CRWQM 2023 (WILAYAH TIMUR) Sempadan Negeri / State Boundary Petunjuk / Legend Kelas I / Class I Kelas II / Class II Kelas III / Class III Kelas IV / Class IV Kelas V / Class V Kelas IKA / WQI Class 0 50 100 km Rajah 2.14: Peratus Pematuhan Kelas II (Wilayah Timur) Figure 2.14: Percentage of Compliance with Class II (Eastern Region) CR25T CR24T CR23C CR22C CR26D WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH CR25T - Sg. Besut, Terengganu (Intake Bukit Bunga) CR26D - Sg. Kelantan, Kelantan (Intake Sokor) CR22C - Sg. Pahang, Pahang (Intake Lubuk Kawah) CR23C - Sg. Kuantan, Pahang (Intake Semambu) CR24T - Sg. Paka, Terengganu (Intake Bukit Bauk) 98.33 92.26 100.00 100.00 31.40 99.87 100.00 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 86.01 80.02 100.00 100.00 66.19 99.41 7.12 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 97.19 93.45 100.00 99.50 58.09 97.88 74.11 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 97.94 97.55 100.00 100.00 4.92 93.52 99.38 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 96.71 67.11 100.00 100.00 88.62 95.82 76.54 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 96 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR SUNGAI
CR27S CR31S CRWQM 2023 (WILAYAH SABAH) Sempadan Negeri / State Boundary Petunjuk / Legend Kelas I / Class I Kelas II / Class II Kelas III / Class III Kelas IV / Class IV Kelas V / Class V Kelas IKA / WQI Class 0 50 100 km Rajah 2.15: Peratus Pematuhan Kelas II (Wilayah Sabah) Figure 2.15: Percentage of Compliance with Class II (Sabah Region) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 67.19 100.00 99.98 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH CR27S - Sg. Tuaran, Sabah (Intake Telibong) 99.96 99.93 0.02 100.00 77.35 100.00 99.75 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) CR31S - Sg. Moyog, Sabah (Intake Kasigui) 97 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 RIVER WATER QUALITY
CR30Q CR29Q Rajah 2.16: Peratus Pematuhan Kelas II (Wilayah Sarawak) Figure 2.16: Percentage of Compliance with Class II (Sarawak Region) CRWQM 2023 (WILAYAH SARAWAK) Sempadan Negeri / State Boundary Petunjuk / Legend Kelas I / Class I Kelas II / Class II Kelas III / Class III Kelas IV / Class IV Kelas V / Class V Kelas IKA / WQI Class 0 50 100 km WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH 94.90 72.44 97.69 99.98 81.66 97.61 98.57 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) 99.66 89.20 95.04 99.83 69.10 93.15 95.59 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 WQI DO BOD COD TSS AN pH Percentage Compliance to Class II (%) CR29Q - Sg. Sarawak, Sarawak (Intake Sarawak Kiri) CR30Q - Sg. Btg. Sadong, Sarawak (Intake Tebekang) 98 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR SUNGAI
3
BAB
CHAPTER
KUALITI
AIR TANAH
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Jenis Guna Tanah Land Use Category Stesen di Seluruh Negara Stations (Wells) Nationwide Bilangan Sampel Air Tanah dianalisa Number of Groundwater Samples Analysed PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR TANAH GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING 12 120 441 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 5
Baik /
Good 2
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 3
Baik /
Good 0
Sederhana /
Moderate 1
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 15 Baik /
Good 10 Sederhana /
Moderate 4
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 8
Baik /
Good 3
Sederhana /
Moderate 2
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 8
Baik /
Good 2
Sederhana /
Moderate
AKUAKULTUR
AQUACULTURE
BEKAS LOMBONG EMAS
USED GOLD MINES
BEKAS TAPAK
PELUPUSAN SAMPAH
USED SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
KAWASAN PERTANIAN
AGRICULTURAL AREA
BANDAR & PINGGIR BANDAR
URBAN & SUBURBAN AREA
100
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR TANAH
PADANG GOLF GOLF COURSES TAPAK PERINDUSTRIAN INDUSTRIAL SITES BEKALAN AIR WATER SUPPLY LUAR BANDAR RURAL KAWASAN PERANGINAN RESORTS BEKAS TAPAK PELUPUSAN BANGKAI HAIWAN USED ANIMAL BURIAL SITES 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 6
Baik /
Good 0
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 15 Baik /
Good 6
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 5
Baik /
Good 0
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 4
Baik /
Good 1
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 1
Baik /
Good 1
Sederhana /
Moderate 0
Sangat Baik /
Excellent 10 Baik /
Good 3
Sederhana /
Moderate 101 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 GROUNDWATER QUALITY
KUALITI AIR TANAH /
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR TANAH
Program Pengawasan Kualiti Air Tanah Kebangsaan
telah dimulakan semenjak tahun 1997. Tapak stesen
pengawasan yang telah dipilih adalah mewakili jenis
guna tanah spesifik di mana terdapat 120 buah stesen
pengawasan kualiti air tanah (telaga) di seluruh negara.
