148 13.8.5 Block Train A goods train carrying freight traffic from origin to destination without loading or unloading while on transit.
13.8.6 Mixed Train Is a train primarily intended for the carriage of goods, but conveying four or more units of loaded passenger stock.
13.8.7 Train Kilometers Unit of measure representing the movement of a train over one kilometre. The distance to be covered is the distance actually run.
13.8.8 Tonne kilometers Unit of measure representing the movement of one tonne available in a wagon when performing services for which it is primarily intended over one kilometre. The distance to be considered is that actually run. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded.
13.8.9 Passenger kilometers Sometimes termed as passenger journeys. It is total kilometers train passengers cover from the point of boarding to destination i.e. No. of passengers * kilometers covered.
13.8.10 Wagon Kilometers Unit of measure representing any movement of a wagon loaded or empty over a distance of one kilometer. The distance to be considered is that actually run. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded. All wagon journeys are included irrespective of the ownership of the wagon.
13.8.11 Gross Tonnes Unit of measure representing the movement over a distance of one kilometer of one tonne of railway vehicle including the weight of tractive vehicle. Included are weights of: tractive unit, hauled railway vehicle and its load. Passengers and their luggage are excluded. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded.
13.8.12 Net Tonnes Unit of measure representing the movement over a distance of one kilometer of one tonne of hauled vehicles (and railcars) and contents. The weight of railcars is included, whereas the weight of locomotives is excluded. Passengers and their luggage are
149 excluded. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded. Refers to weight in tones of the consignment alone.
13.8.13 Locomotive Reliability
Is the distance in kilometers a locomotive travel before it fails i.e. kilometers per failure.
13.8.14 Locomotive Utilization It is the distance a locomotive covers per day it is in use i.e. kilometers per day in use.
13.8.15 Loaded Ratio (%) It is the ratio of loaded wagon kilometers to total wagon kilometers covered in a certain period i.e. loaded wagon kilometers/total wagon kilometers * 100.
13.8.16 Load Coefficient (%) It is the ratio between net tonne-kilometers to gross tonne-kilometers covered in a given time i.e. net tonne-kilometers/gross tonne kilometers * 100.
13.8.17 Railway Network Density Is the ratio of the total length of the railway network, excluding sidings, to total area. It is expressed in km/1000 sq. kms.
13.9 Tourism Statistics These focus on the movement of people across borders for leisure, business, or other purposes. Tourism statistics track the number of international tourists, expenditure, and patterns of tourism, providing valuable insights into economic impacts, trends, and the development of tourism industries.
In the system of the National Accounts 110103 (SNA 103), tourism is not one economic activity but appears, and is counted for, in different economic activities, namely, agriculture (in the hunting sub-division); trade, hotels and restaurants; transport and communication; financial and business services (in the business services sub-division); and public administration and other services (education, health and other services). Consequently, it has been difficult to quantify tourism as a single economic activity. Tourism satellite Account (TSA) is a new statistical framework proposed by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) aimed at enhancing analysis of the impact of the tourism sector in national economies. Tourism Economy includes Tourism Sector (indirect effects) and Tourism Industry (direct effects) as follows:
150 13.9.1 Tourism Sector Consists of a set of institutional units whose principal economic activity is a tourism characteristic activity, e.g. transport, retail, laundry, security, etc. The sum of the value added generated by all industries in response to tourism consumption.
13.9.2 Tourism Industry All establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism characteristic activity, i.e. the sum of all tourism characteristic activities, e.g. accommodation establishments, tour operators, travel agencies. A group of establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism characteristic activity.
The UNWTO defines the TSA as an output that consists of 10 tables as follows:
• Total Internal Tourism expenditure which is a summation of
o Domestic expenditure,
o Domestic proportion of outbound expenditure,
o Inbound expenditure, plus
• Value added Demand and Supply and Number of Jobs which is a product of
Total Internal Tourism expenditure (consumer prices) less Tourism production
(producer prices), plus
• Summation of Capital Investment from Tourism and Other value added; which
is equal to
• Tourism Contribution to the Economy
13.9.3 System of Tourism Statistics (STS)
STS is the system that provides reliable, consistent and appropriate statistical
information on the socio-economic structure and the developments of tourism,
integrated within all the economic and social statistics related to other fields, at
different territorial levels.
Components of STS
• Basic Statistics
Tourism Consumption
Tourism Supply
Production Factors
• Classification relating to tourism statistics Tourism Specific Products SIC of tourism activities
151
• Tourism Satellite Account
TSA Concepts
TSA Aggregates
Classifications for TSA
TSA tables of results and extensions
• Tourism Balance of payments
Tourism Consumption consists number of key concepts as follows:
Tourism Consumption
Tourism
Domestic tourism
Inbound tourism
Internal tourism
Outbound tourism
Visitor
Tourist
Inbound tourist
Domestic tourist
Same day visitor
Traveler
Usual environment
Country of residence
Duration of the visit
Purpose of visit
Tourism accommodation
To be outside the “usual environment”
The person should travel more than 40 kilometers from their place of residence (one way) AND
The place should NOT be visited more than once a week. This includes:
- Place of work
- Place of study
Leisure and recreational trips are included irrespective of the frequency. Note: A minimum distance of 40km’s was chosen as opposed to 60km or more to accommodate for the coastal areas where trips are taken closer to the place of residence.
