Electric vehicles (EVs) significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, especially over their lifetime, even considering the emissions from battery production. While the initial manufacturing of EVs is more carbon-intensive, EVs have lower operation emissions due to zero tailpipe emissions [1][4][11]. However, their environmental impact depends on the electricity source used for charging and the mining processes for battery materials like lithium and cobalt, which can also cause significant ecological harm [5][6][7][10].

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