- Spirited Away: A coming-of-age fantasy film by Hayao Miyazaki about a girl named Chihiro who navigates a magical spirit world to save her parents, showcasing deep emotional themes and stunning visuals [11].
  
- Ponyo: A charming tale about a boy and a magical sea creature who wishes to become human, characterized by vibrant animation and themes of friendship and adventure [4][5].

- Howl's Moving Castle: A fantasy adventure where a young woman is cursed and seeks the help of a wizard, touching on themes of love and self-discovery [2][10].

- My Neighbor Totoro: A heartwarming story of two sisters who befriend a magical forest spirit, perfectly blending childhood innocence with elements of fantasy [5][10].

- Kiki's Delivery Service: A coming-of-age tale about a young witch working in a new town, exploring themes of independence and personal growth through a magical lens [11].

- The Secret World of Arrietty: An enchanting adaptation about tiny people living secretly in a human household, focusing on friendship and resilience [2][7].

- The Boy and the Heron: A 2024 film by Miyazaki that integrates themes of loss, family, and fantastical elements, serving as a beautiful reflection on life [3].

- The Girl Who Leapt Through Time: A time-travel adventure about a girl discovering her new powers, which leads to important life lessons about responsibility [7][8].

- Princess Mononoke: A darker, more complex narrative addressing the conflict between nature and human industry, exploring environmental themes [10][11].

- The Tale of the Princess Kaguya: A visually stunning film that recounts the story of a luminous princess, highlighting themes of beauty, love, and freedom [8][10].

- Pom Poko: Follows shape-shifting raccoon dogs as they confront urban development, intertwining humor with serious themes about nature and preservation [10].

- Whisper of the Heart: A subtle coming-of-age romance focusing on artistic aspirations and youthful dreams, characterized by its well-developed characters [4][7].

- Wolf Children: A story about a woman raising her half-werewolf children in the countryside, exploring themes of motherhood and identity [8].

- Howl’s Moving Castle: Another magical tale involving a cursed girl, filled with elements of war, love, and personal evolution [5][10].

- Grave of the Fireflies: A heartbreaking story set in WWII Japan, focusing on two siblings' struggle for survival, offering deep emotional impact [7][10].

- Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind: A post-apocalyptic adventure showcasing a princess's attempts to reconcile nature and civilization [5][10].

- The Cat Returns: A whimsical adventure about a girl who saves a cat only to find herself engaged to a cat prince, full of charming cat antics [7][10].

- Soul: A Pixar film about a jazz musician exploring life's true meaning, effectively blending heart and philosophical musings [8].

- Coco: A vibrant story that explores family and music through a mystical lens set during the Day of the Dead [8].

- A Letter to Momo: A magical tale where a girl discovers yokai who help her navigate her new life after her father's death, blending the ordinary with the extraordinary [8].

- Mirai: A fantastical look at sibling relationships through time travel, offering thoughtful family dynamics [10].

- Ponyo: A visually striking film featuring a goldfish who desires to become human and creates chaos in a charming tale of adventure and love [4][5].

- Kubo and the Two Strings: A visually stunning stop-motion film about a boy on a quest to discover his legacy, rich with themes of family and bravery [8].

- Your Name: A film about two teenagers who switch bodies and explore their identity and connection, combining romance with supernatural elements [10].

- Into the Forest of Fireflies’ Light: A poignant love story between a girl and a yokai bound by a tragic curse, illustrating emotional and lyrical storytelling [7][11].

- The Wind Rises: An animated biography of a plane designer that beautifully intertwines romance, creativity, and the impact of war on human life [3][4].

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You can creatively repurpose old furniture by transforming it into functional and stylish pieces. For instance, an old dresser can become a storage-friendly bench or even a home bar, bringing new life and utility to its design [5][6]. Similarly, vintage chairs can be turned into unique plant stands, enhancing your outdoor decor [4][6].

