penangkapan ikan yang diterbitkan oleh Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia sebagai panduan. Perairan dalam Kelas 2 terdiri daripada sebahagian zon pemuliharaan (termasuk ‘Kawasan Larangan Perikanan’) sehingga ke Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE). Aktiviti marikultur yang ditakrifkan sebagai Kelas 2 adalah aktiviti dalam badan air marin tersebut (seperti penternakan ikan dalam sangkar dan penternakan kerang) dan tidak termasuk aktiviti akuakultur perikanan darat. iii. Kelas 3 ialah standard untuk kualiti air marin yang terdedah kepada pelepasan efluen secara langsung daripada aktiviti antropogenik. Oleh itu, ekosistem di perairan ini akan mengalami banyak pencemaran. Tahap perlindungan adalah bertujuan untuk mengekalkan kesihatan ekosistem yang masih ada dan memulihara kualiti air marin di kawasan yang terjejas. iv. Kelas E (Interim) adalah standard yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh musim dan variasi diurnal. Selain itu, ciri-ciri geologi dan corak pergerakan air turut menyumbang pada sifat dinamik di perairan ini. Berdasarkan pada kepelbagaian semulajadi ini, Kelas E terhasil adalah berdasarkan ciri-ciri kualiti air muara sungai yang boleh mewakili persekitaran yang belum terganggu. Kawasan muara sungai sebegini akan dijadikan Tapak Rujukan untuk mewakili tiga (3) jenis muara utama di Malaysia. Kelas E1 dipilih untuk mewakili muara jenis dataran pantai, Kelas E2 mewakili muara jenis lagun manakala Kelas E3 akan mewakili muara sungai yang besar dan memiliki rangkaian kompleks. v. Kelas R adalah standard untuk kegunaan air marin bagi tujuan rekreasi. Ia merujuk pada Standard Kebangsaan Kualiti Air Rekreasi Semulajadi dan Garispanduan bagi Pemantauan Air Rekreasi Semulajadi (Air Marin & Air Tawar) yang diterbitkan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. Indeks Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia (IKAMM) adalah pengagregatan parameter kualiti air marin yang paling relevan bertujuan untuk menyediakan maklumat yang berkaitan dengan status kualiti air marin bagi badan air. Indeks ini berdasarkan pada enam (6) parameter kualiti air iaitu oksigen terlarut, faecal coliform, ammonia tidak terion, nitrat, fosfat dan jumlah pepejal terampai. established by the Department of Fisheries as a guide. Its water comprises the conservation zone (including ‘Fisheries Prohibited Area’) right up to the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). Mariculture activities are defined within the marine water bodies such as marine cage culture and cockle farming; but excluding land aquaculture activities. iii. Class 3 is the standard for marine water which is exposed to direct discharge of effluent from anthropogenic activities. Hence, ecosystems in these areas are subjected to some degree of degradation. The corresponding level of protection is therefore aimed at sustaining the health of the remaining ecosystem and to improve water quality of the affected areas. iv. Class E (Interim) is the standard for estuarine water subject to both seasonal and diurnal variations. In addition, the geological characteristics and water circulation patterns also contribute to the dynamic nature of these waters. Based on these natural variations, the standards derived from the water quality is characteristic of estuarine waters deemed to represent relatively undisturbed environment. These sites, which are referred to as Reference Sites, are selected to represent the three (3) major estuary types in Malaysia. Hence, Class E1 is taken to be representative of coastal plains, Class E2 represents the lagoon-type estuary while Class E3 is to be referred to when assessing estuaries with large and complex distributary networks. v. Class R is the standard for recreational use of marine waters. It is based on the National Standards for Water Quality for Nature-based Recreation and Guidelines for Monitoring for Nature-based Recreation (Marine and Freshwater) by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Malaysian Marine Water Quality Index (MMWQI) is an aggregation of the most relevant marine water quality parameters aimed at providing information pertinent to the marine water quality status of a water body. The index is derived based on six (6) water quality parameters, which are dissolved oxygen, faecal coliform, unionized ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and total suspended solids. 130 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI
Rajah 4.1: Pemakaian Standard Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia (SKAMM) berdasarkan
Pra Penentuan Pengelasan Air Marin Figure 4.1: The Application of the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards (MMWQS)
based on the Pre-determined Marine Water Classification
SKAMM / MMWQS
Pengagregatan IKAMM adalah dalam julat daripada 0
hingga 100, dengan 0 menunjukkan kualiti air sebagai
tercemar manakala 100 menunjukkan kualiti air
sebagai terbaik (Jadual 4.1).
