178 14.21 Household waste Waste generated by individuals and families in their homes as a result of daily activities such as cooking, cleaning, and personal hygiene. It includes a wide range of materials, such as food scraps, packaging, paper, glass, plastic, metal, textiles, and other items that are discarded after being used or consumed.
14.22 Indoor Air Pollution This refers to the presence of harmful pollutants or contaminants in the air inside buildings or enclosed spaces. These pollutants can come from various sources such as cooking, heating, tobacco smoke, cleaning products, paint, and building materials.
14.23 Industrial waste Industrial waste is unwanted or residual materials that result from industrial activity. There are several types of industrial waste, and while some are considered non-hazardous, some types are classified as hazardous.
14.24 Land Degradation Reduction or loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest or woodlands resulting from nature processes, land used or other human activities and habitation patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion and distinction of the vegetation cover.
14.25 Marine Pollution Direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy into the marine environment resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrances to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality of sea water and reduction of amenities.
14.26 Overgrazing The excessive consumption of vegetation by livestock normally caused by keeping large number of animals in a small area and in a long period of time, which can lead to the degradation of grassland and other ecosystems.
14.27 Ozone Ozone is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms (O3) that occurs naturally in the earth's upper atmosphere, known as the stratosphere. It plays a crucial role in protecting life on earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
179
14.27.1Ozone Depletion
Decrease in the concentration of ozone (O3) in the stratosphere, particularly in the ozone
layer. This depletion is typically caused by the release of harmful chemicals, such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), into the atmosphere.
14.28 Carbon Business/ Trading
Is the use of a marketplace to buy and sell carbon credits that allow companies or other parties
to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide and methane.
14.28.1Carbon Monitoring Refers to tracking how much carbon dioxide or methane is produced by a particular activity at a particular time, which affects the ozone layer and increase in environmental pollution.
14.28.2Carbon credits (carbon offsets) Are tradable permits or certificates that represent a specific quantity of greenhouse gas emissions, typically one metric tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
14.28.3International carbon standards Are the standards which define the rules and requirements for generating and trading carbon credits. Example of recognized standards include; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); and Climate Community Biodiversity standards (CCB.
14.29 pH Value Is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is a scale that ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkalinity.
14.30 Sewage Waste matter, including human waste, laundry waste, and industrial waste, that is carried away in sewers and drains for disposal or treatment. It is typically a mixture of water and various contaminants and pollutants.
14.31 Vegetation Cover The presence and density of plant life on the Earth's surface. It includes all types of plants, from grasses and shrubs to trees and forests. Vegetation cover plays a crucial role in various ecosystems, providing habitat for wildlife, regulating water cycles, reducing soil erosion, and contributing to the overall health of the environment.
180 14.32 Biodiversity This is the concept used in analyzing and defining the state of the planet earth and its conservation. It is coined from two words, i. e. Bio (life) + Diversity (varieties and/or variations) to explain varieties of life forms on earth. Biodiversity therefore, is the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is defined and analyzed at three levels which are: species, genetics and ecosystems.
14.33 Ecosystem Is a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the non-living physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight. It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact.
14.33.1 Ecosystem Services Ecosystem services can be defined as livelihood ingredients that people obtain from the environment. Ecosystem services are the transformation of natural assets (land, soil, plants and animals, minerals, scenery, air and water) into things that we value.
14.33.2 Biosphere Zone of life on Earth where living organisms exist. It includes all of Earth's ecosystems, such as the atmosphere, the lithosphere (the solid, outermost shell of Earth), and the hydrosphere (all the water on Earth).
14.33.3 Drought
Prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation which may contribute to
desertification.
14.33.4 Effluent
Liquid waste product (whether treated or untreated), discharge from an industrial
process or human activity that is discharged into the environment.
14.33.5 Logging
Process of harvesting trees, sawing them into appropriate lengths and transporting
them to a sawmill.
14.33.6 Marine Pollution
Direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy into the marine
environment, resulting in harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrances
181 to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality of sea water and reduction of amenities.
14.33.7 Municipal Wastes
Wastes produced by residential, commercial and public services sectors that are
collected by local authorities for treatment and/or disposal in a central location.
14.33.8 Natural Disaster
Sudden calamitous event as in the case of earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic
eruption, cyclones and landslide or ongoing misfortune as in conditions or processes
such as drought and desertification.
14.33.9 Ocean Dumping Deliberate disposal of hazardous wastes at sea from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other human-made structures.
14.33.10
Open Dump
Uncovered site used for disposal of waste without environmental controls.
14.33.11
Overgrazing
Grazing by livestock or wildlife to the point where the grass cover is depleted, leaving
bare, unprotected patches of soil.
14.33.12 Natural Resources Materials, substances and organisms occurring in nature which can be utilized for socio- economic gains or conservation including light, air, water, plants, animals, soil and minerals. 14.33.13 Beach Management Unit Beach management unit means a group of stakeholders in a fishing community whose main function is management, conservation and protection of fish in their locality in collaboration with the government.
14.33.14
Blue Economy
Refers to the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved
livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem.
