155 a) Collective Accommodation Establishments: These are establishments providing overnight lodging for the visitors in a room or some other unit, but the number of places it provides must be greater than a specified minimum for groups of persons exceeding a single-family unit and all the places in the establishment must come under a common commercial-type management, even if it is non-profit-making. The standard classification of collective accommodation establishment includes: - • Hotel and similar establishments • Specialized establishments such as health establishment’s work and holiday
• Camps, public means of transport and conference centres • Other collective establishments such as holiday dwellings, tourists’ campsites and others. b) Private accommodation and establishments: These are establishments providing a limited number of places for rent or without charge. Each accommodation unit (room or dwelling) is then independent and is occupied by visitors, usually by week, fortnight or month or by its owners as a second or holiday home. The standard classification of private accommodation establishment includes: - • Owned dwellings • Rented rooms in family homes • Dwellings rented from private individuals or professional Agencies
• Accommodation provided without charge by relatives or friends
• Other private establishments. 13.9.17 Town Hotel
A commercial establishment, located within or near an urban centre, where the majority of clients are business and/or transit travellers.

13.9.18 Vacation Hotel
A commercial establishment, located within or near a holiday attraction area, normally in sub urban areas and in which the majority of clients are holiday makers or leisure travellers.

13.9.19 Lodge
A commercial establishment, located within or near natural habitat rich in fauna and flora, normally in or near conservation areas, in which the majority of clients are leisure or adventure seekers.

156 13.9.20 Tented Camp
A commercial establishment of permanent, semi -permanent and/or mobile tented facilities usually located close to or within popular areas such as beaches, rivers, lakes, protected areas, national parks, game reserves or forests.

13.9.21 Villas and Cottages
Refer to commercial establishments, located in sub-urban or country side areas and characterized by being autonomous, semi-detached or in a cluster to let units for holiday accommodation. They may or may not provide full hotel services and facilities. The establishments include residential premises used for holiday making by owners, friends or relatives.

13.9.22 Serviced Apartments Commercial establishment’s offering facilities and services like a hotel for Guests staying a few days or weeks. They currently represent the trendiest place where to stay for corporate, leisure travelers, people relocating to new cities and those seeking transit accommodations. By nature, they have catering facilities in form of kitchenette which offers Guests the flexibility of preparing own meals.

13.9.23 Motel A commercial establishment, located along a highway or motor way, catering mainly to motorists and other highway and road users.

13.9.24 Camping /Caravan Site Refers to an area set aside for camping and providing appropriate safety, security, running water and other hygiene facilities and services.

13.9.25 Guest House Refers to a commercial establishment providing lodging, with or without meals, and other modest and limited Guest services.

13.9.26 Home Stay A form of tourism and/or study abroad programme that allows the visitor to rent a room from a local family. The house is usually part of the normal residence of the owner but with the business of accommodating paying Guests. This arrangement involves staying in a furnished, private bedroom and a shared living room.

157 13.9.27 Hostel
A supervised lodging place for travelers and/or students, especially young people, providing budget-oriented accommodation, usually with shared rooms, in double, triple or dormitory arrangements.

13.9.28 Eco-lodge
A type of tourism commercial establishment, providing lodging, meals and other Guest facilities and services. It is deliberately designed, constructed and operated in such a way as to have least negative impact on the natural environment in which it is situated.

13.9.29 Farm Stay A type of tourism commercial establishment, providing shared family unit or separate self-contained lodging, meals and other Guest facilities and always situated on a farm, with involvement in farm activities, tours and rural life experiences as part of the package.

13.9.30 Nationality of a Visitor Refers to the government issuing the visitor his/her passport or other identification document, even if he/she normally resides in another country.

13.9.31Arrivals Refer to the number of arrivals of visitors and not to the number of persons. The same person who makes several trips to a given country during a given period will be counted each time as a new arrival.

13.9.32 Departures Abroad Refer to the ‘Number of departures i.e. the visits that each person makes from his country of usual residence to any other country for any purpose other than exercising a remunerated activity in the country visited.

13.9.33 Duration of Stay Refers to the time spent in the place or country.

13.9.34 Average Length of Stay Refers to the average number of nights spent by a tourist in the country visited.

13.9.35 Mode of Transport Refers to type of transport used by international visitors or tourists arriving in the country.

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13.9.36 Number of Rooms Refers to the total number of rooms in all establishments offering accommodation available during the peak period of the tourist season.

13.9.37 Number of Bed-placed Refers to the total number of bed-placed in all establishments offering accommodation available during the peak period of the tourist season.

13.9.38 Occupancy Rates The occupancy rate corresponds to the relationship between available capacity and the extent to which it is used. This rate may refer either to the use of rooms or beds. Occupancy rates are based on the number of nights of both domestic and international tourist.

13.9.39 Room Occupancy Rate It is the proportion utilized, in percentage, of the number of room nights available during specified period, that is: -

100 (%) × − −

Available nights Room Utilized nights Room Rate Occupancy Room

13.9.40 Bed Occupancy Rate It is the proportion utilized, in percentage, of the number of bed-nights available during specified period, that is: -

100 (%) × − −

Available nights Bed Utilize nights Bed Rate Occupancy Bed

13.9.41 International Tourist Receipts Refers to receipts of a country resulting from expenditures by tourists. i.e. payments for goods and services, made by international visitors to use for themselves or give away.

