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What are the core challenges in continual learning for LLMs?

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The core challenge in continual learning for Large Language Models (LLMs) is catastrophic forgetting, where models degrade performance on old tasks when trained on new data[2][3][4]. The massive scale of LLMs introduces a huge computational burden for frequent retraining, requiring efficient adaptation to evolving data while balancing general capabilities with new task learning[2][4]. Handling non-IID data and avoiding destructive gradient updates from external data are critical[3].

Additional challenges arise from multi-stage training, including task heterogeneity, inaccessible upstream data, long task sequences, and abrupt distributional shifts[2]. There is a need for practical evaluation benchmarks, computationally efficient methods, controllable forgetting, and history tracking[2][4]. Theoretical understanding of LLM forgetting and memory interpretability remain significant hurdles[2][4].


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