24
Chapter4
Education
This section explores annual data relating to student enrolment and number of teaching
staff working educational institutions, as well as output indicators like literacy rates. Education plays a vital
role for social mobilization of household and the formation of developed society. It helps to improve the
individual skills and capability; moreover, it also sets a path for the better future. Data relating to education
are essential for monitoring the progress of the economic growth, living standards, and progress of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 4 calls for ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, which indeed is a critical goal and considered as a key
enabler under the SDGs framework. School education is imparted in two types of schools i.e. formal and
nonformal. Formal schools include all institutions run by the Secondary Education and Literacy Department,
as well as other organizations of the provincial and federal governments within province. Nonformal schools
or institutions are set up to give a second opportunity to children who have either missed schools or have
been dropped out of them. Education data covers the following areas/institution:
Primary School is an institution comprising first to fifth grades of educational system.
Middle School is an institution comprising first to eight grades of educational system.
High School is an institution comprising first to ten grades of educational system.
Higher Secondary School is an institution comprising first to twelve grades of educational
system.
Intermediate College is an institution comprising of F.Sc./F.A/ICS of educational system.
Degree College is an institution comprising of B.Sc./B.A/B.Com etc. of educational system.
Result Statistics: Data regarding number of candidates appeared/passed by sex for
matriculation and int ermediate level has also been collected with the help of Boards of
Intermediate & Secondary Education (BISE).
Article 25A of the Constitution of Pakistan1973 1 states that, “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law”. In Sindh, The Sindh right of children to free and c ompulsory education Act, 2013 was enacted on 11 th March 2013 to be compliant with the constitutional provision for ensuring access to free and compulsory education of all children of age 516 years . The Government of Pakistan has also ratified the implementation of SDGs 2030 in particular SDG4 whic h envisions to “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” as discussed already. Sindh represents 23.14% of Pakistan‟s total population according to Census 2023 . Out of total 55.60 million population of Sindh, 16.89 million are the children between the ages 5 to 16 years, which accounts for nearly 3 0.36% of total population of Sindh. According to the LFS2020-21 total literacy rate in Sindh was 61.8% for men it was 72.9% while for women it was 49.7%. Comparison of literacy rate by
1 The Gazette of Pakistan, Extr. Pt.1, Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act 2010, Act No X of 2010, P 267, 20th April 2010.
25 Province is provided in graph given below which indicates that Sindh stands at second place in literacy as compared to other provinces.
Figure: 4.1 Literacy Rate by Province (10 Years and Above)
Educational Institutions The number of male primary schools is reported as 31778 in 2022-23 as compared to 36,618 in 2011-12 indicating annual growth rate of -1.17%. Similarly number of female primary schools has decreased from 6,471 in 2011-12 to 4,175 in 2022-23, registering a negative annual growth of -3.58%. Middle schools for males are reported as 1,823 in 2011-12 which increased to 1,921 in 2022-23, while females middle school are reported to be 731 in 2011-12 compared with 557 in 2022-23.. Nevertheless, much more schools are needed to cater the needs of the province and to reduce out of school children. High level schools for males are reported as 1,315 in 2011-12 which rose to 1,551 in 2022-23, while female high schools reported as 599 in 2011-12 have decreased to 498 in 2022-23, which shows an annual growth rate of nearly -1.53% between two the periods for females‟ schools.
Table: 4.1 Institutions by Level & Gender
(Number)
Level/Sex
Institution
2011-12
2022-23
Male
Female
Male
Female
Primary Level
36,618
6,471
31,778
4,175
Middle Level
1,823
731
1,921
557
Secondary Level
1,315
599
1,551
498
Intermediate Level
20
21
20
33
Degree Level
120
72
170
111
Source: Bureau of Statistics Sindh
74.20 72.90 72.80 69.40 58.40 49.70 37.40 36.80 66.30 61.80 55.10 54.50 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 Punjab Sindh KP Balochistan Male Female Total
26 Figure: 4.2 Number of Institutions by Level and Gender
Enrolment
Enrolment of male students at primary level is reported as 1.75 million in 2011-12
compared with 1.80 million in 2022-23, while female enrolment at primary level is reported as 1.23 million in
2011-12, while in 2022-23 it is reported as 1.24 million which shows positive trend over time for both male
and female enrollment rates. Likewise middle and high school enrolment for both males and females is
indicating upward trajectory positive trend is observed during 2022-23. At Inter level positive trend observed
for both male and female enrolment. During 2022-23 degree colleges enrolment for both male and female
is indicating positive trend over time.
