Bersih / Clean Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted Tercemar / Polluted Jumlah Stesen Sungai / Total Number of River Stations 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2019 1353 62% 29% 9% 67% 27% 6% 75% 22% 3% 74% 22% 4% 73% 23% 4% 2020 1353 2022 1353 2023 1353 2021 1351 Tahun / Year Peratus Bilangan Stesen / Percentage Number of Stations 0% Rajah 2.5: Tren Stesen Kualiti Air Sungai, 2019-2023 Figure 2.5: River Water Quality Stations Trend, 2019-2023 STESEN PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI KATEGORI TERCEMAR Jadual 2.4 menunjukkan sebanyak 52 stesen pengawasan kualiti air sungai dikategorikan tercemar pada tahun 2023. Sebanyak 33 stesen berada di dalam Kelas III dan 19 stesen berada di Kelas IV. Berdasarkan sub-indeks BOD, tujuh (7) stesen sungai dikategorikan sebagai Kelas II, lima (5) stesen di Kelas III, 14 stesen di Kelas IV dan 26 stesen di Kelas V. Dari segi sub-indeks AN pula, satu (1) stesen sungai dikategorikan sebagai Kelas I, dua (2) stesen di Kelas II, lima (5) stesen di Kelas III, 10 stesen di Kelas IV dan 34 stesen di Kelas V. Dari segi sub-indeks SS, sebanyak 33 stesen sungai dikategorikan sebagai Kelas I, 15 stesen di Kelas II dan empat (4) stesen di Kelas III. Daripada 52 stesen sungai yang berada di dalam kategori tercemar, penyumbang terbesar kemerosotan stesen pengawasan kualiti air sungai kepada Kelas V adalah berpunca daripada parameter AN iaitu sebanyak 65% dan diikuti parameter BOD iaitu sebanyak 50%.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
CATEGORISED AS POLLUTED
Table 2.4 indicates a total of 52 river water quality
monitoring stations categorised as polluted in 2023.
33 stations were in Class III and 19 stations in Class IV.
Based on the BOD sub-index, seven (7) river stations
were classified as Class II, five (5) stations in Class III, 14
stations in Class IV, and 26 stations in Class V.
In terms of the AN sub-index, one (1) river station
classified as Class I, two (2) stations in Class II, five
(5) stations in Class III, 10 stations in Class IV, and 34
stations in Class V.
In terms of the SS sub-index, 33 river stations were
classified as Class I, 15 stations in Class II, and four (4)
stations in Class III.
Of the 52 river stations in the polluted category, the
largest contributor to the deterioration of river water
quality monitoring stations to Class V was due to the
AN parameter of 65%, followed by the BOD parameter
of 50%.
80
L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3
KUALITI AIR SUNGAI
NEGERI / STATE
LEMBANGAN / BASIN
SUNGAI / RIVER
NOMBOR
STESEN/ STATION
NUMBER
2023
KELAS BERDASARKAN/
CLASS BASED ON
IKA/
WQI
KATEGORI/
CATEGORY
KELAS/
CLASS
BOD
AN
SS
Kedah
Sg. Merbok
Sg. Petani 1KMBK007 53 T/P III V V I Sg. Bakar Arang 1KMBK008 58 T/P III IV IV I P. Pinang
Sg. Juru
Sg. Rambai 1PJRU005 50 T/P IV V V II Sg. Kilang Ubi 1PJRU010 54 T/P III IV V I Sg. Jawi
Sg. Jawi 1PJWI001 54 T/P III III V III Sg. Chempedak 1PJWI003 55 T/P III V III III Sg. Junjong 1PJWI004 53 T/P III III IV II Sg. Kluang Sg. Kluang 1PKLU001 58 T/P III IV V I Sg. Pinang
Sg. Titi Kerawang 1PPNG004 57 T/P III IV V I Sg. Pinang 1PPNG008 50 T/P IV V V I Sg. Dondang 1PPNG012 57 T/P III IV V I Sg. Dondang 1PPNG013 56 T/P III IV V I Sg. Pinang 1PPNG021 41 T/P IV V V I Sg. Perai Sg. Kereh 1PPRI008 57 T/P III III V II Perak Sg. Raja Hitam Sg. Raja Hitam 1ARHT008 47 T/P IV IV V III Selangor
Sg. Buloh
Sg. Buloh 2BBLH002 48 T/P IV V IV II Sg. Buloh 2BBLH003 41 T/P IV V IV II Sg. Buloh 2BBLH004 59 T/P III IV IV II Sg. Buloh 2BBLH006 48 T/P IV V IV II Sg. Klang Sg. Kerayong 2BKLG013 49 T/P IV V V I W.P. Kuala Lumpur
Sg. Klang
Sg. Bunos 2WKLG006 57 T/P III V IV I Sg. Toba 2WKLG037 53 T/P III V V II Sg. Air Busuk 2WKLG041 42 T/P IV V V I Sg. Kerayong 2WKLG058 59 T/P III V V I N. Sembilan Sg. Langat Sg. Pajam 3NLGT021 59 T/P III V V I Melaka
Sg. Merlimau Sg. Merlimau 3MMLU002 54 T/P III IV IV I Sg. Duyong Sg. Punggur 3MPGR002 54 T/P III II IV II Johor Sg. Danga
Sg. Danga 3JDGA001 57 T/P III IV V III Sg. Danga 3JDGA002 57 T/P III IV V II Sg. Johor Sg. Bukit Besar 3JJHR007 46 T/P IV V V II Sg. Kim-Kim Sg. Kim-Kim 3JKIM001 58 T/P III III IV I Sg. Kempas
