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10.4.5.5 Inter-planted Crops
Crops planted between rows of another crop (e.g. maize or beans between sisal rows,
or groundnuts between maize or sorghum rows).
• It is desirable to assign the inter-planted crop area to individual crops in
proportion to the area occupied by each crop.
• Yields of some mixed crops may be as large as when grown alone (for example,
sweet potatoes, and maize, maize and peas or beans), but the total of area
equivalents assigned to individual crops should be equal to the total area under
the mixture, even when favorable interactions, in the case of special mixtures,
may result in increased yields.
10.4.6 Planted and Harvested Area (Current Year Production) The planted and the harvested area particularly in respect of the long-duration crops like cassava, yam, plantains, etc, can be described according to the following situation; • Planted in the previous year and harvested wholly or substantially in the current year, and • Planted in the current year, but to be harvested wholly or substantially in the next year. These situations should be normally recorded separately or distinctly, and the production for the current year should be related only to the harvested areas (a) and (b). If in the above example, in the year next to the year of planting only cassava and yam are found in the field, then in the year, this field should be treated under cassava-yam mixture only.
10.4.7 Temporary Crops This refers to crops that mature within one or more rain seasons e.g. beans and maize, but are destroyed after harvesting in agricultural year.
10.4.8 Perennial Crops Plants that need not to be replanted after each harvest e.g. bananas, sugar canes, etc.
10.4.9 Permanent Crops Crops which are not re-planted but are continuously harvested, e.g. mangoes, coffee, etc. They are cropping whose maturity exceeds one season.
98 10.4.10 Cash Crops Crops grown specifically for sale. Examples of traditional cash crops grown in Tanzania Mainland include: coffee, cotton, tea, sisal, tobacco, pyrethrum and cashew nuts. Non- traditional cash crops include low-value food staples (maize, beans and other cereals), spices and high-value industrial crops (vanilla, ginger and chilies) and Oil seeds, horticultural crops (flowers, vegetables, pineapples).
10.4.11 Food Crops Food crop is a term used to refer to crops that are mainly grown for food consumption. However, many of these crops have in the recent years been sold for cash in export markets, e.g. Maize, Simsim, Beans, Soya Beans, etc. Other main food crops are: sorghum, wheat, millets, cassava, potatoes (Sweet & irish potatoes), banana, pulses (beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, chick peas, bambaranuts, etc), Horticultural crops (onions, tomatoes, cabbages, etc), Fruits (mangoes, oranges, pawpaws, guavas, etc.)
10.5 Fertilizers and Pesticides These are inputs, which are added to the soil or applied to the plants to increase nutrients to the soil and or control and eliminate crop diseases/pests.
10.5.1 Fertilizers These are inorganic or organic substances, which are applied to soil, irrigation water or hydroponics medium, to supply plants with the necessary nutrients. These include, inorganic fertilizers and organic substances.
a) Inorganic or Chemical Fertilizers: Fertilizer materials derived from minerals, atmospheric gases, water, and inert materials. It can be natural or synthetic products of chemical reactions. These are classified into two types namely: NPK and Ammonium Phosphates.
b) Organic Fertilizers: It is also called organic manure, fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, these are materials of organic origin, either natural or processed, used as source of plant nutrients. They contain at least 5 percent of one or a combination of the three primary nutrients (N; P2O5; K2O). These include farm yard manure, compost, green manure and seaweeds.
99 a) Farm Yard Manure: This refers to farm dung and urine mixed with litter mainly straw, to absorb the urine or animal manure which is a mixture of soil and excreta of animals with litter used for their bedding. b) Compost: Consists of organic materials of animal, plant or human origin partially decomposed through fermentation. c) Green Manure: These are specific crops grown with the purpose of being dug into the soil while still green, such as sand hemp mustard. They are usually planted on unoccupied land between the maincrops. When incorporated into soil, the plant’s residues decompose and turn into a mass of green manure that can be dug into the soil or used as mulch. d) Mineral Fertilizer: Fertilizers produced from materials mined from naturally occurring nutrients deposits, or from the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere into plant-available forms which are obtained through an industrial process.
10.5.2 Pesticides These are used for mitigation, controlling or eliminating pests troublesome to crops or livestock. These include insecticides, fungicides, fumigants, herbicides, rodenticides and various other materials mostly synthetic chemical produced in concentrated form but diluted for application with various substances such as water, talc, clays, and kerosene.
10.5.3 Herbicides Chemicals used to control undesirable or noxious plant growth, generally called weeds, in areas dedicated to crop production or in non-crop areas where plant growth is unwanted.
10.5.4 Insecticides Natural or synthetic substances which kill insects. Natural insecticides (i.e. those produced from plant extracts) are less harmful to the environment than synthetic insecticides (that are chemically based), which, though effective, are often persistent and kill not only insects but also larger animals when they get into the food chain. Insecticides are used in a number of ways, including spraying and dusting, or in granular forms as seed dressings.
10.5.5 Fungicides
Chemicals used to kill fungi or restrict their growth. Fungicides are available as sprays or
dusts for use on crops.
10.5.6 Fumigants Soil fumigants are chemicals (solids, liquids, or gases) that, when applied to soil under specified temperature and moisture conditions, generate toxic gases that can kill many kinds of pest organisms as the fumes spread through the soil.
