BIL. /
NO.
NEGERI /
STATE
STATUS KUALITI AIR MARIN/
KATEGORI STESEN
MARINE WATER QUALITY STATUS/
STATION CATEGORY
TERBAIK /
EXCELLENT
(%)
BAIK /
GOOD
(%)
SEDERHANA /
MODERATE
(%)
TERCEMAR /
POOR
(%)
2022
2023
2022
2023
2022
2023
2022
2023
8.
Johor
51.16
60.47
20.93
9.30
25.58
30.23
2.33
0
Pantai / Coastal
48.28
65.52
27.58
10.34
24.14
24.14
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
16.66
0
0
16.67
66.67
83.33
16.67
0
Pulau / Island
87.50
87.50
12.50
0
0
12.50
0
0
Pulau - Taman Laut / Island - Marine Park
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pulau - Dilindungi / Island - Protected
50
50
50
0
0
50
0
0
Pulau - Peranginan / Island - Resort
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.
Pahang
75.00
88.88
8.33
5.56
16.67
5.56
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
77.27
100
13.64
0
9.09
0
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
20.00
20.00
0
40.00
80.00
40.00
0
0
Pulau / Island
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pulau - Taman Laut / Island - Marine Park
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
10.
Terengganu
75.00
77.50
7.50
5.00
17.50
17.50
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
23.08
30.77
23.08
15.38
53.84
53.85
0
0
Pulau / Island
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pulau - Taman Laut / Island - Marine Park
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pulau - Peranginan / Island - Resort
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.
Kelantan
57.14
57.14
0
7.14
42.86
35.72
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
0
0
0
16.67
100
83.33
0
0
Pulau / Island
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pulau - Dilindungi / Island - Protected
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.
Sabah
0
0
20.93
0
79.07
100
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
0
0
8.33
0
91.67
100
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
0
0
0
0
100
100
0
0
Pulau / Island
0
0
41.18
0
58.82
100
0
0
Pulau - Taman Laut / Island - Marine Park
0
0
0
0
100
100
0
0
Pulau - Dilindungi / Island - Protected
0
0
66.67
0
33.33
100
0
0
Pulau - Peranginan / Island - Resort
0
0
41.67
0
58.33
100
0
0
13.
Sarawak
17.50
0
32.50
5.00
50.00
95.00
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
26.09
0
21.74
0
52.17
100
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
7.14
0
35.72
0
57.14
100
0
0
Pulau / Island
0
0
100
66.67
0
33.33
0
0
Pulau - Dilindungi / Island - Protected
0
0
100
66.67
0
33.33
0
0
14.
W.P. Labuan
0
0
0
0
100
100
0
0
Pantai / Coastal
0
0
0
0
100
100
0
0
Muara Sungai / Estuary
Pulau / Island 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 Pulau - Pembangunan / Island - Development 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 Pulau - Taman Laut / Island - Marine Park 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 Jadual 4.12: Peratusan Status Kualiti Air Marin berdasarkan Kategori Stesen Mengikut Negeri, 2022-2023 Table 4.12: Marine Water Quality Status of Station Categories by State on Percentage Basis 2022-2023 Nota / Notes: ‘–’ (Tiada tesen / No station) 163 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
Stesen Marin dalam Kategori Tercemar
Jadual 4.13 memaparkan stesen marin yang mana
kualiti airnya dikategorikan sebagai tercemar pada
tahun 2023. Nilai sub-indeks yang rendah memberi
gambaran tahap impak ke atas status kualiti air marin
secara keseluruhan. Justeru, faecal coliform merupakan
faktor utama kemerosotan kualiti air marin di stesen
tercemar tersebut, diikuti dengan kepekatan oksigen
terlarut dan kandungan fosfat.
Marine Stations in The Poor Category
Table 4.13 shows the list of MMWQM stations
that were ranked poor in 2023. The low value of a
sub-index implies a greater degree of impact on
the overall status of the marine water quality.
Hence, faecal coliform was the primary factor that
deteriorated the marine water quality of the stations
ranked poor, followed by dissolved oxygen level and
phosphate concentration.