Sg. Kempas 3JKPS001 33 T/P IV V V II Sg. Kempas 3JKPS002 45 T/P IV V V II Sg. Kaw. Pasir Gudang
Sg. Buluh 3JPGD002 46 T/P IV V I I Sg. Tukang Batu 3JPGD003 35 T/P IV V V I Sg. Segget
Sg. Segget 3JSGT001 47 T/P IV V V I Sg. Segget 3JSGT002 47 T/P IV V V I Sg. Segget 3JSGT003 53 T/P III IV V I Sg. Segget 3JSGT005 59 T/P III IV V I Sg. Tebrau
Sg. Tebrau 3JTRU001 56 T/P III V V I Sg. Tebrau 3JTRU005 56 T/P III III V I Sg. Tebrau 3JTRU006 54 T/P III IV V I Sg. Pandan 3JTRU007 44 T/P IV V V I Sg. Sebulung 3JTRU009 56 T/P III V V I Sg. Tampoi 3JTRU010 54 T/P III V V I Sg. Sengkuang 3JTRU011 35 T/P IV V V II Sarawak
Sg. Miri
Sg. Adong 6QMRI001 54 T/P III II III I Sg. Miri 6QMRI005 48 T/P IV II III I Sg. Miri 6QMRI006 52 T/P III II III I Sg. Niah Sg. Sekaloh 6QNIA003 59 T/P III II III II Sg. Rajang
Sg. Daro 6QRJG021 53 T/P III II II I Sg. Jemoreng 6QRJG022 55 T/P III II II I Jadual 2.4: Stesen Sungai Tercemar dan Kelas Kualiti Air Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks BOD, AN dan SS, 2023 Table 2.4: Polluted River Stations and Classes Based on BOD, AN and SS Sub-Index, 2023 81 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 RIVER WATER QUALITY
TREN STESEN PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI Berdasarkan sub-indeks BOD, 1,057 (78%) stesen sungai dikategorikan sebagai bersih adalah sedikit menurun pada tahun 2023 berbanding 1,021 (75%) stesen pada tahun 2022 (Rajah 2.6). Bilangan stesen sungai yang sederhana tercemar dari segi sub-indeks BOD telah meningkat daripada 185 (14%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 162 (12%) stesen pada tahun 2023, manakala bilangan stesen yang berada di dalam kategori tercemar telah menurun daripada 147 (11%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 134 (10%) stesen pada tahun 2023. Dari segi sub-indeks AN, bilangan stesen sungai berada di dalam kategori bersih telah meningkat daripada 655 (49%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 686 (51%) stesen pada tahun 2023 (Rajah 2.7). Bilangan sungai yang sederhana tercemar telah menurun daripada 329 (24%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 310 (23%) stesen pada tahun 2023, manakala bilangan stesen yang berada di dalam kategori tercemar telah menurun daripada 369 (27%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 357 (26%) stesen pada tahun 2023. Dari segi sub-indeks SS pula, bilangan stesen sungai yang dikategorikan bersih telah meningkat daripada 994 (74%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 1,006 (74%) stesen pada tahun 2023 (Rajah 2.8). Bilangan stesen sungai yang dikategorikan sebagai sederhana tercemar telah menurun daripada 114 (8%) stesen pada 2022 kepada 110 (8%) stesen pada tahun 2023, manakala bilangan stesen yang tercemar telah menurun daripada 245 (18%) stesen pada tahun 2022 kepada 237 (18%) stesen pada tahun 2023. Kesimpulannya, didapati stesen pengawasan kualiti air sungai mengalami sedikit kemerosotan kualiti air bagi tahun 2023 berbanding 2022. Secara umumnya, kemerosotan tersebut adalah disebabkan peningkatan jumlah beban pencemaran kepada stesen pengawasan berkenaan yang berpunca daripada aktiviti yang berkaitan dengan punca tetap serta punca tidak tetap. TRENDS OF RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS In terms of the BOD sub-index, 1,057 (78%) river stations were categorised as clean in 2023; this is a slight decrease compared to 1,021 (75%) stations in the year before (Figure 2.6). The number of river stations in the slightly polluted category in terms of BOD sub-index increased from 185 (14%) stations in 2022 to 162 (12%) stations in 2023 while the number of stations in the polluted category decreased from 147 (11%) stations in 2022 to 134 (10%) stations in 2023. In terms of the AN sub-index, the number of river stations in the clean category significantly increased from 655 (49%) stations in 2022 to 686 (51%) stations in 2023 (Figure 2.7). The number of river stations in the slightly polluted category has decreased from 329 (24%) stations