Pada tahun 2023 hanya 115 stesen telah dijalankan
persampelan kualiti air tanah. Ini memandangkan
terdapat lima (5) stesen pengawasan kualiti air tanah
yang tiada luahan air akibat faktor pembangunan
berhampiran, keadaan stesen yang memerlukan
penyelenggaraan dalaman dan tiada akses masuk
ke stesen. Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan taburan stesen
pengawasan kualiti air tanah di Malaysia mengikut
jenis kategori guna tanah.
Pada tahun 2023, sebanyak 441 sampel telah dianalisa
untuk bahan kimia organik meruap (VOCs), racun
perosak, logam berat, anion, bakteria (koliform), sebatian
berfenol, jumlah keliatan, jumlah pepejal terlarut, pH,
suhu, konduktiviti dan oksigen terlarut (DO).
Indeks Kualiti Air Tanah (IKAT) digunakan sebagai
satu kaedah menentukan kategori dan status kualiti
air tanah. IKAT dibangunkan berdasarkan tujuh (7)
parameter utama iaitu pH, Besi, Jumlah Pepejal Terlarut,
Nitrat, E. Coli, Fenol dan Sulfat. IKAT yang berskala
0 hingga 100 akan menentukan kategori kualiti
air tanah dari sangat baik hingga sangat tercemar
(Jadual 3.2).
GROUNDWATER QUALITY MONITORING
Groundwater Water Quality Monitoring was established
in 1997. The monitoring station sites that have been
selected are representative of specific land use, where
there are 120 groundwater quality monitoring stations
(wells) across the country.
In 2023, only 115 stations were conducted for
groundwater quality sampling. This is considering
that there are five (5) ground water quality monitoring
stations that have no water discharge due to nearby
development factors, the condition of the station
that requires internal maintenance and no access
to the station. Table 3.1 shows the distribution of
groundwater quality monitoring stations in Malaysia
based on land use.
In 2023, 441 samples were analysed for volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, heavy metals,
anions, bacteria (coliform), phenolic compounds, total
hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature,
conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO).
The Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) is used as a
benchmark to determine the groundwater quality
status and its category. GWQI was developed based on
seven (7) parameters which are pH, Iron, Total Dissolved
Solids, Nitrate, E. coli, Phenol and Sulphate. The GWQI
with a scale ranging from 0 to 100 will identify the
quality of the groundwater from excellent to very poor
(Table 3.2).
102
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
TERENGGANU
KELANTAN
PERLIS
4
6
6
6
10
4
3
7
9
16
16
6
KEDAH
P. PINANG
PERAK
SELANGOR
N. SEMBILAN
W.P. KUALA LUMPUR
1
W.P. PUTRAJAYA
MELAKA
JOHOR
PAHANG
Jumlah Telaga Pengawasan bagi Setiap Negeri Seluruh Malaysia, 2023
Total Number of Monitoring Wells for Each State of Malaysia, 2023
Stesen IATC Penampang,
Sabah
Pusat Kecemerlangan
Kenderaan Bermotor,
JAS Gopeng, Perak
1
14
11
SABAH
W.P. LABUAN
SARAWAK
Jumlah / Total = 120
(Bagi 12 jenis guna tanah /
For 12 types of land use)
103
E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
KATEGORI / CATEGORY
BILANGAN TELAGA /
NUMBER OF WELLS
NEGERI /
STATE
BILANGAN TELAGA /
NUMBER OF WELLS
Kawasan Pertanian / Agricultural Area
15
Sabah
2
Terengganu
5
Pahang
1
Kedah
3
Perlis
1
Kelantan
2
Selangor
1
Bandar & Pinggir Bandar /
Urban & Suburban Area
13
Sabah
1
Terengganu
2
Pahang
1
Kedah
1
Perlis
2
Kelantan
3
Selangor
2
W.P. Putrajaya
1
Tapak Perindustrian / Industrial Sites
22
W.P. Labuan
1
Terengganu
5
Johor
2
Kedah
1
Kelantan
2
Melaka
1
Selangor
3
P. Pinang
3
N. Sembilan
1
Perak
