Appendix A. 63 TABLE A.19: Public transfers gap decomposition for the age group <25 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria 0.080 (0.178) 0.015 (0.127) -0.117 (0.106) -0.120 (0.096) -0.125 (0.100) -0.140 (0.118) -0.233 (0.146) -0.097 (0.201) -0.239 (0.220) Belgium 0.212 (0.210) 0.095 (0.210) 0.164 (0.209) 0.097 (0.229) 0.107 (0.227) 0.205 (0.260) 0.435 (0.278) 0.291 (0.203) 0.084 (0.178) Bulgaria -0.306 (0.240) -0.540* (0.284) -0.513** (0.248) -0.407 (0.263) -0.447* (0.271) -0.354 (0.286) -0.428 (0.292) -0.619* (0.325) -0.524* (0.304) Croatia 0.045 (0.118) 0.004 (0.259) 0.266 (0.271) 0.156 (0.407) 0.177 (0.389) -0.105 (0.365) 0.277 (0.273) 0.204 (0.258) 0.065 (0.220) Czechia -0.321 (0.339) -0.318 (0.439) -0.893 (0.681) -0.784 (0.659) -0.579 (0.633) -0.125 (0.395) -0.203 (0.334) -0.469 (0.306) -0.666** (0.295) Denmark -0.072 (0.094) -0.520** (0.246) -0.826*** (0.239) -0.826*** (0.243) -0.676*** (0.204) -0.414** (0.164) -0.304** (0.127) -0.340*** (0.122) -0.138* (0.073) Estonia -0.146 (0.098) -0.159 (0.115) -0.053 (0.157) -0.267 (0.168) -0.459** (0.212) -0.576** (0.276) -0.464 (0.322) -0.706** (0.307) -0.565*** (0.197) Finland -0.107 (0.116) -0.210* (0.123) -0.118 (0.093) -0.093 (0.061) -0.081 (0.052) 0.007 (0.048) 0.012 (0.047) 0.037 (0.053) 0.034 (0.073) France -0.037 (0.249) -0.080 (0.165) -0.244* (0.147) -0.208 (0.138) -0.134 (0.132) -0.169 (0.135) -0.050 (0.131) -0.087 (0.138) -0.126 (0.114) Germany 0.017 (0.035) 0.017 (0.035) 0.017 (0.035) 0.002 (0.050) 0.002 (0.050) -0.019 (0.059) -0.043 (0.064) 0.029 (0.090) -0.077 (0.110) Greece -0.214** (0.107) -0.090 (0.112) -0.078 (0.099) -0.119 (0.102) -0.119 (0.102) -0.319** (0.127) -0.372*** (0.119) -0.634*** (0.238) -0.491** (0.226) Hungary -0.098* (0.057) -0.181** (0.073) -0.229*** (0.082) -0.310*** (0.101) -0.522*** (0.130) -0.741*** (0.177) -0.715*** (0.162) -0.588*** (0.149) -0.437*** (0.148) Latvia -0.197 (0.357) 0.062 (0.339) -0.171 (0.350) -0.355 (0.318) -0.434 (0.291) -0.386 (0.262) -0.362 (0.261) -0.277 (0.240) -0.422 (0.257) Lithuania -0.018 (0.415) -0.536 (0.404) -0.301 (0.448) -1.018** (0.514) -1.262** (0.596) -1.395** (0.580) -2.030*** (0.613) -1.482** (0.714) -0.780 (0.532) Netherlands 0.053 (0.149) -0.189 (0.120) -0.157 (0.115) -0.190 (0.121) -0.160 (0.130) -0.073 (0.101) -0.036 (0.088) -0.062 (0.088) -0.133 (0.081) Norway -0.070 (0.120) -0.364** (0.145) -0.264** (0.114) -0.137* (0.078) -0.011 (0.081) -0.036 (0.081) -0.040 (0.090) 0.088 (0.092) 0.093 (0.264) Poland -0.378** (0.189) -0.549** (0.226) -0.796*** (0.291) -0.911*** (0.280) -0.718*** (0.233) -0.674*** (0.220) -0.637*** (0.201) -0.817*** (0.226) -0.729*** (0.278) Portugal 0.257 (0.316) 0.127 (0.248) -0.027 (0.191) -0.068 (0.178) 0.087 (0.189) -0.005 (0.212) 0.021 (0.264) -0.246 (0.254) 0.131 (0.285) Romania -0.327* (0.191) -0.057 (0.186) -0.047 (0.173) -0.167 (0.184) -0.296 (0.199) -0.163 (0.256) -0.209 (0.335) -0.635* (0.350) -0.817*** (0.312) Serbia -0.015 (0.032) 0.026 (0.046) 0.007 (0.044) -0.036 (0.041) -0.063 (0.043) -0.053 (0.046) -0.014 (0.054) -0.069 (0.060) -0.116 (0.160) Slovakia -0.190** (0.097) -0.166** (0.070) -0.166** (0.070) -0.209* (0.110) -0.232* (0.124) -0.471*** (0.153) -1.226*** (0.368) -0.934*** (0.321) -0.930** (0.445) Slovenia -0.117 (0.253) -0.219 (0.185) -0.392** (0.184) -0.453*** (0.160) -0.218 (0.152) -0.257* (0.133) -0.225 (0.140) -0.360** (0.147) -0.685*** (0.209) Spain -0.144 (0.317) -0.333 (0.309) -0.209 (0.263) 0.059 (0.173) 0.105 (0.152) -0.045 (0.143) -0.186 (0.128) -0.251* (0.130) -0.306 (0.188) Sweden -0.102 (0.104) -0.139 (0.094) -0.133 (0.140) -0.205 (0.162) -0.461** (0.203) -0.573*** (0.213) -0.370** (0.187) -0.195 (0.144) -0.068 (0.119) UK 0.026 (0.030) -0.091 (0.096) -0.272** (0.125) -0.263 (0.164) -0.383 (0.297) -0.325 (0.286) -0.184 (0.206) -0.226 (0.183) -0.085 (0.168) Unexplained Austria 0.089 (0.216) 0.274 (0.188) 0.368** (0.166) 0.232 (0.160) 0.217 (0.163) 0.090 (0.191) 0.021 (0.223) -0.169 (0.281) -0.071 (0.308) Belgium -0.225 (0.294) -0.083 (0.301) -0.345 (0.311) -0.137 (0.314) -0.157 (0.296) -0.184 (0.321) -0.258 (0.348) -0.036 (0.342) -0.465 (0.387) Bulgaria 0.393 (0.259) 0.675** (0.293) 0.655** (0.262) 0.480 (0.320) 0.554* (0.329) 0.342 (0.346) 0.430 (0.364) 0.835** (0.400) 0.574 (0.418) Croatia -0.025 (0.172) -0.144 (0.303) -0.466 (0.330) -0.315 (0.488) 0.017 (0.456) 0.123 (0.423) -0.110 (0.335) -0.038 (0.302) -0.102 (0.332) Czechia 0.511 (0.370) 0.326 (0.455) 0.632 (0.640) 0.643 (0.612) 0.380 (0.622) 0.259 (0.392) 0.278 (0.328) 0.579* (0.324) 0.837** (0.361) Denmark -0.443 (0.854) -0.964*** (0.364) -0.806*** (0.267) -0.299 (0.278) -0.144 (0.226) -0.322 (0.207) -0.120 (0.161) 0.419*** (0.162) 0.112 (0.108) Estonia 0.458* (0.246) 0.142 (0.268) -0.596** (0.241) -0.260 (0.249) -0.076 (0.284) 0.112 (0.339) -0.092 (0.388) 0.352 (0.358) 0.467* (0.253) Finland -0.155 (0.166) -0.216 (0.182) -0.072 (0.114) 0.008 (0.088) 0.007 (0.075) -0.026 (0.072) 0.013 (0.071) -0.013 (0.080) -0.076 (0.108) France -0.405 (0.374) -0.225 (0.251) 0.034 (0.219) -0.078 (0.203) -0.067 (0.198) 0.034 (0.197) -0.117 (0.189) 0.140 (0.196) 0.141 (0.174) Germany 0.052 (0.065) -0.061 (0.063) -0.040 (0.075) -0.087 (0.082) -0.086 (0.085) -0.015 (0.096) -0.403*** (0.110) -0.473*** (0.163) -0.191 (0.181) Greece 0.156 (0.173) -0.146 (0.167) 0.120 (0.168) 0.075 (0.167) 0.127 (0.170) 0.221 (0.221) -0.075 (0.251) 0.283 (0.340) 0.522 (0.341) Hungary 0.019 (0.078) 0.087 (0.106) -0.137 (0.129) -0.153 (0.140) -0.032 (0.153) 0.349* (0.196) 0.447** (0.191) 0.334* (0.192) 0.238 (0.202) Latvia 0.659 (0.520) -0.179 (0.457) 0.147 (0.461) 0.331 (0.408) 0.477 (0.369) 0.173 (0.341) 0.123 (0.337) 0.088 (0.327) 0.321 (0.346) Lithuania -0.168 (0.591) -0.288 (0.398) -0.527 (0.458) 0.192 (0.530) 0.759 (0.598) 0.896 (0.645) 1.437** (0.666) 1.228 (0.824) 0.799 (0.600) Netherlands -0.650*** (0.223) -0.428** (0.175) -0.622*** (0.168) -0.715*** (0.165) -0.672*** (0.163) -0.498*** (0.130) -0.354** (0.143) -0.073 (0.147) -0.142 (0.163) Norway -0.212 (0.230) -0.079 (0.213) -0.170 (0.151) 0.079 (0.117) -0.369*** (0.127) -0.408*** (0.117) -0.071 (0.124) -0.409*** (0.135) -0.183 (0.327) Poland 0.487** (0.240) 0.471* (0.257) 0.751** (0.296) 1.109*** (0.309) 0.925*** (0.284) 0.741*** (0.282) 0.719** (0.288) 0.636** (0.323) 0.793** (0.387) Portugal -0.695* (0.418) -0.535 (0.342) -0.294 (0.273) -0.242 (0.271) -0.430 (0.281) -0.585** (0.276) -0.251 (0.323) 0.050 (0.331) -0.159 (0.373) Romania -0.122 (0.201) -0.267 (0.208) -0.145 (0.186) -0.191 (0.203) 0.089 (0.229) -0.189 (0.314) -0.161 (0.421) 0.499 (0.440) 0.916** (0.425) Serbia -0.002 (0.047) 0.002 (0.064) 0.017 (0.063) 0.043 (0.062) 0.067 (0.066) 0.031 (0.069) 0.030 (0.084) -0.041 (0.112) -0.247 (0.269) Slovakia 0.047 (0.127) 0.113 (0.124) 0.416*** (0.159) -0.256 (0.212) -0.341 (0.272) -0.711*** (0.205) 0.284 (0.389) 0.318 (0.354) 0.637 (0.500) Slovenia -0.867** (0.358) -0.655*** (0.250) -0.381* (0.221) -0.068 (0.197) -0.225 (0.198) -0.113 (0.188) -0.169 (0.197) -0.039 (0.210) 0.432 (0.289) Spain 0.346 (0.477) -0.197 (0.413) -0.164 (0.310) -0.168 (0.229) -0.255 (0.207) -0.204 (0.196) -0.014 (0.189) 0.064 (0.199) 0.221 (0.270) Sweden -0.283* (0.148) -0.070 (0.151) -0.106 (0.189) -0.268 (0.213) 0.092 (0.232) 0.102 (0.249) 0.311 (0.230) 0.439** (0.187) 0.174 (0.167) UK -0.133 (0.107) -0.208 (0.156) -0.152 (0.193) -0.381 (0.246) -0.278 (0.354) -0.019 (0.340) 0.018 (0.260) 0.098 (0.229) -0.165 (0.217) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.
