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The primary focus of open-weight models, such as gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b, is to enhance safety and provide customizable performance within agentic workflows. These models are designed to follow strong instruction following, tool use, and reasoning capabilities, allowing them to be integrated into various systems by different stakeholders[1].
Safety is foundational to the open-weight models, as they present different risk profiles compared to proprietary models. The release of these models aims to ensure that developers and enterprises can implement necessary safeguards while benefiting from the strong capabilities offered by the models[1].
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Transcript
Taxes significantly influence economic inequality through their redistributive effects. Benefits play a crucial role in reducing UK income inequality, accounting for approximately 80% of the reduction when combining cash benefits and direct taxes. Direct taxes contribute around 20% to this decrease. Indirect taxes, predominantly VAT, tend to increase inequality due to their regressive nature, while different countries show varying levels of effectiveness in their tax and benefits systems in reducing inequality.
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The estimated effect size of deactivating Facebook on users’ emotional state is a 0.060 standard deviation improvement in an index of happiness, depression, and anxiety, relative to controls who did not deactivate for the full six weeks before the 2020 U.S. election. This effect is statistically distinguishable from zero at the p < 0.01 level[1].
The analysis suggests that the positive impact of Facebook deactivation is particularly driven by users over the age of 35, indicating a demographic by which this effect varies[1].
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Pharos of Alexandria
One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, guiding ships into Alexandria's harbor since the 3rd century BCE[5].
Maps
Yelp
Tower of Hercules
The oldest operational lighthouse in the world, constructed by the Romans around the 2nd century CE in Spain[2][5].
Hook Lighthouse
The oldest operational lighthouse in the world, built by monks in Ireland in 1172 to guide sailors[4].
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
Famous for being the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States, completed in 1870, it warns of treacherous Diamond Shoals[2][4].
Alcatraz Island Lighthouse
Built in 1854 as the first lighthouse on the U.S. West Coast, guiding ships through San Francisco Bay[1].
Cordouan Lighthouse
Known as the oldest lighthouse in France, completed in 1611, featuring intricate designs and historical significance[2][3].
Eddystone Lighthouse
A historic lighthouse off the coast of Cornwall, England, rebuilt multiple times since its initial construction in 1698[2].
Pigeon Point Lighthouse
One of the tallest lighthouses on the West Coast, established in 1872, known for its historical role in maritime safety[1].
Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse
Located in the Beagle Channel, this iconic lighthouse is known as the 'Lighthouse at the End of the World,' symbolizing maritime resilience[4].
La Lanterna
This historical lighthouse in Genoa, Italy, has been guiding ships since 1128, symbolizing maritime heritage[2].
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There are several alternatives to dairy milk[2] that can be used for coffee, including oat milk, soy milk, almond milk, coconut milk, cashew milk, rice milk, hemp milk, and hazelnut milk. Each option offers unique flavors and textures, making them suitable for different coffee preferences. Some specific barista-grade varieties[1], such as Sproud’s Original Pea Milk[3] and Minor Figures's Barista Oat, are recommended for optimal performance in espresso beverages. Oat milk is often cited as the best non-dairy milk for coffee[4] due to its natural creaminess, but soy milk and nut milks are also popular choices.
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A rice mask is a skincare treatment made from rice, known for its powerful exfoliating, hydrating, and skin-renewing properties. It can be made using various forms of rice, such as rice grains, rice water, or rice flour, and offers benefits like brightening the skin, improving texture, reducing dark spots, and minimizing pores[1][2][4]. Rice masks are suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin, and can be customized to address specific concerns, making them a great addition to any skincare routine[2][5]. Common variations include a rice milk mask, fermented rice mask, and ingredients like honey or aloe vera to enhance their effects[4][6]. For best results, it's recommended to use rice masks 2-3 times a week, applying them for 15-20 minutes before rinsing off[2][5][6].
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Neurosymbolic AI combines statistical and analytic models.
It enables robust, data-driven models for sub-symbolic parts.
Neurosymbolic models allow for explicit compositional modeling.
Challenges include defining provable generalization properties.
Neurosymbolic AI seeks to integrate rich symbolic representations.
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According to the document, Kevin M. Murphy started teaching in 1983: 'I started teaching in 1983.'
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Introduction and Launch
Grok 4, the newest and most advanced artificial intelligence model from Elon Musk's AI company, xAI, launched on July 9, 2025[1][4][5]. This release marks a significant stride in AI capabilities and positions xAI in direct competition with major players like OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Gemini[2][3][5]. xAI, founded with the ambitious mission to "understand the true nature of the universe," claims that Grok 4 has pushed the boundaries of practical intelligence and improved the cost curve of AI development[1][3].
Key Features and Variants
Grok 4 is available in several variants, each tailored for different applications. The flagship model, Grok 4, is designed for broad, everyday use, excelling in tasks such as content creation, in-depth research, and general logical reasoning[3][4]. For professional developers, Grok 4 Code offers advanced assistance in code generation, completion, and debugging, with a large context window of 131,072 tokens to process extensive codebases[4]. A more powerful version, Grok 4 Heavy, is fine-tuned for demanding academic and research tasks, particularly in mathematics and science[3][4]. Grok 4 Heavy employs a unique 'debate-style' setup where multiple AI agents collaboratively solve problems and compare answers to select the best one[2][5]. Its training budget dedicates two-thirds to reinforcement learning, highlighting its focus on reasoning over mere scale[1].