Additionally, consider DIY projects such as converting an old door into a chic bench or using a wooden ladder as a decorative towel rack [5][6]. These upcycling ideas not only beautify your space but also help you save money while being environmentally friendly [4][6].

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Unscented clumping clay cat litter offers several benefits, including ease of cleaning due to its ability to form solid clumps when wet, making waste removal straightforward and helping to control odors effectively. This type of litter is often more economical since it requires less frequent complete changes compared to non-clumping varieties, allowing pet owners to maintain a fresher litter box with less effort [1][4][6].

However, there are drawbacks to consider. Clumping clay litter can produce significant dust, which may pose respiratory risks for both cats and humans, particularly those with sensitivities or asthma. Additionally, ingestion of clumping litter can lead to gastrointestinal blockages, which is a concern for curious cats [2][3][5].

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The Industrial Revolution significantly changed society in various ways. It increased the overall amount of wealth and distributed it more widely, helping to enlarge the middle class. However, this economic growth came at a cost; the shift from the domestic system of production, where independent craftspersons worked from their homes, to the factory system resulted in many people, including women and children, being subjected to long hours of tedious and often dangerous work for minimal pay. These difficult conditions contributed to the rise of the trade union movement in the mid-19th century aimed at advocating for workers' rights and improvements in labor conditions [1][3].

The revolution also led to rapid urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of factory jobs, resulting in overcrowded living conditions and significant public health challenges. This urbanization was coupled with the emergence of a distinct working class, differentiated by harsh working conditions and low wages. The significant wealth accumulated by industrialists widened the gap between the rich and poor, prompting social changes including the formation of labor unions and a rise in socialist ideas in response to economic inequalities [3][6].

Moreover, the Industrial Revolution affected political structures; as urban populations grew, there was an increased demand for better infrastructure and public services, leading to reforms and the rise of new political ideologies [6]. This period marked a profound transformation not only in the economy but in the social and political landscape of societies undergoing industrialization, reshaping the modern era [3][4][6].

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For last-minute packing, focus on essentials: ensure you have your ID, wallet, medications, and important travel documents ready first. Consider wearing your bulkiest items on the plane and use the space in your shoes for smaller items. A packing list is crucial; check it twice to ensure nothing gets forgotten. Prioritize versatile clothing and pack less than you think you'll need, as most items can be bought at your destination if necessary [1][3][5][11].

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## Overview of the Orbital O2 Tidal Turbine

The Orbital O2, developed by Orbital Marine Power (formerly known as Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd), is a pioneering floating tidal energy device designed to generate renewable electricity from ocean currents. This turbine signifies over 15 years of research and development in the UK and stands as an important step towards enhancing the use of tidal power as part of the global shift to sustainable energy sources.

## Specifications and Technology

The O2 turbine is approximately 74 meters (242 feet) long and consists of two 1 MW turbine nacelles located on either side of its hull, effectively giving it a total capacity of 2 MW. Each turbine features 10-meter (32-foot) blades that sweep over an area greater than 600 square meters. Its design incorporates advanced technologies such as 360-degree blade pitching control, allowing it to capture power efficiently from changing tidal currents without the need to rotate the entire platform. The O2’s mooring system holds it steady with significant anchoring capabilities, where each chain can support more than 50 double-decker buses [6][12].

## Environmental Impact and Utility

The O2 is expected to serve the energy needs of around 2,000 UK homes annually and to reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 2,200 tonnes per year. It is positioned in the fast-moving waters of the Fall of Warness near Orkney, Scotland, where it has begun its operational life [4][12]. A significant part of its mission involves supplying power to an onshore electrolyser that generates green hydrogen, contributing to wider decarbonization efforts in energy production [4][6].

## Development and Launch

Construction of the O2 took place in Dundee, Scotland, where it was manufactured by Texo Group, with various components sourced from UK suppliers. It was launched in April 2021 and towed to Orkney, where it was grid-connected in July 2021. Orbital's CEO, Andrew Scott, noted that this project marks a major milestone for the company and for tidal energy development, aiming to position Scotland as a leader in harnessing marine energy resources [4][12].