64 Appendix A. TABLE A.20: Public transfers gap decomposition for the age group 25-44 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria -0.213* (0.110) -0.258** (0.107) -0.323*** (0.096) -0.294*** (0.091) -0.275*** (0.099) -0.272*** (0.099) -0.335*** (0.101) -0.453*** (0.111) -0.587*** (0.136) Belgium -0.108** (0.047) -0.329*** (0.090) -0.191*** (0.068) -0.133** (0.062) -0.143** (0.066) -0.125 (0.085) -0.186** (0.093) -0.096 (0.104) -0.129 (0.091) Bulgaria -0.151* (0.080) -0.265*** (0.083) -0.204*** (0.079) -0.228*** (0.079) -0.254*** (0.071) -0.352*** (0.080) -0.500*** (0.098) -0.467*** (0.080) -0.259*** (0.072) Croatia 0.015 (0.111) 0.039 (0.109) -0.007 (0.092) -0.089 (0.097) -0.181** (0.087) -0.114 (0.086) -0.141 (0.088) -0.240** (0.098) -0.279** (0.112) Czechia -0.545*** (0.129) -0.885*** (0.173) -0.827*** (0.201) -0.622*** (0.134) -0.371*** (0.091) -0.389*** (0.084) -0.456*** (0.080) -0.609*** (0.102) -0.750*** (0.136) Denmark -0.015 (0.014) -1.407*** (0.208) -0.412*** (0.065) -0.312*** (0.050) -0.205*** (0.054) -0.171** (0.067) -0.343*** (0.126) -0.076 (0.080) 0.053 (0.056) Estonia -0.106 (0.109) -0.068 (0.090) -0.093 (0.068) -0.068 (0.071) -0.033 (0.092) -0.142 (0.105) -0.184* (0.095) -0.216*** (0.084) -0.022 (0.067) Finland -0.386*** (0.084) -0.349*** (0.052) -0.230*** (0.059) -0.278*** (0.076) -0.166** (0.066) -0.023 (0.051) -0.026 (0.046) -0.065 (0.044) -0.044 (0.044) France -0.091 (0.063) -0.021 (0.049) -0.031 (0.058) -0.065 (0.068) -0.074 (0.060) -0.168*** (0.060) -0.195*** (0.062) -0.239*** (0.069) -0.131 (0.081) Germany -0.016 (0.042) -0.016 (0.042) -0.103* (0.058) -0.111** (0.046) -0.092* (0.051) -0.205*** (0.075) -0.220*** (0.085) -0.214*** (0.078) -0.108 (0.067) Greece -0.138* (0.073) -0.119** (0.052) -0.051 (0.049) -0.051 (0.034) -0.051 (0.034) -0.090* (0.055) -0.207** (0.093) -0.449*** (0.101) -0.981*** (0.138) Hungary -0.088** (0.039) -0.131*** (0.035) -0.203*** (0.048) -0.267*** (0.051) -0.282*** (0.054) -0.371*** (0.079) -0.315*** (0.076) -0.252*** (0.071) -0.180** (0.083) Latvia -0.174*** (0.065) -0.170* (0.091) -0.150** (0.074) -0.137* (0.082) -0.188 (0.120) -0.312** (0.127) -0.195* (0.100) -0.193** (0.084) -0.290*** (0.082) Lithuania 0.040 (0.177) -0.048 (0.122) 0.071 (0.130) 0.127 (0.143) -0.033 (0.135) -0.156 (0.115) -0.172 (0.106) -0.218** (0.100) -0.158 (0.105) Netherlands -0.124** (0.055) -0.119* (0.072) -0.082* (0.049) -0.029 (0.049) -0.098 (0.061) -0.134 (0.083) -0.140 (0.136) -0.337** (0.154) -0.450*** (0.141) Norway -0.117** (0.056) -0.114*** (0.033) -0.007 (0.041) 0.019 (0.052) -0.002 (0.082) 0.057 (0.114) 0.040 (0.088) 0.001 (0.067) -0.010 (0.053) Poland -0.284*** (0.087) -0.311*** (0.083) -0.269*** (0.095) -0.252*** (0.096) -0.273*** (0.103) -0.289*** (0.109) -0.477*** (0.119) -0.440*** (0.090) -0.296*** (0.087) Portugal -0.001 (0.155) 0.027 (0.107) 0.034 (0.081) -0.016 (0.065) -0.089 (0.065) -0.112 (0.078) -0.213* (0.109) -0.162* (0.095) -0.168** (0.073) Romania -0.095 (0.067) -0.169** (0.071) -0.063* (0.037) -0.063* (0.038) -0.104* (0.060) -0.180*** (0.053) -0.164*** (0.051) -0.317** (0.129) -0.706*** (0.250) Serbia -0.020** (0.010) -0.014 (0.013) -0.028** (0.013) -0.025* (0.014) -0.034** (0.016) -0.055*** (0.021) -0.056** (0.024) -0.041 (0.025) -0.047 (0.043) Slovakia -0.070 (0.052) -0.082** (0.039) -0.082** (0.039) -0.109** (0.047) -0.115** (0.047) -0.144** (0.065) -0.402*** (0.115) -0.460*** (0.078) -0.410*** (0.065) Slovenia -0.075 (0.061) -0.088* (0.046) -0.045 (0.043) -0.089** (0.043) -0.114** (0.046) -0.116** (0.050) -0.109** (0.047) -0.139*** (0.038) -0.147*** (0.048) Spain 0.332** (0.161) 0.124 (0.078) 0.081 (0.085) 0.138** (0.070) 0.110* (0.060) 0.065 (0.056) 0.054 (0.058) 0.012 (0.065) -0.128** (0.065) Sweden -0.026 (0.109) -0.020 (0.081) -0.007 (0.070) -0.014 (0.069) -0.001 (0.067) -0.052 (0.064) -0.110* (0.058) -0.068 (0.049) -0.091** (0.043) UK -0.049 (0.038) -0.049 (0.038) -0.135*** (0.050) -0.135*** (0.050) -0.206*** (0.064) -0.818*** (0.171) -0.592*** (0.137) -0.646*** (0.121) -0.537*** (0.113) Unexplained Austria 0.122 (0.120) 0.189 (0.121) 0.277*** (0.107) 0.297*** (0.102) 0.342*** (0.111) 0.365*** (0.112) 0.421*** (0.115) 0.514*** (0.131) 0.596*** (0.162) Belgium 0.214*** (0.059) 0.125 (0.112) 0.180** (0.084) 0.066 (0.079) 0.102 (0.084) 0.091 (0.105) 0.074 (0.110) 0.008 (0.123) -0.008 (0.116) Bulgaria 0.332** (0.147) 0.189 (0.123) 0.110 (0.117) 0.139 (0.114) 0.232** (0.103) 0.342*** (0.113) 0.498*** (0.137) 0.385*** (0.115) 0.095 (0.111) Croatia 0.015 (0.154) -0.007 (0.157) 0.085 (0.127) 0.174 (0.134) 0.288** (0.127) 0.137 (0.121) 0.141 (0.120) 0.180 (0.134) 0.346** (0.159) Czechia 0.759*** (0.130) 0.970*** (0.181) 0.969*** (0.211) 0.667*** (0.144) 0.408*** (0.098) 0.360*** (0.091) 0.397*** (0.089) 0.569*** (0.112) 0.647*** (0.149) Denmark -0.156*** (0.029) 0.824*** (0.195) 0.041 (0.079) 0.137** (0.070) -0.024 (0.077) -0.366*** (0.113) -0.121 (0.131) 0.124 (0.101) -0.398*** (0.093) Estonia -0.210* (0.125) -0.247** (0.112) -0.041 (0.086) -0.106 (0.089) -0.073 (0.111) 0.168 (0.123) 0.300*** (0.116) 0.308*** (0.107) 0.049 (0.091) Finland 0.524*** (0.104) 0.174*** (0.059) 0.022 (0.070) 0.150* (0.082) 0.168** (0.075) 0.041 (0.062) 0.049 (0.058) 