Grok 4 features multimodal capabilities, allowing it to process and understand various inputs, including images, and generate visual content. It can even interpret memes and graphics, making interactions more intuitive[4]. While its visual skills at launch were noted to be weaker than Gemini 2.5 and GPT-4o for diagrams[2], a multi-modal agent is planned for September 2025, and video generation is slated for October 2025[1][4][5]. A crucial advantage is its real-time web search functionality, called Live Search, which enables the AI to access and process the latest internet information, providing current and accurate responses[1][4]. Priced at an additional $25 per thousand queries, Live Search costs can be managed by embedding fresh data into prompts[1]. From a technical standpoint, Grok 4 incorporates sparse attention blocks for long prompts, low-rank adapters for domain-specific tuning, dynamic search depth, and inline tool verification to ensure accuracy[1]. Its end-to-end voice latency has been reduced by 50%, and it offers five distinct voices: clear corporate, relaxed storyteller, energetic coach, neutral explainer, and subtle mentor, with audio synthesized securely and never stored for privacy compliance[1].
Performance and Benchmarks
Grok 4 demonstrates frontier-level performance across various benchmarks, often outperforming rivals in tasks requiring multi-step deduction[1][5]. Notably, it has shown impressive results in:
* Humanity's Last Exam (HLE): A challenging test across over 100 subjects aimed at postgraduate depth[1]. Without tools, Grok 4 scored 25.4%, surpassing Google's Gemini 2.5 Pro (21.6%) and OpenAI's o3 (21%) on text-based questions[4][5]. With tools, Grok 4 Heavy achieved 44.4%[5]. For humanities-specific questions within HLE, Grok 4 Heavy reached 92.1%, and standard Grok 4 scored 89.8%[3]. This performance positions Grok 4 within sight of average human graduate student performance[1].
* ARC-AGI-2: Grok 4 scored 16.2%, nearly double Claude Opus 4, indicating high accuracy without a proportional increase in cost[1][5].
* Mathematics Competitions: Grok 4 Heavy achieved a perfect score on the AIME (American Invitational Mathematics Examination) and excelled in the HMMT (Harvard-MIT Mathematics Tournament) and USAMO (USA Mathematical Olympiad), demonstrating unprecedented mastery of high-level mathematics[3].
* GPQA (General Purpose Question Answering): Grok 4 Heavy led, and standard Grok 4 significantly outperformed competitors on graduate-level questions[3].
* Live Coding: Grok 4 achieved 79%, crossing the 75% threshold many engineering teams set for production agent patching[1]. It excels on the HumanEval coding benchmark[2].
* Vending-Bench: In a simulated vending machine scenario, Grok 4 doubled the profit of the runner-up and sold triple the units of humans, suggesting advanced planning and optimization capabilities[1].
Overall, Grok 4 is noted for its strength in technical and academic domains, performing well in logic puzzles and nuanced reasoning, often surpassing Claude and GPT in custom tests[2].
Pricing and Accessibility
Access to Grok 4 is primarily through a subscription model, targeting professional and enterprise users[2][3][5]. The standard Grok 4 model is priced at $30 per month[4]. For users requiring more robust capabilities, the Grok 4 Heavy version is available at an annual cost of $300 per month[2][4][5]. This makes Grok 4 Heavy one of the most expensive AI subscription plans among major companies[5]. API access is also available for developers to build applications and services[5].
Use Cases and Limitations
Grok 4 is designed for various real-world applications. It provides fast and accurate coding assistance, helps summarize large documents, and excels in math and science tutoring, including Olympiad-level problems[2]. Its advanced question-answering capabilities are valuable for academic, legal, and scientific queries[2]. For businesses, Grok 4 can be applied to financial forecasting by integrating with RAG feeds, enable multi-modal agents for grading lab reports in education, and assist in robotics by quickly rewriting ROS nodes[1]. Its ability to optimize vending machine operations further suggests potential in retail and supply chain management[1].
Despite its strengths, Grok 4 has some limitations. It struggles with spatial reasoning and basic physics problems, such as understanding what happens when a cup falls off a moving truck[2]. Its visual skills are noted as weaker compared to Gemini 2.5 and GPT-4o regarding diagrams and image reasoning at launch[2]. Concerns have also been raised about its tendency to hallucinate when pushed beyond its training data[2]. Previous versions of Grok have faced criticism for generating inappropriate or politically incorrect responses, including antisemitic comments[2][4][5]. xAI acknowledges these issues and states they are actively working to mitigate them, with Elon Musk emphasizing a commitment to "maximally truth-seeking" AI[4][5].
Future Developments
xAI has an aggressive roadmap for Grok's future. Grok 5 is already in training[2]. Upcoming product releases include a new AI coding model in August, a multi-modal agent (capable of handling text, images, and audio) in September, and a video generation model in October[1][5]. Elon Musk has also expressed a bold vision, suggesting Grok could potentially discover new technologies or fundamental physics by next year, indicating xAI's long-term goal of fostering scientific advancement and innovation[4]. This rapid development pace implies that Grok's toolkit will cover ideation to final media assets within a single quarter[1].
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Engineers needed to read with their own eyes the face of nature[1]. They were to be greedy of occupation and knowledge, and be assiduous readers and writers[1].
An engineer’s duty was twofold: design the work and see the work done[1]. The engineer must deal with the unpredictable and those forces that 'are subject to no calculation;' they still must predict and calculate them at their peril[1].
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