Sebanyak 188 stesen pantai, 85 stesen muara sungai
dan 95 stesen pulau telah dipantau pada tahun
2023. Terdapat enam (6) frekuensi persampelan bagi
setiap stesen dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 1,128
sampel untuk stesen pantai, 510 sampel untuk stesen
muara sungai dan 570 sampel untuk stesen pulau.
Sampel-sampel tersebut dianalisa dan hasil analisa
dirumuskan berdasarkan IKAMM bagi enam (6)
frekuensi persampelan.
The MMWQI aggregation is scaled from 0 to 100 where
0 indicates poor water quality while 100 indicates
excellent water quality (Table 4.1).
A total of 188 coastal stations, 85 estuary stations and
95 island stations were monitored in the year 2023.
There were six (6) sampling frequencies in total for
each monitoring station amounting to 1,128 samples
for coastal stations, 510 samples for estuary stations,
and 570 samples for island stations. The samples were
analysed and results were summarised based on the
MMWQI of the six (6) sampling frequencies.
KELAS 3 / CLASS 3
Industri, Aktiviti Komersial &
Kawasan Kediaman Pesisir Pantai /
Industries, Commercial Activities &
Coastal Settlement
KELAS 1 / CLASS 1
Habitat Sensitif Marin /
Sensitive Marine Habitats
KELAS 2 / CLASS 2
Perikanan (Termasuk Marikultur) /
Fisheries (Including Mariculture)
KELAS E / CLASS E
Muara Sungai / Estuaries
KELAS R / CLASS R
Rekreasi / Recreation
131
E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
Pantai Teluk Kalong, Terengganu
188
Stesen Pantai /
Coastal Stations
Jadual 4.1: Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Marin Malaysia (IKAMM)
Table 4.1: Malaysian Marine Water Quality Index (MMWQI) Classification
KATEGORI / CATEGORY
NILAI INDEKS/ INDEX VALUE
Terbaik / Excellent
90 - 100
Baik / Good
80 - <90
Sederhana / Moderate
50 - <80
Tercemar / Poor
0 - <50
Pantai Rantau Abang, Terengganu
Pantai Teluk Cempedak, Pahang
132
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI
Kuala Sungai Pulai, Johor
Pulau Kapas, Terengganu
Kuala Sungai Marang, Terengganu
85
Stesen Muara Sungai /
Estuary Stations
Kuala Sungai Santubong, Sarawak
95
Stesen Pulau /
Island Stations
Pulau Dayang, Johor
Pangkor Laut, Perak
133
E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY
STATUS STESEN-STESEN PENGAWASAN
KUALITI AIR MARIN
Dalam tahun 2023, daripada 368 stesen pengawasan
kualiti air marin bagi pantai, muara sungai dan pulau
di negara ini, status kualiti air marin dinilai berdasarkan
nilai median IKAMM bagi data yang dicerap di setiap
stesen sepanjang 2023. Stesen kualiti air marin
sebanyak 173 stesen dikategorikan sebagai terbaik,
27 stesen sebagai baik, sementara kualiti air marin
bagi 167 stesen dikategorikan sebagai sederhana.
Dalam tahun 2023, hanya satu (1) stesen sahaja yang
dikategorikan sebagai tercemar. Bilangan stesen yang
tercemar bagi tahun 2023 menunjukkan penurunan
berbanding tahun sebelumnya iaitu daripada empat
(4) stesen tercemar kepada satu (1) stesen tercemar
tahun ini.
Stesen kualiti air marin yang tercemar ialah MMPE004
Kuala Sungai Pinang di negeri Pulau Pinang.
Faecal coliform, nutrien dan jumlah pepejal
terampai ialah parameter utama yang menyebabkan
kemerosotan kualiti air marin di stesen MMWQM.
Semua stesen tercemar menerima kesan daripada
muara sungai dan aktiviti antropogenik di hulu sungai.
Secara amnya, kualiti air marin yang dipantau di bawah
rangkaian MMWQM menunjukkan status keseluruhan
kualiti air yang terbaik di persekitaran marin Malaysia.