## Comparison with Other Tidal Systems

While Orbital claims that the O2 is the 'world's most powerful operational tidal turbine,' it is important to qualify this statement. Other established tidal energy facilities, such as the Rance Tidal Power Station in France and the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in Korea, have turbines that individually generate significantly higher peak power outputs. For instance, the Rance station features turbines that peak at 10 MW, while those at Sihwa Lake can reach 25.4 MW. This suggests that the O2 may be the most powerful floating tidal turbine but not necessarily the most powerful overall [2][4].

## Financial and Regulatory Support

The development of the O2 was largely supported by ethical investment platforms, the Scottish Government, and various EU funding programs, including the Horizon 2020 initiative. The Scottish Government has been particularly committed to promoting marine energy, providing around £3.4 million in support through the Saltire Tidal Energy Challenge Fund [4][12].

As the technology matures and scales up, Orbital is optimistic about reducing operational costs significantly, similar to the trends observed in wind and solar energy sectors. Future plans include deploying additional O2 turbines, with contracts awarded for further installations anticipated between 2026 and 2028. The company aims to expand its operations not just in Scotland but also internationally, seeking to establish a new low-carbon industrial sector around tidal energy [6][12].

## Future Endeavors

Looking ahead, Orbital Marine Power plans to further commercialize its technology through multi-MW installations. In addition to strengthening their presence in UK waters, they are also exploring opportunities for a 30 MW array in the Westray Firth and a next-generation 2.4 MW O2X turbine in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Such expansions are poised to reinforce the viability of tidal energy as a reliable source of renewable power [4][6][12].

The Orbital O2 not only represents a significant technological advancement in tidal energy but also embodies the potential for creating sustainable energy solutions that align with global goals for reducing carbon emissions and combating climate change.

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- High-quality Evening Dress: Choose a refined, classic silhouette like a little black dress for versatility.  
- Stylish Clutch Bag: Opt for a chic clutch that works for both day and evening events.  
- Elegant Footwear: Strappy sandals or kitten heels that allow for comfort without sacrificing style are ideal.  
- Statement Jewelry: Simple yet bold pieces, such as elegant earrings or a pendant necklace, add class.  
- Tailored Blazer: An elegant blazer can elevate any outfit, making it perfect for chic layering.  
- Silk Scarf: A versatile accessory that can be worn in various ways, adding a touch of sophistication.  
- Trousers: Relaxed-fit trousers are comfortable yet polished, suitable for day-to-night looks.  
- Knit Sweater: A luxurious knit top works well layered or on its own as a chic evening option.  
- Cashmere Crewneck: A timeless piece that pairs effortlessly with various bottoms for evening.  
- Midi Dress: A knee-length style is versatile and can be dressed up or down depending on accessories.  
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- Leather Jacket: A classic leather jacket adds an edge to evening attire, perfect for layering.  
- Maxi Skirt: An elegant maxi skirt can be a good choice for more sophisticated evening outfits.  
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- Black Ankle Boots: These are trendy and can add a stylish element to any evening outfit.  
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- Billowing Blouse: A draped blouse can elevate your look while still being comfortable and chic.  
- Statement Coat: Choose an eye-catching outer layer to complement your evening attire if it's chilly.  
- Simple Tank Top: A classic style that can be layered under blazers or worn on its own.  
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- Little Black Dress: A timeless evening staple that can be styled up with accessories.  
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- Oversized Blazer: Offers a laid-back yet polished vibe, suitable for layering.  
- Cashmere Sweater: A luxurious option that layers well under blazers for warmth.  
- Simple Clutch Bag: Ideal for carrying essentials while remaining stylish.  
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- Leggings: Elevated styles can work well in place of trousers for a sleek look.  
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- Midi Wrap Dress: Ideal for a flattering silhouette that can be dressed up or down.  
- Structured Handbag: Practical for carrying essentials without compromising on style.  
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- Polished Turtleneck: A chic option for layering beneath blazers or worn alone.  
- Statement Jacket: Add a bold outer layer to enhance an evening look and keep warm.  
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- Roll Neck Top: A chic layering piece perfect for warmth and style during cooler evenings.  
- Simple Choker: A minimalist option that can elevate even the simplest of outfits.  
- Casual Trousers: Comfortable, chic options that are suitable for less formal evening events.  
- Elegant Wrap Coat: Perfect for a refined look while keeping warm during chilly evenings.  
- Designer Handbag: A standout bag can elevate any outfit, perfect for evening wear.  
- High-Waisted Skirt: A flattering silhouette that pairs well with various tops for an evening look.  
- Fashion Sneakers: Comfortable shoes suitable for casual evening outings while still looking good.