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10.5.7 Rodenticides Refers to any substance that is used to kill rats, mice, and other rodent pests
10.6 Agricultural Holding Refers to any economic unit of agricultural production (like a garden of temporary and/or permanent crops or cattle rearing/plantation) under single management, without regard to title, legal form or size. The following are types of agricultural holdings.
10.6.1 Crops Only A holding is referred to be a crop only holding if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 square Meter. This also applies to all households owning or have kept livestock whose number does not qualify such household to be an agricultural holding (No cattle, less than 5 goats/sheep/pigs, less than 50 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits)
10.6.2 Livestock Only A holding is referred to be a livestock only holding if it has exercised livestock husbandry only during the reference agricultural year. The number of livestock has to be at least 1 head of cattle, 5 goats/sheep/pigs or 50 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits. This also applies to all households owning or have cultivated a piece of land less than 25 square meter, which does not qualify such household be an agricultural holding.
10.6.3 Both Crops and Livestock A holding is referred to be a both crops and livestock if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 square meter and if such households is owning or have kept livestock whose number qualify such household be an agricultural holding.
10.7 Livestock Pastoralism This refers to a household which practices livestock production as its major income generating activity and a means of subsistence, but moves from one place to another searching for water and pasture for the livestock. This movement usually involves long distances and, in many cases, the whole household unit moves with the livestock and they have no permanent place of residence.
10.8 Agricultural Production Refers to growing and harvesting of different types of crops. It also includes keeping of livestock and poultry as well as Fishing.
101 10.9 Agricultural Year This is a twelve months cycle in which production of annual crops takes place. For Tanzania, the agricultural year commences on the 1st of October and ends on the 30th of September of the following year.
10.10 Large Scale Farms
These are farms with at least 20 hectares of cultivated land or 50 herds of cattle or 100
goats/sheep/pigs or 1,000 chickens. In addition to this, they should fulfill all of the four listed
conditions:
• Greater part of the produce should go to the market
• Operation of farm should be continuous
• There should be an application of machinery/implements on the farm
• Should have at least one permanent employee.
10.11 Small Scale Farms These are farms, with at least 25 square meters of planted land and /or one herd of cattle, 5 goats/sheep/pigs, 50 chicken/ducks/guinea fowls/rabbits.
10.12 Long Rainy (Masika) Season Refers to long rain season covering months of February through May, same year.
10.13 Short Rainy (Vuli) Season Refers to short rain season covering months of October through January of following year.
10.14 Hunting and Gathering Refers to use of non-farmed resources from uncultivated land for food and/or sale (i.e., killing wild animals, collecting mushrooms, berries, wild honey, and roots.)
10.15 Bee Keeping Refers to rearing of bees in man-made hives, normally done for harvesting of honey and other bee products. Honey gathering (wild honey) is different as no rearing activities take place.
10.16 Pasture Land This is an area of owned/allocated land which is set aside for livestock grazing. It can be improved pasture where the farmer has planted grass, applied fertilized or applied other production increasing technologies to improve the grazing.
102 10.17 Fallow This is the area of land that is normally used for crop production, but left for a period without being sown in a year or a number of years. This is normally to allow for self-generation of fertility/soil structure and is often an integral part of the crop rotation system.
10.18 Investment Activities
Investment activities refer to medium to long term farm development structures and projects.
This can be Irrigation structures, erosion and water harvesting structures or other permanent or
semi-permanent investment made on the land that the household owns.
10.19 Livestock Statistics This refers to statistics on animals and fowls kept in the holding (irrespective of ownership) and their products.
10.20 Livestock Refers to all tamed animals kept in households or large-scale farms.
10.20.1 Indigenous Livestock Refers to native livestock commonly reared naturally without special attention. Such livestock are neither fed by special feed nor special housing.
10.20.2 Improved Livestock Refers to livestock, which are bred specifically for producing meat and milk. These may be cross - bred or pure bred.
10.20.3 Poultry These are fowls commonly kept in households or Large-Scale Farms (such as chicken, ducks, and guinea fowls.).
10.20.4 Improved Poultry These are fowls commonly kept in households or Large-Scale Farms (such as chicken, ducks, and guinea fowls.) specifically for producing meat and eggs. These may be cross
- bred or pure bred.
10.20.5 Indigenous Poultry Refers to fowls commonly kept in the households, without special attention. Such poultry are neither fed by special feed nor special housing.
103 10.20.6 Farming Household (Agriculture Household) Refers to a household where one or more persons are holder(s). In peasant farming there will normally be a one-to -one correspondence between the farming household and the holding.
10.20.7 Flock
Is a group of animals (such as sheep or poultry) assembled or herded together.
10.20.8 Herd
Is a group of single species of animal (cattle, swine, sheep and goat) kept, feeding, or
travelling together.
10.20.9 Litter Is multiple off springs produced at one birth by a multifarious mammal also called brood.
10.20.10 Animal Means any vertebrates or invertebrate other than a human being.
10.20.11 Artificial Insemination Is the technique of collecting semen from male animals, processing it and inserting it via pipette into the female reproductive tract.
10.21 Crossbreeding
Refers to produce (an animal or plant) by mating or hybridizing two or more different species,
breeds, or variety.
10.22 Dairy farm Means any premises used for the production, processing or manufacturing of milk into milk products for sale.
10.23 Embryo Transfer
Is the technique of removing an embryo from one female (donor) and inserting it into the
reproductive track of another female (recipient).
10.23.1 Exotic Breed Means ‘foreign’ livestock species that originate from foreign countries being introduced in the country.