NEGERI /
STATE
KLASIFIKASI STESEN /
STATION
CLASSIFICATION
LOKASI /
LOCATION
STESEN ID /
ID STATION
IKAMM /
MMWQI
PERATUSAN SUB-INDEKS (%) /
SUB-INDEX PERCENTAGE (%)
OKSIGEN
TERLARUT /
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
AMMONIA
(TIDAK
TERION) /
AMMONIA
(UNIONIZED)
FAECAL
COLIFORM
JUMLAH PEPEJAL
TERAMPAI /
TOTAL
SUSPENDED
SOLID
NITRAT /
NITRATE
FOSFAT /
PHOSPHATE
P. Pinang
Muara Sungai /
Estuary
Kuala Sungai
Pinang
MMPE004
48
63
88
8
93
89
65
Jadual 4.13: Senarai Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin
dengan Status Kategori Tercemar dan Peratusan Sub-Indeks Mengikut Parameter, 2023
Table 4.13: List of Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations under the Category of Poor Status
and their Sub-Index Percentages by Parameter, 2023
CONTINUOUS MARINE WATER QUALITY MONITORING
The Continuous Marine Water Quality Monitoring
(CMWQM) network aims to provide near real-time
marine water quality data in ten (10) designated
locations.
Table 4.14 lists the location of the continuous marine
water quality monitoring stations and their respective
class categories based on MMWQS while Figure 4.11
shows the location of the CMWQM stations.
In order to monitor and manage the marine water
quality surrounding the stations in a more efficient
manner, the MMWQS class of CM02M was amended
from Class 2 to Class 1, while the MMWQS of CM04J was
revised from Class E to Class 2. Meanwhile, the MMWQS
class of CM11Q Santubong, Sarawak was updated from
Class E to Class E3.
PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR MARIN AUTOMATIK
Rangkaian Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Automatik
(CMWQM) bertujuan untuk menyediakan data kualiti
air marin hampir waktu sebenar bagi sepuluh (10)
lokasi stesen yang ditetapkan.
Jadual 4.14 menyenaraikan lokasi stesen-stesen
pengawasan kualiti air marin automatik dan kategori
kelas kegunaan air marin berdasarkan SKAMM manakala
Rajah 4.11 menunjukkan lokasi Stesen CMWQM.
Supaya kualiti air marin di sekeliling stesen dapat
dipantau dan diurus dengan lebih berkesan, kelas
SKAMM bagi stesen CM02M telah dipertingkatkan
daripada Kelas 2 kepada Kelas 1, manakala kelas
SKAMM bagi CM04J telah dikemas kini daripada Kelas
E kepada Kelas 2. Di samping itu, kelas SKAMM bagi
CM11Q Santubong, Sarawak daripada Kelas E dikemas
kini kepada Kelas E3.
164
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI
Pada tahun 2023, purata dan median untuk parameter kualiti air marin yang dipantau di semua stesen CMWQM menunjukkan kadar pematuhan yang tinggi mengikut kelas kualiti air marin sepertimana ditetapkan dalam SKAMM, kecuali bagi paras oksigen terlarut di CM11Q Santubong, Sarawak. Kadar kepatuhan yang rendah di stesen tersebut adalah disebabkan oleh sifat muara semulajadi, bukan berpunca daripada kesan pencemaran. Kepekatan untuk kebanyakan parameter yang direkodkan di stesen adalah mengikut sifat semulajadi, mengambil kira faktor sedia ada di sekeliling stesen. Kualiti air marin yang dipantau dalam Rangkaian Kualiti Air Marin Automatik menunjukkan kesan musim tengkujuh terhadap kualiti air marin. Kualiti air marin untuk stesen CMWQM dilaporkan mempunyai tahap turun naik yang lebih tinggi semasa Monsun Timur Laut disebabkan oleh isipadu hujan yang lebih tinggi. Kualiti air marin secara relatifnya adalah stabil di kebanyakan stesen kecuali CM04J di Tanjung Piai, Johor, CM05J di Tanjung Pengelih, Johor, CM10L di Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan, CM11Q di Santubong, Sarawak, CM12A di Pulau Mentagor, Perak dan CM13T Pulau Kapas, Terengganu. Stesen-stesen ini tertakluk kepada pengaruh input air tawar. Kualiti air marin di stesen CM11Q yang terletak di Santubong, Sarawak menunjukkan pengaruh pasang surut yang jelas disebabkan oleh interaksi yang kompleks antara air tawar dan air laut yang seterusnya membentuk ciri hidrologi muara Santubong. Parameter oksigen terlarut (DO), jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) didapati mematuhi SKAMM. Seperti yang direkodkan pada tahun sebelumnya, ketidakpatuhan DO adalah paling tinggi di CM11Q Santubong oleh perubahan sifat hidrologi hasil daripada kitaran pasang surut. Selain stesen CM11Q di Santubong, stesen CM12A di Pulau Mentagor dan CM13T di Pulau Kapas juga telah menunjukkan trend ketidakpatuhan DO. In 2023, the average and median of all water quality parameters monitored by the CMWQM network showed high conformance to their respective marine water quality classes as stipulated in the MMWQS, except for the dissolved oxygen level at CM11Q Santubong, Sarawak. The lower compliance of the station was due to the natural estuary characteristic, rather