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13.11.16
Management Authority
Refers to recognized established institutions with the mandate to manage a particular
PA or piece of land or wetland.
13.11.17
Man-Made Wetland
Refers to constructed wetlands area or terrestrial area purposely impounded with
temporary or permanent water with the aim of collecting or storing water to supply
goods and services such as electricity, fishery, water and sports.
13.11.18
Migration
Refers to the movement of wild animals commonly birds and mammals over large
distances in search of basic needs.
13.11.19
Migratory Route
Refers to an area, strip or zone of land used by wild animals during their migratory
cycles or seasonal movements.
13.11.20 Modified Wetland Refers to naturally occurring wetland area used for crop cultivation or transformed in the process of or for the purpose of undertaking sports.
13.11.21
National Game
Refers to animal species declared so by the minister.
13.11.22
Natural Resources
Refers to biological resources which include forestry, aquatic fauna and flora, bees and
wildlife.
13.11.23
Protected Area
Refers to a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed
to achieve specific conservation objectives (adopted from CBD).
13.11.24
Protected Species
Refers to an animal or plant species protected by an international convention, or laws
of Tanzania or any other country, including a National Game.
13.11.25
Ramsar Site
Refers to wetland area of international importance as ascribed by the Ramsar
Convention on Wetland (Iran 1971).
164
13.11.26
Sustainable Utilization/Use
Refers to human use of wildlife and wetland resources in a way and at a rate that does
not lead to long term decline of the resources, thereby maintaining its potential to meet
the needs and aspirations of present and future generations (modified from CBD).
13.11.27
Wetlands
Refers to areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent
or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty including areas
of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. It may also
incorporate riparian or coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and island or bodies of
marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying within the wetlands.
13.11.28
Wildlife Protected Areas
Refers to National Parks, Game Reserves, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Game
controlled Area and Wetland Reserves.
13.11.29
Wetland Reserves
Refers to any wetland area declared to be a wetlands reserve as ascribed in Article 4 of
the Convention on wetlands (Ramsar, 1971) by an order made under the wildlife Act.
13.11.30
Wetlands Resource
Refers to all resources including soils, water, fauna and flora found in wetlands whose
meaning is ascribed in this policy.
13.11.31
Wildlife Resources
Means resources as described in the meaning of wildlife.
13.11.32
Wildlife Sector
Refers to wildlife division, Tanzania National parks, Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Authority, Tanzania wildlife Research Institute, college of Africa Wildlife
Management, private sector and individuals directly dealing with wildlife related
matters in Tanzania.
13.11.33
Wildlife
Refers to those species of wild and indigenous animals and plants, and their constituent
habitats, including wetlands and ecosystems, to be found in Tanzania, as well as those
exotic species that have been introduced to Tanzania, and those are temporarily
maintained in captivity or have become established in the wild.
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13.11.34
Wildlife Management Area
Refers to an area set aside by village Council for the purpose of conservation of wildlife
and other biological natural resources, under the wildlife Act.
13.11.35
Wise Use
Refers to sustainable utilization of wetlands for the benefit of mankind in a way
compatible with the maintenance of the natural properties of ecosystems.
13.11.36
Zoo
Refers to a place where wild animals are kept in captivity, normally in cages or padlocks
for recreation, research and educational purposes.
13.12 Forest
Refers to all land bearing a vegetative association dominated by trees of any size, exploitable
or not, and capable of producing wood or other products of exerting influence on the climate
or water regime or providing shelter to livestock and wildlife.
13.12.1 Forest Administration Comprises Government of Tanzania administration of forestry.
13.12.2 Forest Authorities
Comprise Government of Tanzania authorities of forestry.
13.12.3 Forest Land
Refers to an area of land covered with trees, grass and other vegetation but dominated
by trees.
13.12.4 Forest Land Lease Refers to forest land or land suitable for afforestation is leased to the private sector. The terms of the lease define the management principles and obligations. The management planning and plan implementation is carried out by the lessee. The lease is renewed after certain periods provided that the land is well-managed. The government collects an annual lease fee.
13.12.5Forest Product
Refers to all wood and non-wood forest products.
166 13.12.6 Forest Reserve Refers to forest area, either for production of timber and other forest produce or protective for the protection of forests and important water catchments, controlled under the Forests Ordinance and declared by the Minister.
13.12.7 Forest Resources Refers to all wood and non-wood-based resources in the forests.
13.12.8 Agro-Forestry Refers to practice where agricultural crops and trees are intercropped on one farm land.
13.12.9 Central Government Forest Reserve Refers to forest area administered and managed by the central government.
13.12.10 Concession Refers to a long-term agreement between the government and a forest industry Enterprise entrusting the latter to manage a forest reserve, industrial plantation or part thereof mainly for timber production. The forest is managed in accordance with the approved management plan.
The company is responsible for all harvesting and silviculture activities including road construction and maintenance. The government collects the agreed royalties and concession fees.
13.12.11 Executive Agency Refers to an autonomous self-financing commercial agency owned by the government and created for the specific purpose of managing a forest reserve or an industrial plantation. The staff are government employees but with specific terms and conditions defined for employment by the agency.