1
Pahang
1
Perlis
1
Bekas Tapak Pelupusan Sampah /
Used Solid Waste Landfill
26
Sabah
7
Sarawak
2
Terengganu
2
Johor
2
Kelantan
3
Perak
1
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
5
N. Sembilan
3
Melaka
1
Padang Golf / Golf Courses
7
Sabah
2
Kelantan
4
W.P. Kuala Lumpur
1
Luar Bandar / Rural
5
Terengganu
1
Kelantan
2
Melaka
1
Selangor
1
Bekas Lombong Emas / Used Gold Mine
3
Sarawak
3
Bekalan Air / Water Supply
5
Sabah
1
Sarawak
4
Bekas Tapak Pelupusan Bangkai Haiwan /
Used Animal Burial Sites
14
Sarawak
2
Johor
3
Perak
3
Selangor
3
P. Pinang
3
Akuakultur / Aquaculture
7
Pahang
6
Terengganu
1
Jadual 3.1: Taburan Stesen Pengawasan
Kualiti Air Tanah di Seluruh Negeri di Malaysia mengikut Jenis Kategori Guna Tanah, 2023
Table 3.1: Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Stations (Wells) Throughout
the States in Malaysia based on Land Use, 2023
104
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR TANAH
KATEGORI / CATEGORY
BILANGAN TELAGA /
NUMBER OF WELLS
NEGERI /
STATE
BILANGAN TELAGA /
NUMBER OF WELLS
Tapak Pelupusan Radioaktif / Radioactive Landfills
1
Perak
1
Kawasan Peranginan / Resorts
2
Sabah
1
Kedah
1
JUMLAH / TOTAL
120
Jadual 3.1: Taburan Stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Air Tanah di Seluruh Negeri di Malaysia mengikut Jenis Kategori Guna Tanah, 2023
Table 3.1: Distribution of Groundwater Quality Monitoring Stations (Wells) Throughout the States in Malaysia based on Land Use, 2023
KATEGORI / CATEGORY
IKAT / GWQI
POTENSI KEGUNAAN / POTENTIAL USE
Sangat Tercemar / Very Poor
0-15
Kajian air terperinci sebelum digunakan /
Investigation needed before use
Tercemar / Poor
16-39
Pengairan atau pertanian / Irrigation or agriculture
Sederhana / Moderate
40-69
Penggunaan Industri / Industrial Use
Baik / Good
70-89
Berpontensi sebagai air minuman / Potential use as drinking water
Sangat Baik / Excellent
90 Air berkualiti untuk semua kegunaan /
High quality water for all purpose Jadual 3.2: Klasifikasi Indeks Kualiti Air Tanah Table 3.2: Groundwater Quality Index Classification STATUS KUALITI AIR TANAH BAGI KAWASAN PERTANIAN Tren IKAT mulai tahun 2019 hingga 2023 bagi kawasan pertanian adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.1. Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, didapati bilangan stesen sangat baik telah meningkat pada tahun 2023 berbanding dengan tahun sebelumnya, baik dan sederhana adalah sama seperti tahun sebelumnya. Tiada stesen tercemar atau sangat tercemar pada tahun 2023. Pada tahun 2023, sebanyak 15 stesen kawasan pertanian telah dipantau. Hasil program pengawasan yang telah dijalankan menunjukkan empat (4) stesen (27%) dikategorikan sebagai sangat baik, lapan (8) stesen (53%) dikategorikan sebagai baik dan tiga (3) stesen (20%) dikategorikan sebagai sederhana (Jadual 3.3). STATUS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY INDEX
FOR AGRICULTURE The GWQI trend for agriculture from the year 2019 until 2023 is shown in Figure 3.1. Based on Figure 3.1, the number of stations ranked excellent in 2023 has increased compared to the previous year, while the number of stations ranked good and moderate were the same as the previous year. There were no stations ranked poor and very poor in the year 2023. In 2023, a total of 15 stations under agriculture were monitored. The monitoring results indicated that four (4) stations were categorised as excellent (27%), eight (8) stations as good (53%) and three (3) stations as moderate (20%) (Table 3.3). 105 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 GROUNDWATER QUALITY