Table: 4.2 Enrolment of Student by Level & Sex
(Number)
Level/Sex
Enrolment
2011-12
2022-23
Male
Female
Male
Female
Primary Level
1,748,862
1,231,584
1,802,186
1,240,794
Middle Level
141,300
138,828
233,395
166,031
Secondary Level
552,396
409,190
902,622
538,694
Intermediate Level
13,435
11,041
24,069
31,510
Degree Level
156,843
114,593
255,832
168,920
Source: Bureau of Statistics Section
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Male 2011-12
Female 2011-12
Male 2022-23
Female 2022-23
Number
Degree Level
Intermediate Level
Secondary Level
Middle Level
Primary Level
27 Figure: 4.3 Number of Students by Level and Gender
Teachers
There are 157,814 teachers employed in the Sindh at district levels among these tenures
32.80% are women while 67.20% are men. In total, there are 17.48% less teachers in 2022-23 as
compared to 2011-12, increasingg trend was observed for all the levels with the exception of High and
Degree Level schools. There are more male teachers as compared to women at every level (Table 4.3).
Table: 4.3 Number of Teachers by Level & Gender
(Number)
Level/Sex
Teachers
2011-12
2022-23
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Primary Level
71,832
27,422
99,254
60,849
23,167
84,016
Middle Level
7,012
5051
12,063
12,124
5,877
18,001
Secondary Level
21,076
13,710
34,786
29,651
19,707
49,358
Intermediate Level
329
213
542
260
393
653
Degree Level
3,220
2,015
5,235
3,165
2,621
5,786
Total
103,469
48,411
151,880
106,049
51,765
157,814
Source: Bureau of Statistics, Sindh
Figure: 4.4 Number of Teachers by Level and Gender
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000 Male 2011-12 Female 2011-12 Male 2022-23 Female 2022-23 Number Degree Level Intermediate Level Secondary Level Middle Level Primary Level 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Male 2011-12 Female 2011-12 Male 2022-23 Female 2022-23 Number Degree Level Intermediate Level Secondary Level Middle Level Primary Level
28
HEALTH
29 KEY FINDINGS OF HEALTH Number of Health Institutions 2023
Hospitals 101
Dispensaries 1,189
Rural Health Centres 146
Basic Health Units 772
Mother Child
Health Care
Centres
107
Number of Health Personnel 2023
Doctors
8,388
Dentists 1,067
Nurses 2,542
LHVs 566
Midwives 862
30 Chapter5 Health This chapter covers the data in respect of the Number of Health Institutions, Number of Beds in Health Institutions, Hospitals, Dispensaries, T.B. Clinics, Rural Health Centers, Basic Health Units, SubHealth Centers and Maternity & Child Health Centers located in Sindh and administered by either Health Department or Home Department. It goes without saying that healthy population of a country is critical factor for its economic growth, whereas poor health adds to poverty due to the massive cost of illness which is sometimes estimated using disabilityadjusted life years (DALY). Poor health also diminishes learning capability during childhood and adversely affect cognitive development. This chapter also examines key indicators on health at provincial and district level to explore the progress made to scale up the coverage of health facilities as per the requirements.
