for manufacturing industry and agricultural-based industry are obtained from the Department of Environment (DOE) State offices while data for sewage treatment system are from plant operators such as Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. and local authorities. Data related to pig farming activity are acquired from the Department of Veterinary Services and data on the number of wet market from the Ministry of Housing and Local Government. The calculation of water pollution load is based on three (3) parameters that have significant impact on river water quality, namely Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solids (SS) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). punca dari kategori ini tidak banyak tersedia untuk rujukan khususnya di Malaysia. PENGIRAAN BEBAN PENCEMARAN AIR Beban pencemaran air yang dilaporkan adalah berdasarkan kepada lima (5) jenis punca pencemaran iaitu industri pembuatan, industri berasaskan pertanian, sistem pengolahan kumbahan, ternakan babi dan pasar basah yang mempunyai aktiviti penyembelihan. Sumber data bagi industri pembuatan dan industri berasaskan pertanian diperolehi daripada Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) Negeri manakala bagi sistem pengolahan kumbahan adalah daripada pihak operator loji seperti Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd. dan pihak berkuasa tempatan. Data berkaitan aktiviti ternakan babi diperolehi daripada Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar dan data bilangan pasar basah adalah daripada Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan. Pengiraan beban pencemaran air adalah berdasarkan kepada tiga (3) parameter yang memberikan kesan ketara kepada kualiti air sungai iaitu Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD), Pepejal Terampai (SS) dan Ammoniakal Nitrogen (AN). INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES 173 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
Beban Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia Pada tahun 2023, anggaran jumlah beban pencemaran bagi BOD yang dilepaskan ke sungai adalah sebanyak 444.63 tan/hari. Pelepasan daripada sistem pengolahan kumbahan adalah penyumbang beban pencemaran BOD tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 235.77 tan/hari (53.02%), diikuti dengan aktiviti ternakan babi 160.89 tan/hari 36.18%), industri pembuatan 29.78 tan/hari (6.70%), industri berasaskan pertanian 17.72 tan/hari (3.99%) dan pasar basah 0.48 tan/hari (0.11%) (Rajah 5.1). Biochemical Oxygen Demand Load In year 2023, the estimated total pollution load for BOD discharged into the river is 444.63 tonne/day. Discharge from sewage treatment plants remain the highest BOD load contributor with a total load of 235.77 tonnes/ day (53.02%), followed by pig farming activities 160.89 tonnes/day (36.18%), manufacturing industries 29.78 tonnes/ day (6.70%), agriculture-based industries 17.72 tonnes/ day (3.99%) and wet markets 0.48 tonnes/day (0.11%) (Figure 5.1). Pasar Basah Wet Markets 0.48 Tan / Hari 0.11% Tarikh / Date Rajah 5.1: Anggaran Beban BOD (Tan/Hari) mengikut Punca Pencemaran Air, 2023 Figure 5.1: Estimation of BOD Load (Tonnes/Day) by Sources of Water Pollution, 2023 Industri Berasaskan Pertanian Agriculture-Based Industries 17.72 Tan / Hari 3.99% Industri Pembuatan Manufacturing Industries 29.78 Tan / Hari 6.70% Ternakan Babi Pig Farming 160.89 Tan / Hari 36.18% Sistem Pengolahan Kumbahan Sewage Treatment Systems 235.77 Tan / Hari 53.02% INVENTORI PUNCA PENCEMARAN 174 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
Beban Pepejal Terampai Pada tahun 2023, anggaran jumlah beban pencemaran bagi SS yang dilepaskan ke sungai adalah sebanyak 636.42 tan/hari. Pelepasan daripada ternakan babi adalah penyumbang beban pencemaran SS tertinggi iaitu sebanyak 334.15 tan/hari (52.50%), diikuti dengan sistem pengolahan kumbahan 228.89 tan/ hari (35.96%). Industri berasaskan pertanian pula menyumbang sebanyak 48.86 tan/hari (7.68%) diikuti industri pembuatan 23.91 tan/hari (3.76%) dan pasar basah 0.61 tan/hari (0.10%) (Rajah 5.2). Suspended Solids Load In year 2023, the estimated total pollution load for SS discharged into the river is 636.42 tonnes/day. Discharge from pig farming activities shows the highest SS load contributor with a total load of 334.15 tonnes/day (52.50%) followed by sewage treatment system with 228.89 tonnes/day (35.96%). Agriculture based industry contributed 48.86 tonnes/day (7.68%) followed by manufacturing industry 23.91 tonnes/day (3.76%) and wet market 0.61 tonnes/day (0.10%) (Figure 5.2) Pasar Basah Wet Markets 0.61 Tan / Hari 0.10% Tarikh / Date Rajah 5.2: Anggaran Beban SS (Tan/Hari) mengikut Punca Pencemaran Air, 2023 Figure 5.2: Estimation of SS Load (Tonnes/Day) by Sources of Water Pollution, 2023 Industri Berasaskan Pertanian Agriculture-Based Industries 48.86 Tan / Hari 7.68% Industri Pembuatan Manufacturing Industries 23.91 Tan / Hari 3.76% Ternakan Babi Pig Farming 334.15 Tan / Hari 52.50% Sistem Pengolahan Kumbahan Sewage Treatment Systems 228.89 Tan / Hari 35.96% INVENTORY OF POLLUTION SOURCES 175 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3