What is chain of thought (CoT)?

title: 'A detailed close-up of a geometric, gemstone-like object with reflective facets.'

Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique that improves the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by generating intermediate reasoning steps[1]. It helps the LLM generate more accurate answers[1]. You can combine it with few-shot prompting to get better results on more complex tasks that require reasoning before responding, as it’s a challenge with a zero-shot chain of thought[1].

CoT's advantages[1]:
* It is low-effort while being very effective and works well with off-the-shelf LLMs (so no need to finetune).
* You also get interpretability with CoT prompting, as you can learn from the LLM’s responses and see the reasoning steps that were followed.
* Chain of thought appears to improve robustness when moving between different LLM versions, which means the performance of your prompt should drift less between different LLMs than if your prompt does not use reasoning chains.

The LLM response includes the chain of thought reasoning, which means more output tokens, which means predictions cost more money and take longer[1].

Self-consistency combines sampling and majority voting to generate diverse reasoning paths and select the most consistent answer[1]. It improves the accuracy and coherence of responses generated by LLMs[1].


Quiz: USA vs China in AI Leadership

🤔 According to a recent trends report, which two countries are in a high-stakes competition related to tech developments?
Difficulty: Easy
🚀 In the context of AI development, what did Andrew Bosworth (Meta Platforms CTO) describe as 'our space race'?
Difficulty: Medium
🌍 According to the trends report, what could AI leadership potentially beget, rather than the other way around?
Difficulty: Hard

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Public Opinion

'a hand holding a cell phone'
title: 'Can ❤️s change minds? How social media influences public opinion and news circulation' and caption: 'a hand holding a cell phone'

Social media has increasingly become a critical platform for public discourse, influencing opinions on various topics in real-time. Its impact has been profound and multifaceted, especially in the context of political engagement, information dissemination, and emotional sentiment.

Influence on Political Opinions and Engagement

A cell phone displaying the Twitter homepage on the Twitter social media site
title: 'A cell phone displaying the Twitter homepage on the Twitter social media site' and caption: 'a screen shot of a phone'

Social media platforms serve as significant channels for political communication. A recent analysis highlights that 'most supporters of both former President Donald Trump and Vice President Kamala Harris say they’ve thought a lot about the candidates this year and say the outcome of the race really matters'[3]. Such findings indicate a high level of political engagement among users, likely fueled by discussions and endorsements circulating on social media.

Research has shown that social media endorsements—through likes, shares, and retweets—can significantly influence individuals' opinions on policy issues. In one study, participants exposed to pro-economy posts with a high number of likes were less likely to favor pandemic-related restrictions, while those who viewed pro-public health posts with similar endorsements showed increased support for such measures[6]. This demonstrates the ability of social media metrics to sway opinions, especially among active users.

The interaction between social media usage and political engagement is notable, as individuals who frequently use these platforms are also more likely to participate in political discussions both online and offline. This correlation suggests that social media not only reflects public sentiment but actively shapes it, especially during election cycles[6].

The Spread of Misinformation and its Consequences

The US Supreme Court is seen as the Court hears oral arguments in the case of Murthy v. Missouri in Washington, DC, March 18, 2024. The case stems from a lawsuit brought by the Republican attorneys general of Louisiana and Missouri, who allege that government officials went too far in their efforts to get social media platforms to combat vaccine and election misinformation. (Photo by SAUL LOEB / AFP) (Photo by SAUL LOEB/AFP via Getty Images)(Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images)
title: 'The US Supreme Court is seen as the Court hears oral arguments in the case of Murthy v. Missouri in Washington, DC, March 18, 2024. The case stems from a lawsuit brought by the Republican attorneys general of Louisiana and Missouri, who alle...Read More

While social media facilitates the rapid spread of information, it also raises concerns about misinformation and its implications for public opinion. The year 2024 has heightened these concerns, coinciding with significant global elections. Experts express worry over the 'gutting of moderation teams and their election integrity efforts' across major platforms, which could exacerbate the spread of false information[7]. This lack of oversight is particularly crucial in an election year where misinformation could potentially disrupt public trust.

The dynamic nature of social media also allows for the rapid dissemination of emotionally charged content. For instance, discussions surrounding the Israel-Hamas conflict have led to a spike in polarizing sentiments and misinformation, likened to 'lighting a match in a giant, very dry forest'[7]. The ability of social media to amplify emotional responses can lead to significant shifts in public opinion, making it necessary for users to critically evaluate the information they consume.

