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8.16.9.10
Conviction
A formal declaration by the verdict of a jury or the decision of the judge in court of law
that someone is guilty of a criminal offence.
8.16.9.11
Appeal
Is the process of applying to the higher court for reversal of the decision of the lower
court.
8.16.9.12
Jurisdiction
The extent of power to make legal decisions and judgments.
8.16.9.13
Acquittal
A verdict that a person is not guilty of the crime which they have been charged.
8.17 Prison Is a building designated by law for the confinement of persons held while awaiting trial, and or persons sentenced after conviction.
8.17.1 Prisoner
Is any person, whether convicted or not, under detention in any prison. Individuals are
prisoners if they are in any kind of penal institution such as prison, jail, or juvenile
offenders’ facility, and their ability to leave the institution is restricted.
8.17.2 Adult prisoner
Means any prisoner of the apparent age of eighteen years or more.
8.17.3 Appellant prisoner
Means any convicted criminal prisoner who is detained in a prison as a result of a
conviction which is the subject matter of an appeal which has been entered or lodged
but the decisions in regard to which has not been given.
8.17.4 Civil prisoner
Means a debtor, a person ordered to be detained in custody under the provisions of the
Mental Disease Act or a detainee under the Preventive Detention Act.
83 8.17.5 Criminal prisoner Means any person dully committed to custody under a writ, warrant or order of any court or authority exercising criminal jurisdiction or by order of court-martial or a special Tribunal.
8.17.6 Convicted criminal prisoner
Means any criminal prisoner under sentence of a court or court martial or a special
Tribunal and includes a person detained in prison under the Criminal Procedure Act.
8.17.7 Unconvict prisoner
Means any person on remand or awaiting trial or, in cases of juveniles awaiting
admission to an approved school, or any person detained for safe custody under the
Immigration Act, or the Preventive Detention Act, or any written law repealing and
replacing any of the said Acts and includes person detained for safe custody.
8.17.8 Young prisoner
Means a person between the apparent ages of sixteen and twenty- one years.
8.17.9 Camp
Means a small prison established for specific undertaking(S) which caters for few or
certain types of prisoners having not more than twelve months to serve before release.
8.17.10 Central Prison
Means a large maximum-security prison which caters for all types of prisoners serving
any lengths of sentences and is controlled by an Officer of or above the rank of Senior
Superintendent.
8.17.11 Child
According to prison, a child means a person under the age of twelve years.
8.17.12 Community Service
Means a rehabilitation programme administered under the Community Service
Act,2002.
8.17.13 District prison
Means a maximum-security prison which is a reception center for remandees in a
district and caters for prisoners serving sentences of up to ten years. It is controlled by
prisons Officer of a rank of or above an Assistant Superintendent.
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8.17.14 Farm Prison
Means a large, open prison situated in rural area specialized in one or more agricultural
activities and catering for certain types of prisoners who have not more than ten years
to serve before release.
8.17.15 Incorrigible
Means a prisoner who is a persistent offender and has developed a habit of
demonstrating a character that is incompatible with good order and security in prison.
8.17.16 National Parole Board
Means the National Parole Board established under Section 3 of the parole Boards Act
No.25/94. Parole Board includes the National Parole Board and the Regional Parole
Boards.
8.17.17 Parole
Means the conditional release of a convicted prisoner from prison before the expiration
of his sentence.
8.17.18 Prison for Women
Means a prison which deals with the security and rehabilitation of women prisoners.
8.17.19 Prison for Young Offenders
Means a prison which deals only with the security and training of young offenders of
all classes.
8.17.20 Recidivist Prison
Means a maximum-security prison which has been selected as a center for the detention
and rehabilitation of habitual offenders.
8.17.21 Regional Prisons Officer
Means a Senior Prisons Officer who has been appointed to be in charge of all matters
connected with the Service in a Region by the Principal Commissioner.
8.17.22 Regional Parole Board
Means the Regional Parole Board established under Section 3 of the Parole Boards Act,
No.25/94
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8.17.23 Visiting Justice
Means a person appointed to be a Visiting Justice under Section 100 of the Prisons Act
1967.
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CHAPTER NINE GENDER STATISTICS
9.0 Introduction
Gender statistics refer to data that highlights the differences in outcomes, behaviours, and
opportunities between individuals of different genders. These statistics are crucial for
understanding disparities in areas such as education, economics, employment, health, political
representation, and income. By providing a gender-based breakdown of data, these statistics
help to identify patterns of inequality and inform policies aimed at promoting gender equality.
Gender statistics also play a key role in monitoring the progress of national, regional and
international commitments, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,
particularly goal No. 5, which seeks to achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls. Accurate and comprehensive gender statistics are essential for designing targeted
interventions that address the unique needs of different gender groups and reduce systemic
inequalities. The concept and definition of gender statistics are providing a structured way to
collect, analyze, and interpret data on gender differences, enabling policymakers, researchers,
and organizations to identify disparities and design targeted interventions to promote gender
equality.