The definition of usual environment is therefore based on the following criteria: Minimum distance travelled to consider a person a visitor; Minimum duration of absence from usual place of residence; Minimum change between localities or administrative territories.
13.9.4 Tourism Refers to the activities of persons travelling to and staying away from places of their usual residence for not more than one year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. a) Domestic Tourism
Refers to activities of residents of a given country or other area travelling to and staying in places inside that country or other area but outside their usual environment for not more than one year for leisure, business and other purpose.
152 • Inbound tourism: Refers to activities of non-resident visitors in a given area that is outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose. • Outbound Tourism: Refers to residents travelling to another country
b) International Tourism
Refers to inbound and outbound tourism
c) Tourism Industry Refers to all recipients of direct spending incurred by tourists. This includes pre- trip expenditure, during travel, and bookings, and all spending at the destination.
13.9.5 Visitor Refers to a person who travels to a country other than that in which s(he) has his/her usual residence and that is outside his/her usual residence for a period not exceeding one year, and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.
13.9.6 Tourist Refers to a person who travels to a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual residence for at least one night and at most one year.
13.9.7 International Visitor Refers to any person who travels to a country other than his/her usual residence, but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited. This definition covers two classes of visitors; i.e. ‘International tourist’ and ‘International same-day visitor’.
13.9.8 International Tourist Refers to an international visitor who travels to a country and stays for at least one night in collective or private accommodation and whose main purpose of visit may be classified under the following groups: a) Leisure, Recreation and Holidays: Refers to sight-seeing, shopping, attending sporting and cultural activities, non-professional active sports, trekking and mountaineering, use of beaches, cruises, gambling, rest and recreation for armed forces, summer camp, and honeymooning.
153 b) Visiting Friends and Relatives: Refers to visits to relatives or friends, home leave, attending funerals, care of invalids. c) Business and Professional: Refers to attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fair and exhibition; giving lectures or concerts; government mission, diplomatic, military or international organization personnel; paid study, education and research; incentive travel; installing equipment, inspection, purchases, sales for foreign enterprises and other business. d) Health Treatment: Refers to spas, fitness, thalassotherapy, health resorts and other treatments and cures. e) Religion/Pilgrimages: Refers to those attending religious events. f) Other Purposes: Refers to aircraft and ship crews on public carriers, transit and other or unknown activities.
13.9.9 International Same-day Visitor Refers to an international visitor who visits another country for less than 24 hours and does not spend the night in collective or private accommodation in the place visited. This definition includes: -
a) Cruise Passengers: Refers to persons who arrive in a country on a cruise ship and return to the ship each night to sleep on board even though the ship remains in port for several days. Also included in this group are by extension, owners or passengers of yachts and passengers on a group tour accommodated in a train or truck.
b) Crew Members: Refers to persons who do not spend night in the country of destination; this group also includes crews of warship on a courtesy visit to a port in the country of destination, and who spend the night on board ship and not at the destination.
13.9.10 Domestic Visitor Refers to any person residing in a country, who travels to a place within the country and outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. This definition covers two classes of visitors; i.e. ‘Domestic tourist’ and ‘Domestic same-day visitor’.
13.9.11 Domestic Tourist Refers to an internal visitor whose visit is for at least one night and whose main purpose of visit may be classified under the following six groups:
154 a) Leisure, Recreation and Holidays: Refers to sight-seeing, shopping, attending sporting and cultural activities, non-professional active sports, trekking and mountaineering, use of beaches, cruises, gambling, rest and recreation for armed forces, summer camp, and honeymooning. b) Visiting friends and relatives: Refers to persons visiting relatives or friends, also persons on home leave, attending funerals, care of invalids. c) Business and Professional: Refers to persons attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fair and exhibition; giving lectures or concerts; government mission, diplomatic, military or international organization personnel; paid study, education and research; incentive travel; installing equipment, inspection, purchases, sales for foreign enterprises and other business. d) Health treatment: Refers to spas, fitness, thalassotherapy, health resorts and other treatments and cures. e) Religion/pilgrimages: Refers to persons attending religious events. f) Other purposes: Refers to aircraft and ship crews on public carriers, transit and other or unknown activities.
13.9.12 Domestic Same-day Visitor Refers to a ‘Domestic Same-day Visitor’ describes a domestic visitor whose visit lasts less than 24 hours and does not involve overnight.
13.9.13 Walking Tourists Refers to tourists who are normally knowledgeable of the potential attractions and prices. They make their own arrangements by establishing contact with local tour operators or service providers.
13.9.14 Package Tours Refers to visitors arriving in mass with their travel arrangements made abroad. The volume of their expenditure is relatively bigger.
13.9.15 Nights Refer to the number of nights spent by a person in accommodation establishments. If a person travels to a country/place and spends five nights there, that makes five tourist nights.
13.9.16 Tourism Accommodation Refers to any facility that regularly or occasionally provides overnight accommodation for visitors. The tourism accommodation is divided into two main groups: -