Emotional Sentiments and Social Media Discourse

'a collage of a man and a woman'
title: '5. Voter engagement in the 2024 election' and caption: 'a collage of a man and a woman'

The emotional landscape of social media discussions has evolved, particularly during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media has been shown to harbor 'negative sentiments' regarding economic conditions and unemployment, with studies indicating a correlation between unemployment rates and the negative tone of related news articles[2]. This relationship suggests that social media does not merely reflect public sentiment but can also amplify emotional responses—ranging from fear and sadness to anger—around significant societal events.

In analyzing sentiments expressed in unemployment-related articles, the predominant emotion identified was 'fear,' particularly during the peak of job losses in 2020[2]. This underscores how social media shapes perceptions and emotional sentiment, influencing how individuals respond to prevailing economic and social developments.

Moreover, sentiment and emotion analysis on platforms like Twitter highlights the prevalence of pessimistic sentiments. While studies have noted a slight rise in optimism amid the ongoing discussion of economic recovery, negative sentiments still dominate[5]. Such emotional undercurrents play a significant role in shaping public opinion as users react to the shared experiences and narratives presented online.

Social Media and Information Accessibility

A hand holding a cell phone with social media apps displayed on the screen
title: 'A hand holding a cell phone with social media apps displayed on the screen' and caption: 'a hand holding a cell phone'

Beyond influence and emotional impact, social media serves as a conduit for accessing information more democratically than traditional media. During the pandemic, for example, social media allowed for the swift sharing of news and updates related to COVID-19, which underscored its role in public health discourse. However, this rapid flow of information also required users to navigate the challenge of distinguishing between reliable and unreliable sources[5].

As platforms continue to evolve, their structure can significantly affect how information is consumed and shared. Changes such as those implemented by Twitter to modify retweet functionalities aim to encourage users to engage more thoughtfully with content[6]. Yet, modifications like these can also yield unintended consequences, affecting how information spreads and how users interpret it.

The Future of Public Discourse via Social Media

A line chart showing that U.S. public opinion on legalizing marijuana, 1969-2023.
title: 'A line chart showing that U.S. public opinion on legalizing marijuana, 1969-2023.' and caption: 'a graph with lines and numbers'

Going forward, the interplay between social media and public opinion remains complex. As we edge closer to significant political events in 2024, the stakes surrounding social media's influence on public sentiment will only increase. Ensuring responsible usage and enhanced moderation appears essential to mitigate the adverse effects of misinformation.

In conclusion, social media is increasingly central to shaping public opinion in real-time. Its capability to influence political engagement, emotions, and the dissemination of information highlights both its potential benefits and inherent challenges. As a space for dynamic public discourse, social media will continue to be pivotal in how society processes and responds to collective events in the future.


How are glaciers formed and where are they found?


The Role of Museums in Representing Cultural Narratives

11102023
title: '11102023' and caption: 'a group of women looking at a painting'

Museums serve as essential institutions for preserving and interpreting cultural narratives, acting as custodians of collective memory and promoting diversity and inclusion. The contemporary role of museums has evolved from merely housing artifacts to actively shaping and representing cultural narratives that reflect the complexities of diverse communities.

Expanding Curatorial Practices

'a group of people in a hallway'
title: 'Transformative Experience Through Storytelling' and caption: 'a group of people in a hallway'

The traditional responsibilities of curators are shifting significantly. As highlighted in a recent symposium, curators are increasingly recognized as storytellers and cultural custodians rather than just guardians of collections. This paradigm shift emphasizes the need for curators to engage with public discourse and connect historical artifacts to contemporary societal issues. Curators now often work within interdisciplinary frameworks and utilize narrative techniques to craft compelling exhibitions that resonate with diverse audiences, allowing visitors to form deeper connections with the artifacts presented[1].

Emphasis on Community Engagement

The future of museums must focus on representing the varied voices within communities. As Stacey R. Queen articulates, museums are challenged to serve as cultural safe spaces that attract and engage diverse audiences. By employing a multicultural and diverse staff, museums can contribute to more inclusive exhibition planning and programming, enabling them to elaborate on difficult social issues through their collections[2]. Such efforts help ensure that exhibitions reflect a broad range of cultural narratives, which is crucial given the impending demographic shifts in the United States where communities of color will become the majority.