0.106* (0.058) -0.038 (0.062) France -0.037 (0.081) 0.082 (0.066) 0.089 (0.078) 0.048 (0.089) 0.088 (0.077) 0.149** (0.074) 0.193*** (0.075) 0.207** (0.082) 0.154* (0.090) Germany -0.063 (0.047) -0.054 (0.047) -0.089 (0.066) 0.061 (0.053) 0.089 (0.060) 0.163* (0.092) 0.192* (0.102) 0.142 (0.098) -0.028 (0.086) Greece -0.097 (0.085) 0.100 (0.066) -0.250*** (0.063) 0.003 (0.046) 0.360*** (0.047) 0.086 (0.072) 0.217* (0.120) 0.410*** (0.127) 1.191*** (0.171) Hungary 0.026 (0.046) 0.102** (0.045) 0.101 (0.063) 0.198*** (0.062) 0.255*** (0.063) 0.293*** (0.090) 0.244*** (0.090) 0.187** (0.089) 0.079 (0.106) Latvia 0.015 (0.073) 0.008 (0.116) 0.080 (0.097) -0.146 (0.105) 0.018 (0.137) 0.199 (0.144) 0.195* (0.118) 0.191* (0.105) 0.263** (0.117) Lithuania 0.047 (0.250) 0.157 (0.192) -0.044 (0.197) -0.196 (0.199) 0.063 (0.188) 0.128 (0.163) 0.125 (0.147) 0.234 (0.151) 0.118 (0.160) Netherlands -0.002 (0.061) -0.179** (0.084) 0.099* (0.059) -0.034 (0.059) -0.013 (0.070) -0.015 (0.096) -0.073 (0.165) 0.032 (0.186) 0.343* (0.182) Norway -0.247*** (0.077) -0.028 (0.046) -0.425*** (0.059) -0.293*** (0.070) -0.393*** (0.102) -0.459*** (0.135) -0.310*** (0.107) -0.195** (0.083) -0.139* (0.072) Poland 0.139 (0.109) 0.296*** (0.112) 0.207 (0.128) 0.138 (0.124) 0.206 (0.127) 0.289** (0.134) 0.561*** (0.148) 0.583*** (0.115) 0.346*** (0.115) Portugal -0.362 (0.266) -0.340** (0.156) -0.154 (0.127) -0.011 (0.102) -0.017 (0.098) 0.137 (0.116) 0.227 (0.167) 0.217 (0.153) 0.250** (0.125) Romania -0.161* (0.085) -0.095 (0.086) 0.109** (0.050) 0.138** (0.054) 0.037 (0.084) 0.112 (0.073) 0.113 (0.069) 0.264 (0.161) 0.612** (0.301) Serbia -0.002 (0.047) 0.002 (0.064) 0.017 (0.063) 0.043 (0.062) 0.067 (0.066) 0.031 (0.069) 0.030 (0.084) -0.041 (0.112) -0.247 (0.269) Slovakia -0.083 (0.066) -0.028 (0.048) 0.307*** (0.056) -0.008 (0.062) 0.043 (0.062) -0.003 (0.085) 0.335** (0.134) 0.422*** (0.094) 0.324*** (0.084) Slovenia -0.126 (0.095) -0.129* (0.072) -0.097 (0.067) -0.062 (0.064) -0.021 (0.064) -0.027 (0.069) -0.029 (0.065) 0.015 (0.062) 0.016 (0.076) Spain -0.340 (0.248) -0.060 (0.127) 0.019 (0.132) -0.070 (0.107) -0.027 (0.089) -0.021 (0.080) 0.040 (0.079) 0.027 (0.087) 0.194* (0.102) Sweden -0.124 (0.162) 0.007 (0.109) -0.083 (0.094) -0.175* (0.090) -0.238*** (0.088) -0.193** (0.084) -0.119 (0.078) -0.051 (0.068) -0.043 (0.067) UK -0.010 (0.044) -0.057 (0.044) 0.018 (0.062) -0.008 (0.062) -0.114 (0.094) 0.219 (0.201) 0.144 (0.166) 0.030 (0.145) 0.103 (0.140) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.