13.9.42 International Tourist Expenditure Refers to the total expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at the destination. i.e. payments for goods and services, made by residents of a country visiting abroad.

159 13.10 International Migration Statistics
These refer to the data on the movement of people across borders for reasons such as employment, education, asylum, or family reunification. Labour migration across nations has been in existence for a long time and it is a process that occurs due to pull and push factors including involuntary or forced migration due to wars and political instabilities and voluntary reasons. The increased migration is a result of several factors; wars, social instabilities economic reasons such as hardships and increased unemployment, education reasons among others. Migration statistics help monitor trends in population movements, the impacts of migration on labor markets, and demographic changes in both sending and receiving countries.

13.10.1 International Migration Refers to movement of people between Tanzania and other sovereign states.

13.10.2 Immigration Control System Refers to a system whereby movements of people between countries are controlled, traveling documents including passports and visas are issued to immigrating people to ensure that only legal migrants are allowed entry and stay in the country.

13.10.3 Travel Document Refers to a valid passport or an internationally recognized document containing the personal particulars, signature or finger print and clear recent photograph of the holder and which is issued by or on behalf of the Government of a member state of which the visitor is a citizen and on which endorsement may be issued and may include an approved laissers -passer of boarder pass.

13.10.4 Immigration Refers to movement from one country to the other for the purpose of settling or visiting. Migrants include refugees, tourists, residents and others traveling across boarders within a certain specific country.

13.10.5 Immigrant Refers to any foreign person moving, who seeks entry in another country for the purpose of visiting. (or any purpose other than mentioned above).

13.10.6 New Immigrants Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and plan to stay for at least six months. Included in this category are students studying abroad but with parents in Tanzania.

160 13.10.7 Emigrant Refers to any foreign person moving from his/her own country abroad for purpose of settling or visiting.

13.10.8 Permanent Emigrants Refers to Tanzanian residents who leave Tanzania permanently.

13.10.9 Temporary Emigrants Refers to Tanzanian residents who leave Tanzania and intend to come back

13.10.10 Residents Refers to persons who have stayed or plan to stay in Tanzania for at least six months.

13.10.11 Returning Residents Refers to Tanzania residents returning from abroad. Included in this category are students studying abroad or Tanzania residents coming back from holiday trips, business trips, and so on.

13.10.12 Visitor Refers to any person traveling to any place other than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose purpose of the trip is other than the exercise of an activity re-enumerated from within the place visited.

13.10.13 Visitors on Holidays Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and whose main purpose of the journey is holiday trip. Included in this group are children on school vacation in Tanzania if their parents are not residents of Tanzania.

13.10.14 Visitors on Business Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and whose main purpose of journey is business trip.

13.10.15 Visitors on Holiday, Business or in Transit Refers to persons who leave Tanzania, after a holiday trip, business trip or after an in transit stop.

13.10.16 Persons in Transit Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and either stay at the airport in transit or hold an in-transit passes valid for a period of up to one month.

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13.10.17 Country of Departure Refers to the country where the recent journey started.

13.10.18 Country of Final Destination Refers to the country where the final journey will end.

13.11 Wildlife Statistics

13.11.1 Authorized Association
Refers to a community-based organization whose primary objective is to conserve wildlife resources for the benefit of local community members ordinarily residing in that area and given the mandate by the Directors to do so on village land.

13.11.2 Biological Diversity
Refers to the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and ecosystems (adopted from CBD).

13.11.3 Community- Based Conservation
Refers to conservation of wildlife and wetlands resources based on the participation of the village communities.

13.11.4 Core Protected Areas
Refers to Nation Parks, Game reserves, Ngorongoro conservation Area and wetlands reserves.

13.11.5 Corridor
Refers to land area used by wild animals in their movements from one part of the ecosystem to another at any given time in search of basic requirements such as water, food, space and habitat.

13.11.6 Ecosystem
Refers to a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (adopted from CBD).

162 13.11.7 Farming
Refers to intensive husbandry (breeding/raising) of one or few wildlife species on relatively small areas (less than 25 ha) whenever suitable infrastructures and services available in urban areas, totally enclosed, and under more-or-less heavily managed conditions that tend to domesticate the animals, with the purpose of engaging in different forms of wildlife utilization.

13.11.8 Game Sanctuary
Refers to a place where wild animals are reared in captivity, relatively in a large area in a natural state primarily for educational and recreational purposes.

13.11.9 General Management Plan
Refers to a tool to guide management and development programmes of PA and wetlands.

13.11.10 Habitat
Refers to the place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs (adopted from CBD).

13.11.11 High conservation value
Refers to wetland areas that provides vital values and functions described in Section 2.5 of policy, including those with high degree of endemism, harbor endangered or rare species or habitat which is under- represented in the Tanzania protected area networks.

13.11.12 In-situ conservation
Refers to the conservation of ecosystem and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings (modified from CBD).

13.11.13 Land use
Refers to activities carried out on a given piece of land.

13.11.14 Local Communities
Means as described to it in the Local Government (District Authorities Act of 1982).

13.11.15 Local Government Authority
Means as described to it by the local Government (district Authorities) Act of 1982 as well as by the Local Government (urban Authorities) Act of 1982.