182 CHAPTER FIFTEEN LANDS, HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS STATISTICS
15.0 Introduction Lands in Tanzania are divided into three parts that are reserved land, village land and general land. General and village lands are under Land Caps 113 and 114 respectively and compose the following statistics certificate of right of occupancy, certificates of customary right of occupancy certificate of village land, cadastral survey, land, land use plan, land rent, village boundary and district land and housing tribunal.
Housing sector in Tanzania falls under the National Human Settlements Policy of 2000 and has the following statistics, dwelling house, housing and dwelling unit, housing unit, temporary housing unit, temporary dwelling unit, semi-permanent dwelling units, permanent dwelling units, durable materials, durable wall materials, non-durable wall materials, non-durable flooring materials, building, residential building, non-residential building, room, kitchen, toilet and a flush toilet. National Human Settlements Policy of 2000.
15.1 Land Statistics Data and quantitative information related to land, including its distribution, use, ownership, tenure, and other relevant metrics. These statistics can encompass a wide range of aspects such as land area, land use patterns (agricultural, residential, commercial, etc.), land ownership structures, land tenure systems, land productivity, land degradation, conservation efforts, and land-related policies and regulations.
15.2 Certificate of Right of Occupancy (CRO) Legal document that grants an individual or entity the lawful right to occupy and use a specific piece of land in Tanzania. It is issued under the Land Act No.4 of 1999 and provides the holder with secure land tenure rights for specific term on general land.
15.3 Certificates of Customary Right of Occupancy (CCROs) Certificate of right of occupancy issued to land under customary tenure as stipulated under Section 27 of the Land Act No.5 of 1999 and includes deemed right of occupancy and must have been allocated by the Village Council with no specific term for village lands.
15.4 Certificate of Village Land
Certificate issued in the name of the President by the Commissioner of lands to a village that
land boundaries have been demarcated and village council has approved the functions of
management of the village land under and in accordance with section 7 of Land Act Cap.114.
183 15.5 Cadastral Survey Boundary that has been approved by Chief Surveyor by using information that recorded the position of the boundary of land in separate ownership or intended to be the subject of any disposition or partition, or reestablishing such boundary on the ground or setting out new boundary on the ground.
15.6 Land Is the surface of the earth and the earth below the surface and all substances other than minerals or petroleum forming part of or below the surface, things naturally growing on the land, buildings and other structures permanently affixed to or under land and land covered by water.
15.6.1 Land Owned by law This refers to the land for which the holder possesses title of ownership, that is, Leased/Certificate of ownership/Customary Law (granted right of occupancy/customary right of occupancy) and has the right to determine the nature and extent of its use. It excludes the area owned but rented to others.
15.6.2
Land Owned by Local Customary Law
This refers to the land owned by agricultural holding without leased/Certificate of
ownership but village council knows that land owned by such agricultural holding. It
excludes the area owned but rented to others.
15.6.3 Access to Land Is a process of acquiring land rights. The concept of access to land encompasses the legal, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of land rights and tenure, as well as the mechanisms that facilitate or hinder equitable and secure access to land resources.
15.6.4 General Land
Are all public land which is not reserved land or village land and includes un occupied
or unused village land; (controlled directly by the state, and representing approximately
2% of the country’s land).
15.6.5 Reserved Land Refers to land that is set aside for specific purposes by the government. This type of land may be reserved for conservation, environmental protection, national parks, game reserves, forest reserves, or other public interest uses.
15.6.6 Land Rent Is annual fee that determined by the Commissioner of lands by considering the area, use and value of land paid by a holder of the right of occupancy in the manner provided for under the provisions of the Public Finance Act.
184
15.6.7 Land Tenure Is the relationship between individuals, communities, or entities and land, particularly regarding ownership, possession, and use rights.
15.6.8 Land Tenure System It includes the legal, customary, and administrative frameworks that govern land ownership, control, and management. This includes the allocation of land, land use regulations, land rights, land transfer, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
15.6.9 Land Rented to/from Others This refers to the land area rented or leased by the holder from/to other persons, usually for a limited time period. It includes land rented for an agreed sum of money or a share of produce or land rented in exchange for services and land operated under other rental arrangements such as area granted rent-free.
15.7 Co-ownership or Co-occupancy Is the situation where two or more individuals or entities jointly hold rights to a specific piece of land. This arrangement can take various forms, such as joint tenancy, tenancy in common, or co-occupancy based on specific agreements or legal provisions.
15.8 Land Parcel Is a specific piece or portion of land that is defined by boundaries and is considered as a distinct unit for ownership, management, or development purposes. Land parcels are individual units of land that are typically identified by legal descriptions, survey measurements, and cadastral information to distinguish them from surrounding properties. Land parcels can vary in size, shape, and use, ranging from small residential lots to large agricultural fields or commercial properties.
15.9 Land Use Plan Plan prepared or adopted by a planning authority under which any parcel of or structure erected on land, or part of it is or is intended to be used, or occupied then approved under the Ministry responsible for lands
15.10 Village Boundary Natural and physical features showing surveyed demarcations of a village land as approved by the Ministry responsible for lands.
15.11 District Land and Housing Tribunal Body established by or under any written law which is referred to in section 167 of Land Act Cap.113 as having jurisdiction to determine land disputes at district level.