What are the must-haves for an evening look?

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- Larry Page: Co-founder of Google and Alphabet Inc., known for developing the PageRank algorithm which transformed Internet search engines. 
- Steve Jobs: Co-founder of Apple Inc. and a major force in personal computing, known for products like the iPhone and iPad. 
- Elon Musk: Co-founder of Zip2, SpaceX, and Tesla, renowned for his ventures in space exploration and electric vehicles. 
- Mark Zuckerberg: Co-founder of Facebook, which revolutionized social networking, starting from his college dorm room. 
- Sergey Brin: Co-founder of Google, which transformed internet searching and became synonymous with the term 'Google it.' 
- Jeff Bezos: Founder of Amazon, which revolutionized online retail and expanded into various sectors including space with Blue Origin. 
- Bill Gates: Co-founder of Microsoft, a pioneer in PC software, and known for his problem-solving skills and philanthropy. 
- Reid Hoffman: Co-founder of LinkedIn, known for creating a professional networking platform. 
- Jack Dorsey: Co-founder of Twitter and Square, influential in social media and financial technology. 
- Jensen Huang: Co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, recognized for innovations in graphics processing and AI technology. 
- Satya Nadella: Microsoft Chairman and CEO focused on transforming the company around AI. 
- Brian Chesky: Co-founder and CEO of Airbnb, which changed the hospitality industry by enabling home rentals worldwide. 
- Helen Yu: Founder and CEO of Tigon Advisory Corp, specializing in technology consulting and digital transformation strategies. 
- Andrew Ng: Co-founder of Google Brain and Coursera, recognized for his contributions to AI and making AI education accessible globally. 
- Greg Brockman: Co-founder and Chairman of OpenAI, significant contributor to AI research and development, including the Chat-GPT models. 
- Hayley Barna: Co-founder of Birchbox, known for revolutionizing the beauty subscription and e-commerce landscape. 
- Chip Huyen: Co-founder of Claypot AI, known for contributions to machine learning infrastructure and AI technology advancement. 
- Angelica Ross: Founder of TransTech Social Enterprises, empowering LGBTQ talent through tech skills and career training. 
- Wendy Wu: Co-founder and CEO of Inflection AI, focusing on AI for human-like conversations. 
- Arlan Hamilton: Established Backstage Capital, a venture fund investing in startups led by women, people of color, and LGBTQ founders. 
- Ankur Goyal: Founder and CEO of Braintrust, developing enterprise AI infrastructure. 
- Dhiraj Rajaram: Founder of Mu Sigma, recognized for his work in data analytics and decision sciences for Fortune 500 companies. 
- Prerna Gupta: Founder and CEO of Mysterious and Hooked, known for her impactful contributions to digital content and storytelling. 
- Richard Yu: Head of Huawei's consumer business, significant in the tech company’s global expansions. 
- Kevin Systrom: Co-founder of Instagram, a leading photo-sharing platform that reshaped social media. 
- Yaron Schneider: Co-founder of Diagrid, previously at Microsoft. 
- Molly Cantillon: Founder of Nox, developing a personal AI assistant to optimize productivity. 
- Ian Swanson: Co-founder of Protect AI, securing AI and ML systems. 
- Dani Venn: Founder of Snikki, providing plant-based food options. 
- Darya Serebryakova: Co-founder of Smartly, focusing on AI in finance. 
- Odunayo Eweniyi: Co-founded PiggyVest, a leading fintech startup in Nigeria. 
- Akshaya Dinesh: Founder and CEO of Spellbound, recognized for her entrepreneurial spirit in creating interactive marketing services. 
- Dr. Madhu Chitkara: Advocate for academia-industry collaboration, enhancing industry-relevant skills in data science. 
- Stephanie Lampkin: Founded Blendoor, a recruiting tool aimed at reducing bias in hiring processes to increase diversity in tech. 
- Sam Altman: Backer of Helion, supporting nuclear fusion technology.