Enhancing community engagement is also vital. Museums can foster meaningful connections by involving local communities in the exhibition process, ensuring that their narratives are authentically represented. The integration of community input is not only respectful but also vital for creating more relevant and impactful experiences for visitors. By prioritizing community narratives, museums help elevate underrepresented stories and promote collective understanding[3].

Storytelling as a Central Component

Narrative Techniques in Curation
title: 'Narrative Techniques in Curation' and caption: 'a woman looking at a crowd'

Storytelling is fundamental to how museums represent cultural narratives. It provides a means to connect disparate artifacts and stories, creating a cohesive and compelling narrative arc. Interactive storytelling techniques, wherein visitors play an active role, enhance engagement and emotional investment in the exhibits. This participatory approach allows visitors to forge personal connections with the narratives presented[5].

Moreover, the role of technology in storytelling is increasingly prominent. Utilizing tools such as augmented reality can transform traditional exhibits into immersive experiences, allowing audiences to engage with the narratives on multiple levels. This not only captivates visitors but also creates a more inclusive environment where diverse stories can flourish[5].

Addressing Social Issues through Exhibitions

As cultural landscapes become more complex, museums are tasked with addressing pressing social and political issues. They serve as platforms for public discourse, helping to bridge social gaps by curating exhibitions that not only present historical contexts but also provoke dialogue about contemporary challenges. Issues such as systemic racism, immigration, and gender rights are increasingly becoming focal points in museum programming[2].

The importance of integrating diverse lived experiences into exhibitions cannot be overstated. Museums that emphasize inclusion and representation create spaces for dialogue, healing, and understanding. For instance, the representation of Afro-descendant cultures in museum collections has been explicitly highlighted as vital to fostering a more just and equitable society, in line with UNICEF’s advocacy for increased involvement from indigenous and diaspora communities[7]. Such initiatives can redefine the cultural landscape, allowing museums to become agents of social change.

The Ethical Considerations of Representation

Authentic representation in museums goes beyond mere inclusion; it necessitates an ethical approach to storytelling that recognizes the power dynamics involved in narrative construction. Often, traditional storytelling methods can act as forms of appropriation or extraction, where voices from marginalized communities are not heard or fairly represented[6]. To counter this, museums must engage in co-creative practices, allowing community members to shape their narratives alongside curators. This elevates the authenticity of the stories told and fosters a sense of ownership among community members[6].

By incorporating feedback and narratives from those represented in exhibitions, museums can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of cultural identities. This collaborative approach enhances the richness of the museum experience while ensuring that all voices are valued and prioritized.

Conclusion: A Forward-Thinking Vision

Museums are at a crossroads where the representation of cultural narratives becomes essential for fostering inclusivity and understanding. By evolving curatorial practices, emphasizing community engagement, and harnessing the storytelling potential of technology, museums can successfully navigate the complexities of contemporary cultural landscapes. Their role is not just to educate but also to advocate for diverse narratives and equitable representation, thus transforming into dynamic institutions that reflect the diversity of the societies they serve[8][9]. The path forward lies in continuing to challenge traditional narratives and embracing a multifaceted approach to storytelling that resonates with all audiences.


Quote: Energy Efficiency of Biological Computation

Biological computing could be faster, more efficient, and more powerful than silicon-based computing and AI, and only require a fraction of the energy
Unknown[3]
Humans operate at a 106-fold better power efficiency relative to modern machines albeit while performing quite different tasks
Unknown[3]
Biological learning uses far less power to solve computational problems…clusters used to master state-of-the-art machine learning models typically operate at around 106 watts
Unknown[3]
Biological neural systems can operate in essentially glorified sugar water, while running machine learning algorithms currently requires considerable power
Unknown[1]
Any sufficiently advanced machine becomes indistinguishable from biology because we want machines to be adaptive, self-regenerating, low energy, and sustainable—all things biology achieves
Brett Kagan[2]
[1] rsv.org.au[2] ieee.org

How do eSports compare to traditional sports?


The Evolution of Liam Payne: From One Direction to Solo Artist

Liam Payne, known for his role in the global phenomenon One Direction, has undergone a significant transformation from boy band member to an established solo artist. His journey reflects resilience, artistry, and the challenges of navigating fame in a highly scrutinized world.

