Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950-2000

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Chapter 3

    1. Robert Sohn, "Summary of Manned Mars Mission Study," Proceeding of the Symposium on Manned Planetary Missions: 1963/1964 Status (Mountain View, CA: NASA TM X-53049, 1964), p. 151.
    1. T. A. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle (Washington, DC: NASA, 1999), pp. 60-61.
    1. "One-Year Exploration-Trip Earth-Mars-Venus-Earth," Gaetano A. Crocco, Rendiconti del VII Congresso Internanzionale Astronautico, Associazione Italiana Razzi (paper presented at the Seventh Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Rome, Italy, 1956), pp. 227-252.
    1. Ibid., p. 239.
    1. Maxime Faget and Paul Purser, "From Mercury to Mars," Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering (February 1963): 27.
    1. Ibid., p. 24.
    1. Aeronutronic Division, Ford Motor Company, EMPIRE, A Study of Early Manned Interplanetary Expeditions (Huntsville, AL: NASA CR-51709, 21 December 1962).
    1. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Manned Interplanetary Mission Study (Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, March 1963).
    1. General Dynamics Astronautics, A Study of Early Manned Interplanetary Missions Final Summary Report (San Diego, CA, General Dynamics Astronautics, 31 January 1963).
    1. Aeronutronic, p. 1-2.
    1. Lockheed, p. xx.
    1. General Dynamics, p. 8-2.
    1. Ibid., pp. 8-92 - 8-122.
    1. Ibid., pp. 8-119 - 8-122.
    1. David Hammock and Bruce Jackson, "Vehicle Design for Mars Landing and Return to Mars Orbit," George Morgenthaler, editor, Exploration of Mars (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1964), pp. 174-95.
    1. Raymond Watts, “Manned Exploration of Mars?” Sky & Telescope (August 1963): 63-67, 84.
    1. Hammock and Jackson, “Vehicle Design for Mars Landing,” p. 175.
    1. Franklin Dixon, "Summary Presentation: Study of a Manned Mars Excursion Module," Proceeding of the Symposium on Manned Planetary Missions: 1963/1964 Status (Huntsville, AL: NASA TM X-53140, 1964), pp. 443-523.
    1. Ibid., p. 449.
    1. Ibid., p. 479.
    1. Ibid., p. 449.
    1. Ibid., p. 479.
    1. J. N. Smith, Manned Mars Missions in the Unfavorable (1975-1985) Time Period: Executive Summary Report (Huntsville, AL: NASA TM X-53140, 1964).
    1. Ibid., p. 7.
    1. Ibid., pp. 11-12.
    1. Sohn, “Summary of Manned Mars Mission Study,” pp. 149-219.
    1. Ibid., p. 156.
    1. Ibid., p. 170.
    1. Ibid., p. 165-166.
    1. "Part 17: Panel Discussion," Proceeding of the Symposium on Manned Planetary Missions: 1963/1964 Status (Huntsville, AL: NASA TM X-53140, 1964), pp. 748-749.
    1. Ibid., p. 751.
    1. Ibid.
    1. “Future Efforts to Stress Apollo Hardware,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (16 November 1964): 48.
    1. Ezell, “Man on Mars,” p. 13.
    1. Ibid., p. 12.
    1. Harry Ruppe, Manned Planetary Reconnaissance Mission Study: Venus/Mars Flyby (Huntsville, AL: NASA TM X-53205, 1965).
    1. Ibid., p. 53.
    1. Ibid., p. 7.
    1. Ibid., p. 8.

Chapter 4

    1. Robert Hotz, “New Era for NASA,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (7 August 1967): 17.
    1. Samuel Glasstone, The Book of Mars (Washington, DC: NASA SP-179, 1968), pp. 76-91.
    1. William Hartmann and Odell Raper, The New Mars: The Discoveries of Mariner 9 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-337, 1974), pp. 6-11.
    1. Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neumann Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (Washington, DC: NASA 1984), pp. 74-82.
    1. NASA, “A Report from Mariner IV,” NASA Facts 3 (1966): 1.
    1. Ibid., pp. 5-6; Oran Nicks, Summary of Mariner 4 Results (Washington, DC: NASA SP-130), p. 35.
    1. Hal Taylor, "LBJ Wants Post-Apollo Plans," Missiles and Rockets (4 May 1964); NASA, Summary Report: Future Programs Task Group, January 1965, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, p. 473.
    1. “Future Effort to Stress Apollo Hardware,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (16 November 1964): 48-51.
    1. “Scientists Urge Priority for Mars Missions,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (23 November 1964): 26.
    1. Merrifield, "A Historical Note," p. 12; Astronautics and Aeronautics 1966 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4007), p. 17.
    1. Willard Wilks and Rex Pay, "Quest for Martian Life Re-Emphasized," Technology Week (6 June 1966): 26-28.
    1. Ezell and Ezell, On Mars, pp. 102-05.
    1. Associate Administrator, Office of Space Science and Applications to Director, Office of Space Science and Applications, "Manned Planetary Missions Planning Group," 30 April 1965.
    1. Franklin Dixon, "Manned Planetary Mission Studies from 1962 to 1968," IAA-89-729 (paper presented at the 40th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Malaga, Spain, 7-12 October 1989), p. 9.
    1. Ezell, “Man on Mars,” p. 12.
    1. Merrifield, “A Historical Note,” p. 13.
    1. Planetary JAG, Planetary Exploration Utilizing a Manned Flight System (Washington, DC: NASA, 1966).
    1. For example, see Robert Sohn, "A Chance for an Early Manned Mars Mission," Astronautics & Aeronautics (May 1965): 28-33.
    1. Chief, NASA Kennedy Space Center Advanced Programs Office to Distribution, "Minutes of Joint Action Group Meeting of June 29-30, 1966," 8 July 1966.
    1. R. R. Titus, "FLEM—Flyby-Landing Excursion Mode," AIAA Paper No. 66-36 (paper presented at the 3rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, New York, 24-26 January 1966).
    1. Edward Gray to H. K. Weidner, F. L. Williams, M. Faget, W. E. Stoney, J. West, J. P. Claybourne, and R. Hock, TWX, "Meeting to Establish Follow-on Activities Covering the Advanced Manned Planetary, Earth Orbital, and Lunar Exploration Programs," 17 November 1966.
    1. Edward Gray to H. K. Weidner, F. L. Williams, J. W. Carter, R. J. Harris, J. P. Claybourne, R. Hock, and R. J. Cerrato, TWX, "Follow-on Activity for Manned Planetary Program," 2 December 1966.
    1. John Logsdon, "From Apollo to the Space Shuttle: U.S. Space Policy, 1969-1972," unpublished manuscript, p. I-43.
    1. “U.S. Space Funding to Grow Moderately,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (6 March 1967): 126.
    1. William Normyle, "Post-Apollo Program Potential Emerging," Aviation Week & Space Technology (6 March 1967): 126.
    1. President's Science Advisory Committee, The Space Program in the Post-Apollo Period (Washington, DC: The White House, February 1967).
    1. Ibid., p. 18.
    1. “Science Advisors Urge Balanced Program,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (6 March 1967): 135.
    1. William Normyle, "Manned Mars Flights Studied for the 1970s," Aviation Week & Space Technology (27 March 1967): 63.
    1. Merrifield, “A Historical Note,” p. 13.
    1. Normyle, "Manned Mars Flights Studied," p. 62-63; Edward Gray and Franklin Dixon, "Manned Expeditions to Mars and Venus," Eric Burgess, editor, Voyage to the Planets (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1967), pp. 107-35.
    1. “U.S. Space Funding Set to Grow Moderately,” pp. 123-24.
    1. "House Unit Trims NASA Budget, Fight Pledged for Further Slashes," Aviation Week & Space Technology (22 May 1967): 24.
    1. “Space Funds Cut Deeply by House, Senate,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (3 July 1967): 28.
    1. “Conferees Vote Space Cut,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (7 August 1967): 24.
    1. William Normyle, "Small Hope Seen to Restore Space Funds," Aviation Week & Space Technology (10 July 1967): 38.
    1. Katherine Johnsen, "Webb Refuses to Choose Program for Cuts," Aviation Week & Space Technology (31 July 1967): 20.
    1. Hotz, “New Era for NASA,” p. 17.
    1. Spacecraft Engineering Branch, Apollo-based Venus/Mars Flybys (Houston: NASA MSC, September 1967).
    1. Contracting Officer to Prospective Contractors, "Planetary Surface Sample Return Probe Study for Manned Mars/Venus Reconnaissance/Retrieval Missions," Request for Proposal No. BG721-28-7-528P, 3 August 1967.
    1. Irving Stone, "Manned Planetary Vehicle Study Proposed," Aviation Week & Space Technology (2 October 1967): 87.
    1. William Normyle, "Priority Shift Blocks Space Plans," Aviation Week & Space Technology (11 September 1967): 27.
    1. Ezell and Ezell, On Mars, p. 118.
    1. "White House Stand Blocks NASA Budget Restoration," Aviation Week & Space Technology (28 August 1967): 32.
    1. Ezell and Ezell, On Mars, p. 142.

Chapter 5

    1. NASA, “Outline of NASA Presentation to Space Task Group, August 4, 1969” (28 July 1969), p. 20.
    1. Wernher von Braun, "The Next 20 Years of Interplanetary Exploration," Astronautics & Aeronautics (November 1965): 24.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1967 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4008), pp. 339-41.
    1. James Dewar, "Atomic Energy: The Rosetta Stone of Space Flight," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (May 1994): 200.
    1. Ibid., p. 202.
    1. John Kennedy, "Excerpts from 'Urgent National Needs,'" Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, p. 454.
    1. Dewar, “Atomic Energy,” p. 203-04.
    1. Raymond Watts, “Manned Exploration of Mars?” Sky & Telescope (August 1963): 64.
    1. William House, "The Development of Nuclear Rocket Propulsion in the United States," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 19, No. 8 (March-April 1964): 317-18.
    1. Boeing Aerospace Group, Integrated Manned Interplanetary Spacecraft Concept Definition, Vol. 1, Summary (Seattle, Washington: NASA CR-66558, January 1968).
    1. North American Rockwell Corporation Space Division, Definition of Experimental Tests for a Manned Mars Excursion Module: Final Report, Vol. 1, Summary (SD 67-755-1, 12 January 1968).
    1. Arthur Hill, "Apollo Shape Dominates NAR Manned Mars Study," Aerospace Technology (6 May 1968): pp. 26.
    1. “Cost of Tet,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (27 May 1968): 25.
    1. "Congressional Critics Aim to Cut NASA Budget to $4-Billion Level," Aviation Week & Space Technology (12 February 1968): 22.
    1. Katherine Johnsen, "NASA Gears for $4-Billion Fund Limit," Aviation Week & Space Technology (27 May 1968): 30.
    1. “Webb Urges Full $4-Billion NASA Fund,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (1 July 1968): 22.
    1. Administrator to Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, "Termination of the Contract for Procurement of Long Lead Time Items for Vehicles 516 and 517," Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, pp. 494-95.
    1. “Work on Future Saturn Launchers Halted,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (12 August 1968): 30.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1968 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4010), pp. 212-13.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1968 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4010), p. 215.
    1. William Normyle, "NASA Plans Five-Year Fund Rise," Aviation Week & Space Technology (14 October 1968): 16.
    1. Bureau of the Budget, "National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Highlight Summary," 30 October 1968, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, pp. 497-98.
    1. Courtney Brooks, James Grimwood, and Loyd Swenson, Jr., Chariots for Apollo, A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4205, 1979), p. 279.
    1. Ibid., pp. 256-60.
    1. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Almanac of American History (Greenwich, CT: Brompton Books, 1993), p. 581.
    1. “Against the Tide,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (17 March 1969): 15.
    1. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, pp. 115-16.
    1. Roger Launius, "The Waning of the Technocratic Faith: NASA and the Politics of the Space Shuttle Decision," Philippe Jung, editor, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, AAS History Series, Volume 21 (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1997), p. 190.
    1. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, p. 127.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1968 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4010), pp. 215.
    1. Charles Townes, et al., "Report of the Task Force on Space," 8 January 1969, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, p. 502.
    1. Ibid., p. 505.
    1. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, pp. 121-22.
    1. Dwayne Day, “Viewpoint: Paradigm Lost,” Space Policy (August 1995): 156.
    1. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, pp. 127-28.
    1. William Normyle, "NASA Aims at 100-man Station," Aviation Week & Space Technology (24 February 1969): 16.
    1. Richard Nixon, "Memorandum for the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense, the Acting Administrator, NASA, and the Science Advisor," 13 February 1969, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, p. 513.
    1. Thomas Paine, "Problems and Opportunities in Manned Space Flight," Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, pp. 513-19.
    1. Logsdon, "From Apollo to the Space Shuttle," pp. III-7 - III-8; Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, pp. 130-31.
    1. NASA, “Integrated Manned Space Flight Program, 1970-1980” (12 May 1969).
    1. Ibid., p. 2.
    1. Logsdon, “From Apollo to the Space Shuttle,” p. IV-50.
    1. Logsdon, “From Apollo to the Space Shuttle,” p. IV-40.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4014), pp. 235-36.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4014), p. 239.
    1. “Washington Roundup,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (21 July 1969): 15.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4014), p. 270.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1969 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4014), p. 271.
    1. NASA, “Outline of NASA Presentation to Space Task Group, August 4, 1969” (28 July 1969), p. 20.
    1. Wernher von Braun, "Manned Mars Landing Presentation to the Space Task Group," presentation materials (4 August 1969).
    1. Ibid., p. 4.
    1. Ibid., pp. 22-24.
    1. Ibid., p. 26.
    1. Ibid., p. 35.
    1. Ibid., pp. 41-43.
    1. NASA, “Outline of NASA Presentation,” p. 23.
    1. Robert Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, to Spiro Agnew, Vice President, letter, 4 August 1969, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, p. 521-22.
    1. “Washington Roundup,” p. 15.
    1. Logsdon, “From Apollo to the Space Shuttle,” p. IV-53.
    1. Ibid.
    1. Ibid., pp. 57-63.
    1. “Space Manpower,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (11 August 1969): 25.
    1. Robert Hotz, “The Endless Frontier,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (11 August 1969): 17.
    1. William Normyle, "Manned Mission to Mars Opposed," Aviation Week & Space Technology (18 August 1969): 16.
    1. Ibid., p. 17.
    1. NASA, America's Next Decades in Space: A Report to the Space Task Group (Washington, DC: NASA, September 1969).
    1. Ibid., p. 7.
    1. Ibid., p. 1.
    1. Space Task Group, The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future (Washington, DC: NASA, September 1969).
    1. Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, pp. 522-23.
    1. Space Task Group, The Post-Apollo Space Program, pp. ii-iii.
    1. Ibid., p. iv.
    1. Ibid.
    1. Wernher von Braun interview by John Logsdon, referenced in T. A. Heppenheimer, The Space Shuttle Decision, p. 152.
    1. Robert Mayo, Director, Bureau of the Budget, "Memorandum for the President, 'Space Task Group Report,'" 25 September 1969, Logsdon, gen. ed., Exploring the Unknown, Vol. I, pp. 545-46.
    1. “NASA Budget Faces House-Senate Parley,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (29 September 1969): 19.
    1. George Mueller to John Naugle, 6 October 1969; Morris Jenkins, Manned Exploration Requirements and Considerations (Houston: NASA, February 1971), pp. iii-iv.
    1. Logsdon, “From Apollo to the Space Shuttle,” p. V-22.
    1. "Bill of Fare," Aviation Week & Space Technology (2 February 1970): 11; NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1970 (Washington, DC: NASA SP-40), pp. 11-12.
    1. “Centers Reviewed,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (19 January 1970): 16.
    1. “Space in the 1970s,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (9 February 1970): 11.
    1. Schlesinger, p. 586.
    1. “Ad Astra per Aspera,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (9 February 1970): 10.
    1. Logsdon, “From Apollo to the Space Shuttle,” p. V-40.
    1. Space Science and Technology Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee, The Next Decade in Space (Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and Technology, March 1970), pp. 3, 22.
    1. Ibid., p. i.
    1. Ibid., p. 45.
    1. Ibid., p. 4.
    1. Ibid., p. 52.
    1. Launius, “The Waning of the Technocratic Faith,” p. 185.
    1. Morris Jenkins, Manned Mars Exploration Requirements and Considerations (Houston: NASA, February 1971), p. iv.
    1. Ibid., p. iii.
    1. Ibid., p. 4–14.
    1. Ibid., p. 2–15.
    1. U.S. Congress, Nuclear Rocket Development Program, Joint Hearings before the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate and the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 92nd Congress of the United States, First Session, 23-24 February 1971, p. 1.
    1. Ibid., pp. 13-15.
    1. Ibid., p. 21.
    1. Ibid., p. 34.
    1. Ibid., p. 40.
    1. "OMB Limits NASA to $15 Million for NERVA," Aviation Week & Space Technology (4 October 1971): 20.
    1. Launius, "The Waning of the Technocratic Faith," pp. 188-89.
    1. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics 1972, (Washington, DC: NASA SP-4017), pp. 4-5.
    1. Dewar, “Atomic Energy,” p. 205.
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