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# Introducing Mixtral 8x7B: A New Mixture of Experts Architecture

In the ever-evolving field of language models, a new architecture has emerged called Mixtral 8x7B, a part of the Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) framework. This innovative model aims to enhance performance in tasks such as mathematics, code generation, and multilingual understanding, significantly surpassing existing benchmarks.

## Overview of Mixtral 8x7B

Mixtral operates similarly to its predecessor, Mistral 7B, but incorporates several enhancements. The architecture utilizes a router to select two out of eight experts at each layer, allowing it to efficiently process data while containing fewer parameters. Specifically, each token is processed by a network that selects two experts to combine their outputs. While each token can access a large number of parameters—over 478—only 138 are active at any one time, optimizing both capacity and computational efficiency [1].

The model underwent training with a context size of 32k tokens, enabling significant performance improvements on various established benchmarks. For instance, Mixtral outperforms models like Llama 2 7B and GPT-3.5 on tasks requiring high levels of reasoning and math, showcasing its robust capabilities across categories [1].

## Architectural Insights

Mixtral leverages a transformer architecture, modifying standard feedforward blocks into a Mixture-of-Experts layer. This transformation permits each input to be weighted according to the selected experts, enhancing the model's adaptability to various tasks [1]. Through extensive training and tuning, Mixtral exhibits superior performance in areas like reading comprehension and code generation, effectively matching or exceeding model capabilities from other leading systems [1].

### Sparse Mixture of Experts

The advantage of the sparse mixture of experts lies in its structure. Each input is evaluated to determine the most relevant experts, leading to a more efficient allocation of resources. Remarkably, it only requires 138 parameters per token, a fraction of the total parameters available. This setup allows Mixtral to maintain speed while increasing its overall parameter count [1].

## Performance Benchmarks

When compared to Llama 2 7B and GPT-3.5, Mixtral shows significant gains in various benchmarks. For example, it achieved better scores across all tested tasks, including commonsense reasoning, math, and reading comprehension, achieving an improvement of about 5% in many instances [1]. This makes it one of the most effective models available for general use.

Moreover, on supervised fine-tuning tasks, Mixtral 8x7B has been fine-tuned with additional instructional data, enhancing its capabilities in specific domains. A notable variant, Mixtral 8x7B - Instruct, has been specifically retrained to handle instruction-following tasks more effectively, surpassing previous generations in performance metrics [1].

## Efficiency and Computational Cost

Mixtral excels not only in performance but also in operational efficiency. It demonstrates high throughput while maintaining low latency, making it suitable for deployment in real-world applications. The choice to utilize only a subset of experts for each token translates into reduced computational demands, which is particularly beneficial for large-scale deployments [1].

Further, the model's architecture ensures that memory costs are kept in check, with much less overhead than other comparable setups. This allows for more flexible configurations and practical applications, particularly in environments where computational resources are limited [1].

## Multilingual Capabilities

One of the outstanding features of Mixtral is its ability to handle multilingual data effectively. Leveraging its expanded capacity during pretraining, it outstrips other models in maintaining high accuracy across multiple languages. This capability is increasingly critical as global applications for language models expand, requiring robust performance across diverse linguistic contexts [1].

