Zubrin, Robert, and David Weaver. "Practical Methods for Near-Term Piloted Mars Missions," AIAA 93-2089, presented at the AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 29th Joint Propulsion Conference, Monterey, California, 28-30 June 1993.
Zubrin, Robert, with Richard Wagner. The Case for Mars. New York: Free Press, 1996.
About the Author
David S. F. Portree is an Arizona-based science writer and historian. His other NASA history publications include Orbital Debris: A Chronology (with Joseph P. Loftus, Jr., 1999), NASA's Origins and the Dawn of the Space Age (1998), Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology (with Robert C. Trevino, 1997), and Mir Hardware Heritage (1995).
Index
Moon, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 22, 24, 28, 29, 33, 34, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 54, 60, 61, 64, 70, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 94, 95, 96; base site, 12, 43, 47, 60, 61, 68, 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 86, 89, 91; "important for the long-range exploration of space," 5, 8; source of oxygen propellant for Mars flight, 68, 78; stepping stone to Mars, 15, 63, 70, 73, 77, 78, 86
Morgenthaler, George, 15
Mueller, George E., 25, 26, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48
Murray, Bruce, 74
nanobacteria, 94
National Academy of Sciences, 61, 68; Space Science Board, 24; Space Research: Directions for the Future, 24
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA)—see under United States Government
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 23, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 68, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 95, 98; Advisory Council Task Force, 70; Ames Research Center (ARC), 19, 49, 63; budget, 5, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48, 49, 52, 59, 68, 70, 77, 78, 83, 84; Exploration Office, 87, 91, 93, 94; Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, 5; Goddard Space Flight Center, 64; Headquarters, 15, 25, 27, 82, 94; Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) Enterprise, 94, 95; Manned Planetary Mission Technology Conference, 15; Mars Conference, 68; Mission to Planet Earth, 69, 84; Office of Exploration, 70, 71, 73, 80, 90, 91; Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 25, 27, 30, 40, 42; Planetary Missions Requirements Group (PMRG); 48-51, 80; Science and Technical Advisory Council, 42; Science and Technology Advisory Committee, 25; Space Science Enterprise, 94, 95; see also individual NASA Centers, Design Reference Mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Planetary Joint Action Group
National Commission on Space (NCOS), 67, 68, 69, 70, 85, 89; Pioneering the Space Frontier, 67
National Press Club, 46
National Research Council (NRC), 77, 82; Committee on Human Exploration of Space (Stever Committee), 82
National Space Council—see under White House
National Space Society, 89
New York Times, 44
Smithsonian Institution: Air & Space Smithsonian, 63; National Air and Space Museum, 77
Sohn, Robert, 19, 20, 90
Sojourner rover, 95, 98
solar array, 27, 28, 51, 58, 60, 68, 74, 85, 96, 97
solar flare, 6, 23, 27, 51, 64
Soviet Academy of Science, 61
Soviet Union, 4, 6, 34, 57, 73, 74, 75, 84, 85, 95
Soyuz spacecraft, 85
Space Cooperation Agreement, 73, 74
Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), 73, 77-87, 89, 91, 95; America at the Threshold, 85, 87; cost estimate, 79-80; 90-Day Study, The, 77-82, 87, 89, 93, 95; Outreach Program, 82, 83, 85, 87; Synthesis Group (Stafford Group), 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93
Space News, 82
Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO), 34, 35
Space Shuttle, 42-46, 48-52, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 79, 80, 83, 85; Challenger, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75; Columbia, 57, 60; Discovery, 75; External Tank (ET), 57, 80, 89; launch description, 57; "myth of an economic Shuttle," 67; orbiter, 57, 67; Orbiter Maneuvering System (OMS), 57; Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), 57, 67, 80, 89; Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs), 57, 80, 89; Space Transportation System (STS), 49; Spacelab, 57, 59; STS-1, 57, 60; STS-4, 60; STS-26, 75; STS-27, 75; STS-51L, 67; source of technology for Mars missions, 50, 51, 57, 58; see also Shuttle-derived vehicle
Space Station, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 91, 95; Dual Keel, 67, 68, 79, 84; International Space Station, 85, 94; Mir, 74, 84, 85; Mir-2, 85; Phase I, 67, 68, 73; Phase II, 67, 70, 84; Salyut, 60, 61, 73; Skylab, 24, 48; Space Operations Center (SOC), 60; Space Station Freedom, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 98; space port versus laboratory, 60, 70; spaceport function de-emphasized, 60, 83-84; source of technology for Mars missions, 44, 57-59, 61, 63
space suit, 11, 17, 51, 81, 97, 98
Space Task Group (STG): progenitor of Manned Spacecraft Center, 15; charting NASA's future, 42-46, 48, 49, 52, 68, 69, 78, 89; America's Next Decades in Space: A Report to the Space Task Group, 47; Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future, The, 47-48
Space Transportation System (STS)—see under Space Shuttle
Spacelab—see under Space Shuttle
split-sprint mission mode—see under Science Applications International Corporation
split mission architecture, 89
Sputnik 1, 4, 5, 34
Stafford, Thomas, 82, 85, 86, 91
Stanford University, 73, 94
Stever, H. Guyford, 82
Stuhlinger, Ernst, 7, 8, 9, 11
Sullivan, Kathy, 67
Surveyor program, 14, 53; Surveyor 4, 93
Symposium on the Manned Exploration of Mars—see under American Astronautical Society
telescope, 2, 3, 4, 11, 27, 28, 53
Tet Offensive—see under Vietnam
Texas A&M University, 71, 83
Tharsis Plateau, 53
Time, 74
Titov, Vladimir, 74
Titus, R. R., 29
Townes, Charles, 25, 41
tractor, 2, 3
Trafton, Wilbur, 94, 95
Traxler, Robert, 83
Truly, Richard, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 86
