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12.44 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Service Ladder
The is a framework developed by organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO)
and UNICEF to monitor and assess access to water and sanitation services around the world.
It classifies access to water and sanitation into different levels or "ladders," ranging from basic
services to inadequate or no services, based on the quality, reliability, and accessibility of these
services. The JMP service ladders are used to benchmark and compare service levels across
countries. These have been updated and expanded to facilitate enhanced global monitoring of
drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.
The JMP Service Ladder is a valuable tool for tracking global progress toward ensuring
universal access to clean water and sanitation, as outlined in the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals.
12.45 JMP Ladders for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) at Household
JMP service ladder for WASH at household is based on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene.
12.45.1 Drinking Water Service Ladder for Households
Building off the classification of drinking water sources as improved or unimproved,
the JMP has devised a five-rung drinking water service ladder to benchmark and
compare progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets
(WHO/UNICEF 2018)
a) Safely Managed: Drinking water from an improved water source that is located
on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical
contamination.
b) Basic: Drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not
more than 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing
c) Limited: Drinking water from an improved source for which collection time
exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip, including queuing
d) Unimproved: Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or unprotected
spring
e) Surface water: Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond, stream,
canal or irrigation canal,
Improved sources of drinking water at household level include piped water, public
taps, standpipes, tube wells, boreholes, protected dug wells and springs, rainwater,
water delivered via a tanker truck or a cart with a small tank, and bottled water.
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12.45.1 Sanitation Service Ladder for Households
The JMP has also devised a five-rung sanitation service ladder to benchmark and
compare progress towards achieving SDG targets related to sanitation.
a) Safely Managed: Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other
households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and
treated offsite
b) Basic Sanitation: Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other
households
c) Limited Sanitation: Use of improved facilities shared between two or more
households
d) Unimproved sanitation: Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging
latrines or bucket latrines
e) Open Defecation: Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open
bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces, or with solid waste
Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush toilets that flush water and
waste to a piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine, or unknown destination;
ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines; pit latrines with slabs; and composting
toilets.
Disposal of excreta from on-site facilities
• Excreta safely disposed of in situ: Includes septic tanks and latrines in
which waste is buried in a covered pit, waste is never emptied, and it is
unknown if waste is ever emptied.
• Excreta disposed of unsafely: Includes septic tanks and latrines in which
waste is emptied to uncovered pits, open ground, a water body, or other
locations.
• Excreta removed for treatment: Includes septic tanks and latrines in
which waste is removed by a service provider to a treatment plant or an
unknown location or is removed by a non-service provider to an unknown
location.
12.45.2 Hygiene Service Ladder for Households
a) Basic: Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with soap and water
b) Limited: Availability of handwashing facility on premises without soap and
water
c) No Facility: No handwashing facility on premises
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12.46 JMP Service Ladders for WASH in Health Care Facilities (HCFs)
JMP service ladder for WASH at HCFs is based on water, sanitation, hygiene, health care waste
and environmental cleaning.
12.46.1 Water Service Ladder for Health Care Facilities
a) Advanced service: Safely managed drinking water (safe from chemical and
biological parameters (standard FRC and coliform laboratory analysis)
b) Basic services: Water is available from an improved source located on
premises.
c) Limited Services: An improved water source is within 500 meters of the
facility, but not all requirements for basic service are met.
d) No service: Water is taken from unprotected dug wells or springs, or surface
water sources; or an improved source that is more than 500 m from the facility;
or the facility has no water source.
12.46.2 Sanitation Service Ladder for HCFs
a) Advanced Service Sanitation: On site chemical treatment or directing to
the treatment municipal plant.
b) Basic services sanitation: Improved sanitation facilities are usable with at
least one toilet dedicated for staff, at least one sex-separated toilet with
menstrual hygiene facilities, and at least one toilet accessible for people with
limited mobility.
c) Limited: At least one improved sanitation facility, but not all requirements
for basic service are met.
d) No service: Toilet facilities are unimproved (pit latrines without a slab or
platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines), or there are no toilets or
latrines at the facility.
12.46.3 Hygiene Service Ladder for HCFs
a) Advanced Service: All points of care should have automatic hand washing
facilities (running water with soap or automatic hand rub/ sanitizers)
b) Basic services: Functional hand hygiene facilities (with water and soap
and/or alcohol-based hand rub) are available at points of care, and within 5
meters of toilets.
c) Limited: Functional hand hygiene facilities are available at either points of
care or toilets, but not both.
d) No service: No functional hand hygiene facilities are available at either
point of care or toilets.