Early Beginnings and Rise to Fame

'a group of men posing for a photo'
title: 'Liam Payne’s career as a solo artist after leaving One Direction: Songs, albums, collaborations...' and caption: 'a group of men posing for a photo'

Liam’s musical journey began on the UK television show The X Factor, where he initially auditioned in 2008 but was unsuccessful. He returned in 2010, where, after being eliminated as a solo artist, he was placed in a group with Harry Styles, Zayn Malik, Louis Tomlinson, and Niall Horan, forming One Direction. The band finished third but was signed by Simon Cowell, launching them into stardom with hits like “What Makes You Beautiful” and “Story of My Life”[1][7]. One Direction quickly became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time, with over 70 million records sold worldwide and numerous awards, including seven Brit Awards and six American Music Awards[9].

Payne distinguished himself not only as a vocalist but also as a songwriter. His contributions helped shape the band's sound, portraying him as a thoughtful and grounded figure amidst the chaos of fame[8][11].

Transition to Solo Career

'a man singing into a microphone'
title: 'Liam Payne changed the music industry in One Direction. Solo success was harder.' and caption: 'a man singing into a microphone'

After One Direction announced a hiatus in 2016, following Malik’s departure, Payne seized the opportunity to explore his individual musical identity. In 2017, he released his debut solo single, “Strip That Down,” featuring rapper Quavo. This track marked a departure from his boy band days and showcased a more mature, R&B-influenced sound. It reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, signaling a successful transition to solo artistry[2][5][8].

Despite this initial success, the path was not without its hurdles. Payne’s first solo album, LP1, released in 2019, received mixed reviews. Critics noted that while his talent was evident, the album lacked a cohesive narrative[9]. Throughout his solo career, he has experimented with diverse musical styles that include pop, hip-hop, and R&B, indicating his growth as an artist[4][11].

Personal Struggles and Mental Health

While establishing his career, Payne openly faced personal challenges, including issues with mental health and substance abuse. He spoke candidly about his struggles with anxiety and depression, particularly during the height of One Direction's fame. This vulnerability has resonated with fans, contributing to his image as a relatable and genuine figure[7][8]. He underwent rehabilitation for alcoholism and has been proactive in raising awareness about mental health issues[5][8].

In his personal life, Payne has also managed the complexities of fatherhood. He shares a son, Bear, with singer Cheryl Cole, with whom he has maintained a cooperative co-parenting relationship despite their breakup[4][9]. His experiences as a father have profoundly influenced his outlook and priorities[7].

Recent Developments and Future Prospects

As of 2023, Payne continued to release music and expressed intentions to produce a second album, although initial plans were stalled indefinitely due to his untimely death on October 4, 2023. His final single, “Teardrops,” released earlier that year, did not achieve significant chart success, reflecting the difficulties he faced in recapturing the momentum of his earlier hits[2][5].

In interviews, Payne had hinted at a desire to experiment more with his sound and was reportedly excited about the prospect of touring again, showcasing his readiness to reconnect with fans[6][11]. At the time of his death, he was reportedly in the process of working on new music, suggesting a future filled with potential, despite the challenges he battled[6][8].

Legacy and Impact

Exploring The Musical Journey Of Liam Payne: From One Direction To Solo Stardom
title: 'Exploring The Musical Journey Of Liam Payne: From One Direction To Solo Stardom' and caption: 'a man looking at the camera'

Liam Payne's evolution from a boy band star to a solo artist illustrates the complexities of fame and the music industry. His contributions to One Direction created a lasting legacy, while his solo endeavors showcased his versatility and commitment to his craft. Fans and critics alike acknowledge his artistry and the impact he made in the pop music landscape. Even in his struggles, Payne's honesty and resilience continued to inspire many, marking his place as not only a talented musician but also a relatable figure in the entertainment world[1][6][11].

As his story continues to resonate following his death, Liam Payne remains a poignant reminder of the highs and lows of life in the spotlight, as well as the enduring spirit of creativity and connection through music.


What duty was collected for Scottish Lights?

The original act passed in 1786 stipulated a duty of one penny per register ton for British ships and two pence per ton upon foreign ships[1]. Later, an act in 1788 authorized a duty of 1 1/2 d. per ton on British ships and 3d. per ton on foreign ships[1].


The most important best practice

The most important best practice is to provide (one shot / few shot) examples within a prompt
Unknown[1]
These examples showcase desired outputs or similar responses, allowing the model to learn from them and tailor its own generation accordingly
Unknown[1]
These examples showcase desired outputs or similar responses, allowing the model to learn from them and tailor its own generation accordingly
Unknown[1]
This approach aligns with how humans prefer positive instructions over lists of what not to do
Unknown[1]
High-quality instructions are essential for any LLM-powered app, but especially critical for agents
Unknown[2]