13.12.12 Firewood Refers to includes part of trees made up into bundles or loads or cut wood for burning, and refuse wood in general, but does not include logs or poles.
13.12.13 Game Reserve Refers to a reserved area aimed for game production and conservation with a good population and diversity of wildlife and/or critical water and/or soil resources necessary to maintain ecological integrity and support the subsistence needs of communities outside the reserve boundaries.
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13.12.14 Industrial Plantation Refers to an area of land planted with trees for industrial use.
13.12.15 Joint Forest Management Refers to involvement of local communities or non-governmental organisations in the management and conservation of forests and forest land with appropriate user rights as incentives.
13.12.16 License Refers to a valid licence granted by the director of forestry or any person duly authorised by him in that behalf or by a local authority.
13.12.17 Livestock Refers to cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys, mules and all other domesticated animals and their young.
13.12.18 Local Authority Refers to a district council, city council, municipal council, town council, local council and village council.
13.12.19 National Park Refers to area representing outstanding natural, archaeological or cultural resources of Tanzania’s heritage and/or critical water and/or soil resources necessary to maintain ecological integrity. National Parks are created and controlled through National Park Ordinance and declared by an act of Parliament.
13.12.20 National Tree Refers to any tree declared by order to be a national tree or trees reserved for a specific reason.
13.12.21 Nature Reserve Refers to a forest reserve legally declared for nature conservation of genetic resources and for scientific studies.
13.12.22 Owner Refers to any person having a freehold or leasehold estate (or any interest deemed under any law for the time being in force to be a freehold or leasehold estate), having a right of occupancy in respect of such land.
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13.12.23 Tenure Refers to holding of land or other property through arrangements such as leasehold, freehold, customary ownership, and other such forms of holding.
13.12.24
Traditional Forest
Refers to a forest reserve governed under customary law.
13.12.25 Tree Refers to palms, bamboos, canes, shrubs, bushes, plants, poles, climbers, seedlings, saplings, and the re-growth thereof, all ages and all kinds and any part.
13.12.26 Village Forest reserve Refers to a forest which is owned and managed by the village government.
13.13 Balance of Payments (BOP) Is a statistical statement designed to provide, for a specific period of time, a systematic record of an economy`s transactions with the rest of the world. BOP refers to transactions between residents and non- residents for a period of time, usually one year. It is a statistical statement that brings together inflows and outflows of transactions classified under appropriate components, in two accounts – the current account and capital and financial accounts. BOP data are therefore concerned with transactions between residents and non-residents and NOT with the currency of transaction. Typically, a transaction in foreign currency between two residents of any country would not be considered a BOP transaction.
13.13.1Resident, Non-Resident and Country of Residence Residency is a particularly important attribute of an institutional unit in the Balance of Payments because the identification of a transaction between residents and non- residents underpins the system. A resident is any individual, enterprise, or other organization ordinarily residing in Tanzania. In other words, its centre of economic activity is in Tanzania. All other entities are regarded as non-residents. For statistical purposes, an individual who lives in Tanzania for more than a year is considered to be a resident, regardless of the individual’s citizenship or nationality. An enterprise incorporated in Tanzania is considered a resident of Tanzania irrespective of the domicile of the owners of the enterprise. A branch of a foreign company operating in Tanzania for more than a year is treated as a resident of Tanzania.
169 13.13.2 Flows Flow is a change and it takes place during a period of time. Private Capital Inflows can be seen as an increase in international indebtedness (liabilities) to a country’s private sector during a specified period of time. This constitutes foreign investment in an enterprise. Capital Outflows can similarly be seen as an increase in country’s Investment (Assets) abroad. This also implies Investments abroad by a domestic enterprise.
13.13.3 Categories Flows falls under three major categories namely, transactions, holding gains or losses and other changes in Assets. Transactions are economic exchange involving two economic entities (e.g. a foreign and a local enterprise). It may be worth noting that all transactions are flows but not all flows are transactions. Holding gains and losses (also known as valuation changes or capital gain/loss) are those types of flows that involve change in stock position that is due to price changes of an asset, but not a result of economic interactions. These are types of flows which are not transactions thus not recorded in BOP.
13.13.4 Stocks Stock refers to position at a point in time (e.g end of year position). Stocks can be divided into assets and liabilities.
13.13.5 International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Is a standardized way of dis-aggregating economic activities for international data comparison purposes. For the current census, this has been modified with further dis- aggregation to better cover activities in Tanzania and remains consisted with international norms.
13.13.6 Estimated- Market value
Market values or market prices are used for valuing transactions. This is the amount of
money that a willing buyer pays to acquire something from a willing seller, when such
an exchange is done between independent parties and on the basis of commercial
considerations only. This is the best measure of economic value. The actual price at
which transactions are recorded in the books of the transactors will be the market price
– or a close approximation thereof. However, these transactions may be between related
companies – which could impact on the commercial consideration of market values.
Related companies in different countries may charge transfer prices to each other
(different to what they would have charged independent parties) so as to shift profits
between enterprises and countries, and minimize taxes. Market values are usually