TRW Space Technology Laboratory, 19, 20
UMPIRE, 18-19, 21, 55
Unfavorable Manned Planetary Interplanetary Roundtrip Expeditions—see UMPIRE
United Aircraft Research Laboratories, 29
United States (U.S.), 1, 6, 12, 13, 22, 24, 31, 33, 34, 39, 43, 44, 47, 57, 58, 61, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 93, 98
United States Air Force, 15, 34, 42, 85; Edwards Air Force Base, 58
United States Army, 4, 7; Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 1, 7, 11; Corps of Engineers, 81; see also U.S. government—Department of Defense
United States government: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 6, 61, 74; Department of Agriculture, 67; Department of Commerce, 67; Department of Defense, 5, 39, 49, 82, 83, 85; Department of State, 67; Department of Transportation, 67, 85; NACA (National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics), 5, 19; National Science Foundation, 67, 82; see also Atomic Energy Commission; Congress; Department of Energy; NASA; United States Air Force; United States Army; White House
University of Arizona, 67
University of Illinois Press, 1
University of Texas, 71
urban riots, 29, 31, 32
Utopia Planitia region, 54
V-2 missile, 1, 7
Valles Marineris, 53
Van Allen Radiation Belts, 6, 8, 58, 97, 98
Varsi, Giulio, 55, 56, 90
Vastitas Borealis region, 17
Venus, 12, 13, 20, 23, 26, 32, 37, 45, 53, 58, 62, 80
Vietnam, 24, 29-31, 39, 49; Tet offensive, 39
Viking, 32, 35, 48, 53-57, 60, 68, 74, 93, 95
von Braun, Wernher, 1-4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 21, 23, 33, 42-48, 98; career apogee, 44; Das Marsprojekt, 1, 3; The Exploration of Mars, 3; The Mars Project, 1, 2, 7, 11, 19
Vostok 1, 6
Voyager Mars/Venus program, 24-26, 29-32, 35; as victim of piloted flyby planning, 32
Wallops Island, 60
Washington Evening Star, 41
Washington Post, 74
Webb, James, 24, 31, 39, 40, 41
weightlessness, 1, 3, 13, 28, 58, 64, 71, 84, 90
Whipple, Fred, 2
White, Ed, 30
White House, 29, 32, 35, 39, 40, 47, 49, 52, 60, 67, 68, 69, 73, 77, 78, 81, 83; Budget Bureau, 21, 24, 29, 35, 40, 42, 48; National Space Council, 24, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86; Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 48, 49, 52, 69, 77; Office of Science and Technology Policy, 67; see also individual Presidents; President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC)
Wilkening, Laurel, 67
Wood, Lowell, 81
Working Group on Extraterrestrial Resources (WGER), 55
Yeager, Chuck, 67
Yeltsin, Boris, 85
Young, John, 57
zero gravity—see weightlessness
Zubrin, Robert, 89, 90, 91
Zuckert, Eugene, 15
NASA History Monographs
All monographs except #1 are available by sending a self-addressed 9 x 12" envelope for each monograph with appropriate postage for 15 ounces to the NASA History Office, Code ZH, Washington, DC 20546. A complete listing of all NASA History Series publications is available at http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html on the World Wide Web. In addition, a number of monographs and other History Series publications are available online from the same URL.
Launius, Roger D., and Aaron K. Gillette, compilers. Toward a History of the Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 1, 1992. Out of print.
Launius, Roger D., and J.D. Hunley, compilers. An Annotated Bibliography of the Apollo Program. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 2, 1994.
Launius, Roger D. Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 3, 1994.
Hansen, James R. Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 4, 1995.
Gorn, Michael H. Hugh L. Dryden’s Career in Aviation and Space. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 5, 1996.
Powers, Sheryll Goecke. Women in Flight Research at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center from 1946 to 1995. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 6, 1997.
Portree, David S. F., and Robert C. Trevino. Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 7, 1997.
Logsdon, John M., moderator. Legislative Origins of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958: Proceedings of an Oral History Workshop. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 8, 1998.
Rumerman, Judy A., compiler. U.S. Human Spaceflight, A Record of Achievement 1961-1998. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 9, 1998.
Portree, David S. F. NASA’s Origins and the Dawn of the Space Age. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 10, 1998.
Logsdon, John M. Together in Orbit: The Origins of International Cooperation in the Space Station. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 11, 1998.
Phillips, W. Hewitt. Journey in Aeronautical Research: A Career at NASA Langley Research Center. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 12, 1998.
Braslow, Albert L. A History of Suction-Type Laminar-Flow Control with Emphasis on Flight Research. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 13, 1999.
Logsdon, John M., moderator. Managing the Moon Program: Lessons Learned From Apollo. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 14, 1999.
Perminov, V. G. The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 15, 1999.
Tucker, Tom. Touchdown: The Development of Propulsion Controlled Aircraft at NASA Dryden. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 16, 1999.
Maisel, Martin, Giulanetti, Demo J., and Dugan, Daniel C. The History of the XV-15 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft: From Concept to Flight. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 17, 2000 (NASA SP-2000-4517).
Jenkins, Dennis R. Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 18, 2000 (NASA SP-2000-4518).
Chambers, Joseph R. Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 19, 2000 (NASA SP-2000-4519).
Waltman, Gene L. Black Magic and Gremlins: Analog Flight Simulations at NASA's Flight Research Center. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 20, 2000 (NASA SP-2000-4520).