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12.46.4 Health Care Waste Service Ladder for HCFs
a) Advanced services: Autoclaving of waste before disposal or using of high-
tech incinerator
b) Basic services: Waste is safely segregated into at least three bins and sharps
and infectious waste are treated and disposed of safely.
c) Limited: There is limited separation and/ or treatment and disposal of
sharps and infectious waste, but not all requirements for basic service are
met.
d) No service: There are no separate bins for sharps or infectious waste, and
sharps and/or infectious waste are not treated/disposed of
12.46.5 Environmental Cleaning Service Ladder for HCFs
a) Advanced Services: Availabilities of cleansing services
b) Basic services: Basic protocols for cleaning available, and staff with
cleaning responsibilities have all received training.
c) Limited: There are cleaning protocols, or at least some staff have received
training on cleaning.
d) No services: No cleaning protocols are available, and no staff have received
training on cleaning
12.47 JMP Service Ladders for WASH in School
JMP service ladder for WASH in schools is based on drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and
hand washing facilities
12.47.1 Drinking Water Service Ladder for Schools
a) Advanced service: Additional criteria may include quality, quantity,
continuity, and accessibility to all users.
b) Basic service: Drinking water from an improved source and water is
available at the school at the time of the survey.
c) Limited service: Drinking water from an improved source but water is
unavailable at the school at the time of the survey.
d) No service: Drinking water from an unimproved source or no water source
at the school.
Improved sources include piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells,
protected springs and packaged or delivered water. Unimproved sources include
unprotected wells, unprotected springs and surface water.
137 12.47.2 Sanitation Service Ladder for Schools a) Advanced service: Additional criteria may include student per toilet ratios, menstrual hygiene facilities, cleanliness, accessibility to all users, and excreta management systems. b) Basic service: Improved sanitation facilities at the school that are single- sex and usable (available, functional and private) at the time of the survey. c) Limited service: Improved sanitation facilities at the school that are either not single-sex or not usable at the time of the survey. d) No service: Unimproved sanitation facilities or no sanitation facilities at the school. Improved facilities include flush/pour flush toilets, ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets and pit latrines with a slab or platform. Unimproved facilities include pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines and bucket latrines 12.47.3 Hygiene Service Ladder for Schools a) Advanced service: Additional criteria may include hygiene education, group handwashing, menstrual hygiene materials, and accessibility to all users b) Basic service: Handwashing facilities with water and soap available at the school at the time of the survey c) Limited service: Handwashing facilities with water but no soap available at the school at the time of the survey d) No service: No handwashing facilities available or no water available at the school Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile, and include a sink with tap water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing agents.
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN
TRADE, TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION STATISTICS
13.0 Introduction
Trade, Transport, Tourism, and International Migration Statistics are key data sets used to
analyze and monitor the movement of goods, services, people, and capital across borders.
These statistics are essential for understanding the dynamics of global economies and shaping
international policies. Here’s an overview of each:
Together, these statistics help governments, international organizations, and businesses
understand and manage the complex global interactions that shape economies and societies.
13.1 Trade Statistics
These involve the collection and analysis of data related to the exchange of goods and services
between countries. Trade statistics include information on imports, exports, tariffs, and trade
balances, providing insights into economic relationships, global supply chains, and market
trends. Trade Statistics are compiled according to International Standards and United Nations
recommendations, regard to methodology, concepts and definitions and standard
classifications.
The main sources of external trade data are Customs Administration. Customs Data are captured electronically using Tanzania Customs Integrated System called TANCIS. Customs Data is then processed using Excel and Access programs to produce necessary statistical tables for the country’s foreign trade.
13.2 Distributive Trade
Distributive Trade refers to wholesale and retail trade, which can be defined as an activity
comprising purchase of goods and their disposal by way of sale without intermediate physical
transformation of goods. Distributive trade is an important economic activity providing
employment to a significant part of the population and contributing greatly to the GDP.
13.2.1 Wholesale Trade Wholesale trade is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, business-to-business trade (for example, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users) or to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies.
139 Wholesalers can be thought of as “middle men” who supply goods to industrial or business customers, such as retailers, restaurants, manufacturers, or construction companies
13.2.2 Retail Trade Retail trade is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilization, by shops, department stores, stalls, e-commerce retailers, mail - order houses, hawkers and peddlers, consumer cooperatives, auction houses etc. The main characteristic of retailers is that they sell goods primarily to consumers or households.
13.3 Trade Establishment A trade establishment is an economic unit engaged in wholesale or retail trade of goods within the national territory under a single ownership or control, i.e. under a single legal entity at a single fixed location. In other words, a trade establishment is that establishment having three characteristics: economic activity (trading), legal status (registered one) and fixed location (housed in fixed structure).
13.4 Foreign Trade Statistics Foreign trade statistics generally refer to the flow of goods between the statistical territory of the country and the rest of the world, with the exception of goods in transit. Statistical territory refers to customs territory, the area in which the customs law of a country applies full control over entry and exit of goods.
13.4.1 Imports Refers to an inflow of goods into a statistical territory (country).
a) Direct Imports: Refers to goods entered at the time of importation for consumption or for warehousing in Tanzania. b) Imports for Home Use: Refers to imports declared directly for national use from abroad and from national free zones, free ports and warehouses.
13.4.2 Exports Refers to outflows of goods from a statistical territory (country) a) Domestic Exports: The term domestic export refers to exportation of goods produced or grown in a country or goods having undergone substantial transformation in the exporting State.