9.1
Gender
Means participating between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources,
division of labor, interests and needs. Gender refers to the role of a male or female in society,
it is constructed over time
9.2
Gender Equality
Means when persons of both sexes have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities. Gender
equality is the equal valuing by society of the similarities and the differences of girls, women,
boys and men, and the roles they play. This means that girls, women, boys and men have equal
conditions for realizing their full human rights and for contributing to, and benefiting from,
economic, social, cultural and political development. Gender equality directly correlates with
increase in productivity, health and standard of living that positively affect all women, men,
boys and girls in society.
9.3
Gender Equity
This means the “fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs,
including the equal treatment or treatment considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits,
obligations and opportunities”. To ensure fairness, measures must often be put in place to
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compensate for the historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from
operating on a level playing field.
9.4
Gender Discrimination
This is the systematic, unfavourable treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender,
which denies them rights, opportunities or resources
9.5
Gender Parity
Means a numerical concept concerning the relative equality in terms of numbers and
proportions of women and men, girls and boys. Gender parity is often calculated as a ratio of
female-to-male values of a given indicator
9.6
Gender Gap
Any disparity between women and men's condition or position in society. Often used to refer
to a difference in average earnings between women and men
9.7
Gender Statistics
This is an area that cuts across traditional fields of statistics to identify, produce and
disseminate statistics that reflect the realities of the lives of women and men, and policy
issues relating to gender (www.unece.org/stats/gender).
Gender statistics comprise:
• Sex-disaggregated data
• Data pertaining specifically to women or to men
• Data that captures specific gender issues
9.8
Gender Gap
Gender gap is described as disparities involving quality or quantity between genders. A gender
gap favouring the male sex is called a pro-male gender gap, while the opposite is called a pro-
female gender gap. An example, of a gender gap is the difference in pay between men and
women handling the same employment responsibilities
9.9
Gender Indicators
This measures gender related changes in society over time. The term gender sensitive indicator
incorporates sex disaggregated indicators which provide separate measures for men and women
on a specific indicator such as literacy. Gender sensitive indicators may also refer to gender
specific indicators where the indicator is specific to women or men, for example, Maternal
mortality (indicator for women only).
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9.10 Gender Issue
A gender issue is a point of undesirable gender inequality that requires intervention
9.11 Gender Planning
Gender planning is a technical and political processes and procedures necessary to implement
gender-sensitive policy
9.12 Gender Based Violence (GBV)
Are any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and is based on socially ascribed
(gender) differences between males and females. These actions affect a person physically,
psychologically and emotionally which can negatively affect health, security, survival,
development and a person’s dignity.
9.12.1 Physical violence
Refers to the intentional use of force or aggression against another person, causing harm
or injury, and can include actions like hitting, kicking, or choking, pushing, shaking,
or throwing something; slap; twist arm or pull hair; punch with fist or with something
that could hurt; drag, or beat up; choke or burn on purpose; or attack with a knife, gun,
or other weapon.
9.12.2 Sexual violence
Refer to unwanted sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or contact or
communication with unwanted sexual attention without valid consent or with consent
as a result of intimidation, force, fraud, coercion, threat, deception, use of drugs or
alcohol, or abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability.
9.12.3 Emotional violence
Emotional violence refers to the use of manipulative, threatening, or degrading behavior
to control, belittle, or harm another person's emotional well-being such as saying or
doing something to humiliate in front of others, threaten to hurt or harm, or insult or
make feel bad which is often causing lasting psychological damage.
9.12.4 Economic violence
Refers to the control or manipulation of an individual's financial resources, often by
limiting their access to money, employment, or financial independence, to exert power
and control over them.
9.12.5 Technological violence
Refers to the use of technology, such as digital harassment, cyberbullying, or online
stalking, to harm, intimidate, or control another person.
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9.12.6 Intimate partner violence
Refers to any form of physical, emotional, sexual, or psychological abuse or violence
that occurs between current or former partners in a close relationship, aiming to exert
power and control over the other person.
9.12.7 A perpetrator
Is an individual who carries out or commits a harmful or illegal act, such as a crime,
violence, or abuse.
9.13 Gender Disaggregated Data
This is statistical information about socially defined roles and activities of women and men in
any social or economic activity
9.14 Sex
Refers to the set of biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. It
is the differentiation of individuals, groups or an entire population of a country with reference
to their reproductive functions.
9.15 Sex Disaggregated Data
Statistical information classified by sex, that is, by whether the subject of reference is female
or male
9.16 Sex Ratio
This is the proportion of males relative to females in a population.
9.17 Female Genital Cutting or Mutilation (FGC/M)
It also known as female genital cutting, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and female
circumcision, is the practice of cutting or removing the external female genitalia without
medical justification or consent.
9.18 Time Use Statistics
This is a measure of what women and men do, by recording in sequence for each individual,
all activities over some fixed period of time, usually a day or week. They represent an
alternative to traditional methods of measurement of paid and unpaid work.
9.19 Time Use Survey (TUS)
Collects information on how people allocate their time among different types of activities
during the day, and provide a detailed picture of people’s daily lives in a given time period.