Health is centrally positioned with agenda 2030, with one comprehensive GoalSDG 3. It
calls for ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages”. It has explicit linkages with
many other goals. The agenda 2030 thus has major ramification for the health sector, and its realization will
entail the development of coherent, integrated approaches and an emphasis on equity and multisectorial
action.
i)
Health Institutions
A health institution is defined as an institution which provides health services of curative
and preventive nature to all or specific class of the public as outdoor/ indoor patients. In Sindh, basic health
units and rural health units provide the basic health facilities at urban and rural level, respectively. Detail of
health institutions of public sector is as under:
Table: 5.1 Number of Health Institutions in Sindh
Institutions/Beds
2010
2023
Institutions
Beds
Institutions
Beds
Hospitals
88
11677
101
18178
Dispensaries
420
6
1189
Rural Health Centers (RHCs) 106 1582 146 1327 Basic Health Unit (BHUs) 772 1586 772 1606 Maternal and Child Health Centers (MCHs) 40
107 208 Source: Bureau of Statistics, Sindh
31 Figure: 5.1 Number of Health Institutions in Sindh
ii) Hospitals
Hospital is an institution having ten or more than ten beds. A hospital is an institution
providing patient treatment with specialized health services, auxiliary healthcare staff , and medical
equipment. The number of hospitals reported in the Sindh province was 88 in 2010 which increased to 101
in 2023 with as percentage increase of 1 4.77%. No doubt, the number of beds has been added but they
are not enough to meet ever increasing needs of growing population of the province. Hyderabad division
provides the maximum health facilities to the people in the province having 36 hospitals followed by Karachi
division with 15 hospitals. However, districts in Sindh having least number of hos pitals are Tando Allah Yar
(1), Shikarpur (2), Kashmore (2), Shaheed Benazir Abad (2), Thatta (2) Khairpur (3), Jaccobabad (3), T.M
Khan (3), Mirpur Khas (3), Sajawal (3) and Mityari (3) respectively as reported in 2023, see table 5.01.
iii) Dispensaries
A dispensary is an institution having less than ten beds. A dispensary is normally
supervised by MBBS doctor and supported by a Lady Health Visitor , dispenser, midwife, aya, chowkidar
and sweeper. The hospital and dispensaries have facility to admit the patients in need of continued medical
care or surgical treatment. There were 118 9 dispensaries in 202 3 as compared to 420 dispensaries
reported in 2010 in Sindh, boasting an increase of 183.10% between the two periods (Table 5.01).
iv) Basic Health Unit (BHUs) It is the first level of health care and considered to be essential to maintain adequate health and protection against diseases. Typically, each union council has one BHU consisting of 2 beds but in some cases there are two BHU/UC for facilitating catchment population of union council.
88 420 106 772 40 101 1189 146 772 107 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Hospitals Dispensaries RHCs BHUs MCHs Number 2023 2010
32
v) Rural Health Centers (RHCs)
BHUs are present in almost all rural areas across Sindh. They have limited usefulness for
patients who are seeking slightly advanced but not specialized care. To serve such patients, the health
system has established a tier of facilities known as RHCs. The RHCs are better equipped than BHUs to
manage minor emergencies and surgeries. This is envisaged as a health facility that is open 24/7. There
are 146 RHCs and 772 BHUs reported in 2023 (Table 5.03).
vi) Maternal and Child Health Centers (MCHs)
Maternal and child health centers are managed by Lady Health Visitors and assisted by a
facility based trained traditional birth attendant, which provide neonatal and child health care services .
These Health services including reproductive health and family planning are often located in urban and
large rural areas. There are 107 MCHs reported in 20 23 as compared to 40 reported in 2010 indicating an
increase of roughly three times in MCHs over 13 years period in Sindh (see relevant years in table 5.01).
33
OTHER INDICATORS
34
KEY FINDINGS ON CRIME, ROAD ACCIDENTS, COMMUNICATION,
ELECTRICITY & GAS
Crime by Types 2023
Road Accident 2023
Total
710
Fatal
455
NonFatal 255
Gas Consumption by Consumer Group in Sindh
2022-23
Category wise Electricity units sold in Sindh
2022-23
0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 Total Domestic Commercial Industrial 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 Domestic Commercial Industrial Agriculture Others 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Dacoity Murder Attempted Murder Kidnapping/ Abduction Robbery Vehicle Theft Assault on Public Servant