than a pollution event. The concentration for most of the parameters captured at the stations were typical of its nature, taking into account the factors present nearby the stations. Marine water quality monitored by the Continuous Marine Water Quality Network showed the influence of the monsoon seasons on the water quality. Marine water quality of the CMWQM stations reported a higher degree of variation during the North-East Monsoon due to higher volume of precipitation. Marine water quality is relatively stable in most of the stations except for CM04J Tanjung Piai, Johor, CM05J Tanjung Pengelih, Johor, CM10L Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan, CM11Q Santubong, Sarawak, CM12A Pulau Mentagor, Perak and CM13T Pulau Kapas, Terengganu. These stations are subjected to the freshwater influent. The marine water quality at station CM11Q located in Santubong, Sarawak shows clear tidal influences due to the complex interaction between freshwater and seawater, which subsequently forms the hydrological characteristics of the Santubong estuary. Dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) all complied with the MMWQS. As recorded in the previous year, the highest non-compliance of DO was observed in CM11Q Santubong due to changes in hydrological characteristics caused by the tidal cycle. Apart from the CM11Q Santubong station, the CM12A Pulau Mentagor and CM13T Pulau Kapas stations have also shown trends of DO non-compliance. 165 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
Berdasarkan
kepada
SKAMM,
semua
stesen
melaporkan kadar pematuhan PAH yang sangat
baik,
melebihi
90%
daripada
data
CMWQM
tahun ini. Tahap ketidakpatuhan tertinggi bagi
PAH dilaporkan di stesen CM11Q Santubong,
Sarawak diikuti dengan stesen CM03N Port Dickson,
Negeri Sembilan.
Pada tahun 2023, kualiti air marin yang dipantau
secara keseluruhannya di semua rangkaian CMWQM
adalah berada pada status baik. Tiada amaran
pencemaran yang dijana oleh rangkaian CMWQM
pada tahun 2023.
Jadual 4.15 menunjukkan tahap pematuhan stesen
CMWQM terhadap kelas masing-masing pada tahun
2023.
With reference to the MMWQS, all stations reported
an excellent PAH compliance rate of more than 90%
of the CMWQM data this year. The highest PAH non-
conformance was reported at CM11Q Santubong,
Sarawak, followed by CM03N Port Dickson, Negeri
Sembilan.
In 2023, the overall marine water quality monitored by
the CMWQM network was deemed good. There were
no pollution warnings generated under the CMWQM
network in 2023.
Table 4.15 illustrates that the CMWQM stations
complied with their respective classes in 2023.
BIL. /
NO.
LOKASI STESEN / STATION
LOCATION
ID STESEN /
STATION ID
STRUKTUR /
STRUCTURE
KATEGORI STESEN /
STATION CATEGORY
KEGUNAAN BERFAEDAH /
BENEFICIAL USES
1
Pulau Langkawi, Kedah
CM01K
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 2 / Class 2
Perikanan (Termasuk Marikultur /
Fisheries (Including Mariculture)
2
Jeti Pulau Undan, Melaka
CM02M
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 1 / Class 1
Habitat Sensitif Marin /
Sensitive Marine Habitats
3
Port Dickson, N. Sembilan
CM03N
Beacon
Kelas 2 / Class 2
Perikanan (Termasuk Marikultur) /
Fisheries (Including Mariculture)
4
Tanjung Piai, Johor
CM04J
Beacon
Kelas 2 / Class 2
Perikanan (Termasuk Marikultur) /
Fisheries (Including Mariculture)
5
Tanjung Pengelih, Johor
CM05J
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 3 / Class 3
Industri, Aktiviti Komersial & Kawasan Kediaman
Pesisir Pantai / Industrial, Commercial Activities
& Coastal Settlements
6
W.P. Labuan
CM10L
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 3 / Class 3
Industri, Aktiviti Komersial & Kawasan Kediaman
Pesisir Pantai / Industrial, Commercial Activities
& Coastal Settlements
7
Santubong, Sarawak
CM11Q
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas E3 / Class E3
Muara Sungai (Rangkaian Kompleks) /
Estuaries (Complex Distributary Network)
8
Pulau Mentagor, Perak
CM12A
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 2 / Class 2
Perikanan (Termasuk Marikultur) /
Fisheries (Including Mariculture)
9
Pulau Kapas, Terengganu
CM13T
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 1 / Class 1
Habitat Sensitif Marin /
Sensitive Marine Habitats
10
Teluk Sepanggar, Sabah
CM14S
Jeti / Jetty
Kelas 3 / Class 3
Industri, Aktiviti Komersial & Kawasan Kediaman
Pesisir Pantai / Industrial, Commercial Activities
& Coastal Settlements
Jadual 4.14: Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin Automatik Table 4.14: Continuous Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations 166 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI