Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950-2000

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Chapter 6

    1. Benton Clark, "The Viking Results—The Case for Man on Mars," AAS 78-156, Richard Johnston, Albert Naumann, and Clay Fulcher, editors, The Future U.S. Space Program (San Diego: Univelt, Inc., 1978), p. 263.
    1. Hartmann and Raper, The New Mars, pp. 32.
    1. Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Bruce Murray, Carl Sagan, and Walter Sullivan, Mars and the Mind of Man (New York: Harper and Row, 1973) is an informative and entertaining exploration of changing human perceptions of the planet Mars.
    1. Hartmann and Raper, The New Mars, pp. 94-107.
    1. Andrew Wilson, Solar System Log (New York: Jane’s, 1987), p. 69.
    1. Richard Lewis, “On the Golden Plains of Mars,” Spaceflight (October 1976): 364.
    1. Richard Lewis, "The Puzzle of Martian Soil," Spaceflight (November 1976): 391-95. See also Bevan French, Mars: The Viking Discoveries (Washington, DC: NASA, 1977), pp. 20-22; Andrew Chaikin, "The Case for Life on Mars," Air & Space Smithsonian (February/March 1991): 63-71; Harold Klein, Norman Horowitz, and Klaus Biemann, "The Search for Extant Life on Mars," Hugh Kieffer, Bruce Jakosky, Conway Snyder, and Mildred Mathews, editors, Mars, (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992), pp. 1221-33.
    1. Cary Spitzer, editor, Viking Orbiter Views of Mars (Washington, DC: NASA, 1980), pp. 31-32. See also Victor Baker, Michael Carr, Virginia Gullick, Cameron Williams, and Mark Marley, "Channels and Valley Networks"; and Christopher McKay, R. L. Mancinelli, Carol Stoker, and R. A. Wharton, "The Possibility of Life on Mars During a Water-Rich Past," both in Hugh Kieffer, et al., editors, Mars, pp. 493-522 and 1234-45.
    1. Ezell and Ezell, On Mars, pp. 422-23.
    1. NASA, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Working Group on Extraterrestrial Resources (Washington, DC: NASA SP-229, 1970), p. iii.
    1. J. N. Smith, Manned Mars Missions in the Unfavorable (1975-1985) Time Period, pp. 11-12.
    1. Louis Friedman interview by David S. F. Portree, 15 August 1999.
    1. R. L. Ash, W. L. Dowler, and G. Varsi, "Feasibility of Rocket Propellant Production on Mars," Acta Astronautica (July-August 1978): 705-24.
    1. Clark, “The Viking Results,” p. 273.
    1. Ibid., p. 274.
    1. Other examples of Mars ISRU papers in the 1980s include the following: Benton Clark, "The Chemistry of the Martian Surface: Resources for the Manned Exploration of Mars," AAS 81-243, Penelope Boston, editor, The Case for Mars, (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1984), pp. 197-208; G. R. Babb and W. R. Stump, "The Effect of Mars Surface and Phobos Propellant Production on Earth Launch Mass," Michael Duke and Paul Keaton, editors, Manned Mars Missions: Working Group Papers, Vol. 1 (Huntsville, AL, and Los Alamos, NM: NASA M002, NASA/LANL, June 1986), pp. 162-175; R. H. Frisbee, "Mass and Power Estimates for Mars In-Situ Propellant Production Systems," AIAA-87-1900 (papers presented at the AIAA/SAE/ASME/ASEE 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference, 29 June-2 July 1987); Benton Clark and Donald Pettit, "The Hydrogen Peroxide Economy on Mars," AAS 87-214, Carol Stoker, editor, The Case for Mars III: Strategies for Exploration—General Interest and Overview (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc.,1989), pp. 551-57; Robert Ash, Joseph Werne, and Merry Beth Haywood, "Design of a Mars Oxygen Processor," AAS 87-263, Carol Stoker, editor, The Case for Mars III: Strategies for Exploration—Technical (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc.,1989), pp. 479-87; Diane L. Galecki, "In-Situ Propellant Advantages for Fast Transfer to Mars," AIAA-88-2901 (paper presented at the AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24th Joint Propulsion Conference, 11-13 July 1988); Thomas Meyer and Christopher McKay, "The Resources of Mars for Human Settlement," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (April 1989): 147-60; J. R. French, "Rocket Propellants from Martian Resources," Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (April 1989): 167-70.
    1. Louis Friedman interview, 15 August 1999. Friedman founded The Planetary Society with Carl Sagan and Bruce Murray in 1980.
    1. Robert Ash interview by David S. F. Portree, 29 July 1999. Ash called Friedman “ISRU’s godparent.”

Chapter 7

    1. Alcestis Oberg, "The Grass Roots of the Mars Conference," AAS 81-225, Penelope Boston, editor, The Case for Mars (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1984), p. ix.
    1. Tim Furniss, Space Shuttle Log (New York: Jane’s, 1986), pp. 15-18, 34-36.
    1. William Stockton and John Noble Wilford, Spaceliner (New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 159.
    1. Oberg, “The Grass Roots,” p. ix.
    1. Benton Clark interview by David S. F. Portree, 27 August 1999.
    1. S. Fred Singer, "The PH-D Proposal: A Manned Mission to Phobos and Deimos," AAS 81-231, Penelope Boston, editor, The Case for Mars (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1984), pp. 39-65.
    1. S. Fred Singer, “To Mars By Way of Its Moons,” Scientific American (March 2000): 56-57.
    1. Space Sciences Department, Manned Lunar, Asteroid and Mars Missions, Visions of Space Flight: Circa 2001 (Schaumburg, IL: Science Applications International Corporation, September 1984).
    1. Louis Friedman, “Visions of 2010,” The Planetary Report (March/April 1985): 5.
    1. Louis Friedman interview by David S. F. Portree, 15 August 1999.
    1. Friedman, “Visions,” pp. 6, 22.
    1. Ibid., p. 22.
    1. “Beggs Calls for Start on Space Station,” Space News Roundup (25 June 1982): 1, 3-4.
    1. Clarke Covington, “The Role of the Space Operations Center,” presentation materials (28 May 1981).
    1. Dave Alter, "Space Operations Center" (Houston, TX: NASA Johnson Space Center Press Release 82-008, 19 February 1982).
    1. Presidential Papers of the President: Administration of Ronald Reagan, 1985 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985), p. 90.
    1. Humboldt Mandell, personal communication.
    1. Michael Duke interview by David S. F. Portree, 26 August 1999.
    1. Paul Keaton interview by David. S. F. Portree, 30 August 1999.
    1. R. F. Baillie to R. W. Johnson, "Manned Planetary Exploration Action Item from the Wallops Workshop" (August 1, 1978); Joseph Loftus, Jr., interview by David S. F. Portree, 15 August 1999.
    1. Keaton interview, 30 August 1999.
    1. Harrison Schmitt, "A Millennium Project—Mars 2000," Wendell Mendell, editor, Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century (Houston, TX: Lunar and Planetary Science Institute, 1985), p. 787.
    1. Duke interview, 30 August 1999; Keaton interview, 30 August 1999.
    1. Ibid.
    1. Michael Duke and Paul Keaton, editors, Manned Mars Missions, Working Group Summary Report (Huntsville, AL, and Los Alamos, NM: NASA M001, NASA/LANL, May 1986); Michael Duke and Paul Keaton, editors, Manned Mars Missions, Working Group Papers, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (Huntsville, AL, and Los Alamos, NM: NASA M002, NASA/LANL, June 1986).
    1. Charles Cravotta and Melanie DeForth, "Soviet Plans for a Manned Flight to Mars" (Office of Scientific and Weapons Research, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2 April 1985), p. 2.
    1. Ibid.
    1. Ibid., p. 7.
    1. Ibid., p. 8.
    1. Barney Roberts, "Concept for a Manned Mars Flyby," Manned Mars Missions: Working Group Papers, Vol. 1 (Huntsville, AL, and Los Alamos, NM: NASA M002, NASA/LANL, June 1986), pp. 203-18.
    1. Ibid., pp. 213-15.
    1. Buzz Aldrin, “The Mars Transit System,” Air & Space Smithsonian (October/November 1990): 47.
    1. Charles Rall and Walter Hollister, "Free-fall Periodic Orbits Connecting Earth and Mars," AIAA No. 71-92 (paper presented at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 9th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, New York, 25-27 January 1971). Cycler proponent Buzz Aldrin was one of Hollister's students at MIT before he became a NASA astronaut.
    1. S. M. Welch and C. R. Stoker, editors, The Case for Mars: Concept Development for a Mars Research Station (Boulder, CO: Boulder Center for Science Policy, 10 April 1986).
    1. Thomas Paine, "A Timeline for Martian Pioneers," AAS 84-150, Christopher McKay, editor, The Case for Mars II (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1985), pp. 18-19.
    1. Michael Duke, Wendell Mendell, and Barney Roberts, "Lunar Base: A Stepping Stone to Mars," AAS 84-162, Christopher McKay, editor, The Case for Mars II (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1985), pp. 207-20.
    1. Humboldt Mandell, "Space Station—The First Step," AAS 84-160, Christopher McKay, editor, The Case for Mars II (San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc.,1985), pp. 157-70.
    1. Welch and Stoker, The Case for Mars: Concept Development, p. 53.
    1. For examples, see Robert Farquhar, "Lunar Communications with Libration-Point Satellites," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (October 1967): 1383, and Robert Farquhar, "A Halo-Orbit Lunar Station," Astronautics & Aeronautics (June 1972): 59-63. In 1971, Farquhar became involved in Harrison Schmitt's effort to target Apollo 17 to the lunar farside crater Tsiolkovskii. He studied the possibility of placing communication relay satellites in Lagrange point halo orbits to permit continuous communication between the Apollo 17 moonwalkers at Tsiolkovskii and Mission Control on Earth ("Lunar Backside Landing for Apollo 17," presentation materials, 2 September 1971).
    1. Robert Farquhar and David Dunham, "Libration-Point Staging Concepts for Earth-Mars Transportation," Manned Mars Missions: Working Group Papers, Vol. 1 (Huntsville, AL, and Los Alamos, NM: NASA M002, NASA/LANL, June 1986), pp. 66-77.
    1. Paul Keaton, A Moon Base/Mars Base Transportation Depot (Los Alamos, NM: LA-10552-MS, UC-34B, Los Alamos National Laboratory, September 1985).
    1. Ibid., p. 10.

Chapter 8

    1. [Carl Sagan, Louis Friedman, and Bruce Murray], The Mars Declaration, special supplement to The Planetary Report (November/December 1987). Author names revealed in Louis Friedman interview, 15 August 1999.
    1. National Commission on Space (NCOS), Pioneering the Space Frontier: The Report of the National Commission on Space (New York: Bantam Books, May 1986).
    1. Lyn Ragsdale, "Politics Not Science: The U.S. Space Program in the Reagan and Bush Years," Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership, Roger Launius and Howard McCurdy, editors (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 151.
    1. Carole Shifrin, "NASA Nears Final Decisions on Station Configuration," Aviation Week & Space Technology (10 March 1986): 107-109; NASA, "NASA Facts: Space Station" (Kennedy Space Center Press Release No. 16-86, January 1986).
    1. "NASA Managers Divided on Station," Aviation Week & Space Technology (28 July 1986): 24-25; Craig Covault, "Launch Capacity, EVA Concerns Force Space Station Re-Design," Aviation Week & Space Technology (21 July 1986): 20; NASA, Space Station Freedom Media Handbook (Washington, DC: NASA, April 1989), p. 7; Mark Hess, "NASA Proceeding Toward Space Station Development" (Johnson Space Center Press Release 87-50, 3 April 1987), p. 2.
    1. Paul Mann, "Commission Sets Goals for Moon, Mars Settlement in 21st Century," Aviation Week & Space Technology (24 March 1986): 18-21.
    1. Thomas Paine, "Overview: Report of the National Commission on Space," Duke Reiber, editor, The NASA Mars Conference (San Diego: Univelt, Inc., 1988), p. 533.
    1. NCOS, Pioneering, p. 191.
    1. “Spaced Out,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (15 September 1986): 11.
    1. Thomas Paine, "Who Will Lead the World's Next Age of Discovery?" Aviation Week & Space Technology (21 September 1987): 43.
    1. Craig Covault, "Ride Panel Calls for Aggressive Action to Assert U.S. Leadership in Space," Aviation Week & Space Technology (24 August 1987): 26.
    1. NASA, "Statement by Dr. Sally K. Ride, Associate Administrator for Exploration (Acting) before the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives" (22 July 1987), p. 1.
    1. Sally Ride, Leadership and America’s Future in Space (Washington, DC: NASA, August 1987), p. 5.
    1. Ride, Leadership, p. 21.
    1. NASA, “Statement by Dr. Sally K. Ride,” p. 2.

Bibliography

“Centers Reviewed,” Aviation Week & Space Technology (19 January 1970): 16.

Chief, NASA Kennedy Space Center Advanced Programs Office, to Distribution, "Minutes of Joint Action Group Meeting of June 29-30, 1966," 8 July 1966.

Clark, Benton. "The Viking Results—The Case for Man on Mars," AAS 78-156, in Richard Johnston, Albert Naumann, and Clay Fulcher, editors, The Future U.S. Space Program. San Diego: Univelt, Inc., pp. 263-78.

Collins, Michael. Mission to Mars. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

Committee on the Human Exploration of Space, Human Exploration of Space: A Review of NASA's 90-Day Study and Alternatives. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.

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