## Conclusion

Mixtral 8x7B represents a significant leap forward in the landscape of language models, particularly in its application of the mixture-of-experts architecture. By ingeniously balancing the use of parameters while maintaining operational efficiency, Mixtral not only enhances performance but also broadens the potential applications for language processing technologies. With its advanced training methodologies and superior benchmarks, it stands out as a valuable tool for developers and researchers alike [1]. 

The ongoing development of such models is expected to pave the way for even more powerful and versatile artificial intelligence capabilities in the near future. The focus on multilingual understanding and specialized instruction-following tasks makes Mixtral a compelling choice for various industries.

Introducing Mixtral 8x7B: A New Mixture of Experts Architecture

Mixtral_of_Experts.pdf

# Factors Influencing City Locations

City locations are determined by a confluence of various factors that range from geographical conditions to economic considerations. Understanding these influences helps to clarify urban development patterns across different regions. Below are the primary factors that play a crucial role in determining where cities are established and how they evolve over time.

## Geographical Factors

### Natural Resources and Climate

Natural resources, climate, and topography are fundamental to urban development. Coastal areas, for example, often emerge as significant trade hubs due to their proximity to bodies of water, which facilitates shipping and industry. In contrast, inland regions typically support more rural lifestyles reliant on agriculture, owing to limited access and trade opportunities compared to coastal cities [1]. The availability of natural resources also shapes a city’s economic activities, with areas rich in minerals fostering mining or agribusiness, depending on agricultural conditions [1].

### Site and Situation

The physical characteristics of a location, referred to as site factors, play an important role. Elements like proximity to water sources, quality of soil, and elevation significantly influence city development. For example, cities located near rivers or coastal areas often thrive due to the economic activities that these features can support [12]. In turn, situation factors involve a city's geographical relationship with other areas. Strategic locations can enhance accessibility and connectivity, vital for trade and growth. New York City's location at the mouth of the Hudson River is a classic example, as this situational advantage spurred its extensive economic and demographic growth [10].

## Economic Considerations

### Connectivity and Trade

Cities frequently emerge in positions where multiple transportation networks intersect. This connectivity enhances a city’s role as a trade center, facilitating commerce and the movement of goods. Cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles are prime examples, having developed around these critical junctions of transportation routes [10]. Moreover, urban locations often correlate with economic activities; cities benefit from being centrally located to market areas, allowing businesses to serve surrounding populations effectively [3].

### Resource Distribution

The distribution of resources includes not only natural resources but also labor and capital. Economic structures in cities are largely influenced by local resource availability, which, when combined with favorable climates, leads to specific industries taking root. For instance, cities began to form based on industrial needs for raw materials and energy resources during and after the industrial revolution [3][14]. Moreover, agglomeration economies—the benefits that accrue to firms and individuals from locating near each other—further enhance the vibrancy of urban centers, promoting growth and specialization within areas [14].

## Historical and Social Elements

### Defense and Security

Historically, the need for defense influenced the choice of city locations. Many ancient cities were established in places that provided natural defensive advantages, such as elevated positions or being surrounded by water. As a result, places like Paris and Athens grew due to their defensible sites [10]. Security concerns also shaped city growth patterns, as well-protected areas attracted settlements and commerce, ultimately leading to their development into major urban centers.

### Cultural and Religious Considerations

Cultural and religious factors have also played significant roles in city formation. Many cities, such as Mecca and Jerusalem, were established around religious centers, drawing followers and becoming pivotal urban locations due to their spiritual significance [10]. This attachment to cultural heritage continues to influence urban geography today, often leading to a concentration of population and economic activity around historically important sites.

## Conclusion

The location and growth of cities are influenced by intricate interrelations among various factors, including geographical, economic, historical, and social considerations. Connectivity to transportation networks, resource availability, and market access are paramount in shaping urban areas. Furthermore, the natural physical environment and historical contingencies significantly influence the development of cities, underlining the complexity of urbanization processes across different regions. Collectively, these factors define not only the locations of cities but also their evolution over time, demonstrating the dynamic nature of urban geography.

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