Jadual 4.2, Jadual 4.3 dan Jadual 4.4 menunjukkan
senarai stesen pantai, muara sungai dan pulau yang
mencapai kategori terbaik berdasarkan IKAMM bagi
tahun 2023.
Rajah 4.2 - 4.7 menunjukkan status kualiti air
marin berdasarkan IKAMM mengikut lokasi stesen
pengawasan bagi pantai, muara sungai dan pulau
tahun 2023.
STATUS OF MARINE WATER QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS
In 2023, out of 368 marine water quality monitoring
stations established at coastal, estuary and island
in the country, the marine water quality status was
evaluated based on the median value of MMWQI
obtained from the data collected at each station in
2023. The marine water quality of 173 stations were
categorised as excellent, 27 stations categorised as
good while marine water quality of 167 stations were
categorised as moderate. In 2023, only one (1) station
was categorised as poor. The number of marine water
quality stations in the poor category in 2023 reduced
from four (4) stations in the previous year, to one (1)
station this year.
The station in the poor category was MMPE004 Kuala
Sungai Pinang in the state of Pulau Pinang.
Faecal coliform, nutrients and total suspended solids
are the main parameters that deteriorated the marine
water quality of the MMWQM stations. All polluted
stations received impacts from the river estuaries and
anthropogenic activities in the upstream area of a river.
In general, the marine water quality monitored under the
MMWQM network showed an overall excellent category
of water quality in the marine environment of Malaysia.
Table 4.2, Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 show the list of
coastal, estuary and island stations in the excellent
category based on MMWQI in 2023.
Figures 4.2 - 4.7 show the marine water quality status
based on MMWQI according to coastal, estuary and
island monitoring stations in 2023.
134
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR MARIN BAGI PULAU, PANTAI DAN MUARA SUNGAI
Jadual 4.2: Senarai Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin bagi Pantai dengan Status Kategori Terbaik, 2023 Table 4.2: List of Marine Water Quality Monitoring of Coastal Stations with Status of Excellent, 2023 BIL. / NO. NEGERI / STATE LOKASI / LOCATION 1 Selangor Kuala Sungai Sepang (Kawalan) 2 Pahang Kuala Rompin Kecil 3 Terengganu Kuala Sungai Setiu 4 Terengganu Tioxide Utara (Kg. Bukit Kuang, Kijal) 5 Terengganu Tioxide Tengah (Pupuk Semangat, Kijal) 6 Terengganu Tioxide Selatan (KSB, T. Kalong) Jadual 4.3: Senarai Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin bagi Muara Sungai dengan Status Kategori Terbaik, 2023 Table 4.3: List of Marine Water Quality Monitoring of Estuary Stations with Status of Excellent, 2023 BIL. / NO. NEGERI / STATE LOKASI / LOCATION 1 Pahang Pantai Lagenda (B) 2 Johor Pantai Sri Pantai 3 Johor Tanjung Balau 4 Johor Batu Layar 5 Terengganu Pantai Chendering 6 Terengganu Pantai Rantau Abang 7 Terengganu Rhu 10 8 Terengganu Tok Jembal 9 Terengganu Kelulut 10 Terengganu Teluk Ketapang Nota / Notes: Senarai menunjukkan sepuluh (10) stesen teratas dengan status kategori terbaik / The list shows the top ten (10) stations in the excellent category Nota / Notes: Senarai menunjukkan enam (6) stesen teratas dengan status kategori terbaik / The list shows the top six (6) stations in the excellent category BIL. / NO. NEGERI / STATE LOKASI / LOCATION 1 Terengganu Gemia 2 Terengganu Kapas 3 Terengganu Lima 4 Terengganu Ekor Tebu 5 Terengganu Pinang 6 Terengganu Lang Tengah 7 Terengganu Redang (South) 8 Terengganu Redang (North) 9 Terengganu Perhentian Besar (West) 10 Terengganu Perhentian Besar (South) Jadual 4.4: Senarai Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Marin bagi Pulau dengan Status Kategori Terbaik, 2023 Table 4.4: List of Marine Water Quality Monitoring of Island Stations with Status of Excellent, 2023 Nota / Notes: Senarai menunjukkan sepuluh (10) stesen teratas dengan status kategori terbaik / The list shows the top ten (10) stations in the excellent category 135 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 MARINE WATER QUALITY FOR ISLAND, COASTAL AND ESTUARY