in 2022 to 310 (23%) stations in 2023 while the number of stations in the clean category decreased from 369 (27%) stations in 2022 to 357 (26%) stations in 2023. In terms of SS sub-index, the number of river stations in the clean category has increased from 994 (74%) stations in 2022 to 1,006 (74%) stations in 2023 (Figure 2.8). The number of river stations categorised as slightly polluted has decreased from 114 (8%) stations in 2022 to 110 (8%) stations in 2023, while the number of polluted stations has decreased from 245 (18%) stations in 2022 to 237 (18%) stations in 2023. In conclusion, it was found that the river water quality monitoring station experienced a slight deterioration in water quality for 2023 compared to 2022. In general, the decrease is due to the increase in the amount of pollution load to the monitoring station due to activities related to point sources and nonpoint sources. 82 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR SUNGAI
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2019 1353 16% 44% 40% 53% 34% 13% 78% 13% 9% 75% 14% 11% 78% 12% 10% 2020 1353 2022 1353 2023 1353 2021 1351 Tahun / Year Peratus Bilangan Stesen / Percentage Number of Stations 0% Bersih / Clean Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted Tercemar / Polluted Jumlah Stesen Sungai / Total Number of River Stations 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2019 1353 34% 28% 38% 38% 32% 30% 51% 20% 29% 49% 27% 24% 51% 23% 26% 2020 1353 2022 1353 2023 1353 2021 1351 Tahun / Year Peratus Bilangan Stesen / Percentage Number of Stations 0% Rajah 2.6: Tren Stesen Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks BOD, 2019-2023 Figure 2.6: River Water Quality Stations Trend on BOD Sub-Index, 2019-2023 Rajah 2.7: Tren Stesen Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks AN, 2019-2023 Figure 2.7: River Water Quality Stations Trend on AN Sub-Index, 2019-2023 Bersih / Clean Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted Tercemar / Polluted Jumlah Stesen Sungai / Total Number of River Stations 83 E N V I R O N M E N T A L Q U A L I T Y R E P O R T 2 0 2 3 RIVER WATER QUALITY
Bersih / Clean Sederhana Tercemar / Slightly Polluted Tercemar / Polluted Jumlah Stesen Sungai / Total Number of River Stations 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2019 1353 62% 12% 26% 63% 11% 26% 77% 9% 14% 74% 8% 18% 74% 8% 18% 2020 1353 2022 1353 2023 1353 2021 1351 Tahun / Year Peratus Bilangan Stesen / Percentage Number of Stations 0% Rajah 2.8: Tren Stesen Kualiti Air Sungai Berdasarkan Sub-Indeks SS, 2019-2023 Figure 2.8: River Water Quality Stations Trend on SS Sub-Index, 2019-2023 ANALISIS LOGAM BERAT DI STESEN PENGAWASAN KUALITI AIR SUNGAI Pada tahun 2023, sebanyak 8,118 sampel kualiti air mewakili 1,353 stesen pengawasan sungai manual setiap negeri diambil bagi memantau kandungan beberapa jenis logam berat seperti raksa (Hg), arsenik (As), kadmium (Cd), kromium (Cr), plumbum (Pb) dan zink (Zn). Pematuhan dipantau dengan merujuk Standard Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS) (Jadual 2.5). Bagi parameter Hg, Cd dan Zn, semua stesen sungai di seluruh negara telah menunjukkan pematuhan penuh kepada Kelas II. Parameter As, Cr dan Pb menunjukkan julat pematuhan Kelas II antara 90.7% hingga 100%. ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS AT RIVER WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS In 2023, a total of 8,118 water quality samples of 1,353 manual river water quality stations for each state were taken to monitor a few heavy metal concentrations such as mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), plumbum (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Compliance was monitored by referring to the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) (Table 2.5). For Hg, Cd, and Zn parameters, all river stations in the country showed full compliance with Class II. Parameters of As, Cr, and Pb showed compliance with Class II in the range of 90.7% to 100%. 84 L A P O R A N K U A L I T I A L A M S E K E L I L I N G 2 0 2 3 KUALITI AIR SUNGAI