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9.20 International Classification Activities for Time Use Statistics (ICATUS)
Means a classification of all the activities on which a person may spend time during the 24
hours that make up a day. Its purpose is to serve as a standard framework for time-use statistics
based on activities grouped in a meaningful way.
9.21 Unpaid Care/Domestic Work
Refers to all unpaid services provided within a household for its members, including care of
persons, housework and voluntary community work. These activities are considered work,
because theoretically one could pay a third person to perform them.
9.22 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) is a measure developed by the United Nations
to assess gender disparities in human development. It combines indicators of life expectancy,
education, and income to compare the achievements of men and women in a given country.
The GDI adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) by taking gender differences into
account, with the goal of highlighting the gap between men and women in key areas of
development. A higher GDI indicates a smaller gender gap, while a lower GDI signals greater
disparities between genders.
9.23 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
It measures the disparity of active participation of women and men in key areas of economic
and political life as well as decision-making.
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PART THREE: PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENT SECTOR CHAPTER TEN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
10.0 Introduction Agricultural statistics are the aggregate of numerical information of different fields of agriculture and its economy. These include crops, livestock, Fisheries and forestry subsector statistics. Agricultural statistics is classified under two major headings namely, Basic Agricultural Statistics and Current Agricultural Statistics.
10.1 Basic Agricultural Statistics These are statistics dealing with enduring characteristics of agriculture such as agricultural holdings, their numbers, form of land tenure, land utilization, agricultural population, agricultural implements and machinery. These statistics are enduring characteristics in that they do not change so frequently. Basic Statistics are mainly collected through censuses at a periodicity of 5 – 10 years.
10.2 Current Agricultural Statistics These statistics provide information on the more dynamic aspects of agriculture. These activities include areas under crops, production of crops, yields of crops, livestock and their products and prices and, fisheries. These statistics change more often than the Basic Agricultural Statistics. Current Statistics are collected more frequently (i.e., annually, semi- annually, quarterly or monthly).
10.3 Crop Subsector Statistics These are statistics dealing with crops statistics only such as food crops production, cash crops production and value chain statistics.
10.3.1 Area Statistics Concepts and definitions of area in agricultural statistics depend on the use to be made of that area. An insight into the basic structure of agriculture can be obtained if the total area of the country is broken down according to classification known as land utilization. The purpose of this classification is to show what part of the total land in a given country can be used for different types of agricultural production.
92 10.3.2 Land Use Is a term used to describe the human use of land. This provides a classification of the holding according to the activity, which is directly related to the land, makes use of its resources or has an impact upon it.
The major categories of land utilization include land under temporary and permanent crops, land under pastures, land under fallow, wood and forests and all other land not elsewhere classified.
10.3.3 Arable Land
This is land used in most years for growing temporary crops including the land lying
fallow or has not been sown due to unforeseen circumstances. Arable land does not
include land under permanent crops or land under protective cover. Arable land is not
meant to indicate that the land is potentially cultivatable. Arable land is subdivided into
the following categories:
a) Land under Temporary Crops
This is land in the open air, used for crops with less than one year growing cycle
which must be newly sown or planted for further production after harvest. Some
crops that remain in the field for more than one year may also be considered as
temporary crops: asparagus, strawberries, pineapples, bananas and sugar cane,
for example, may be grown as annual crops in some areas. Such crops should
be classified either as temporary or permanent crops according to the custom in
the country. Vegetables, flowers, bulbs and kitchen gardens should also be
included in this category.
b) Land under Temporary Meadows and Pasture
This is land temporarily cultivated with herbaceous forage crops for mowing or
pasture. A period of less than five years should be considered as temporary to
avoid practical difficulties when differentiating between temporary and
permanent meadows.
c) Land Temporarily Fallow
This is land put under prolonged rest before re-cultivation. Land remaining
fallow for too long may acquire characteristics requiring it to be reclassified, as
permanent meadows and pastures (if used for grazing) or woodland forest under
fallow (if overgrown with trees that could be used as timber, firewood, etc.), or
all other land (if it becomes wasteland). Land is not considered temporarily
fallow unless it has been or is intended to be kept at rest for at least one
agricultural year. Land temporarily fallow should be distinguished from land
abandoned by shifting cultivation; the former is part of the holding whereas the
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latter is not. Fallow land temporarily used for grazing should be classified as
fallow if the land is normally used for cultivating temporary crops.
d) All Other Arable Land
This includes all rotation land not put to the uses mentioned under (a-c) during
the reference year. For example, arable land temporarily damaged by floods and
land prepared for cultivation but not sown due to unforeseen circumstances.
10.3.4 Land under Permanent Crops This is land planted with long - term crops, which do not have to be replanted for several years. This includes land under trees and shrubs producing flowers (i.e., roses and jasmine) and nurseries (except those for forest trees which should be classified under woodland or forest). Permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from land under permanent crops. A nursery is a piece of land where young plants are cultivated for transplanting and/or sale.
10.3.5 Land under Permanent Meadows and Pasture
This includes land used permanently (for five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage
crops, through cultivation or naturally (wild prairies or grazing land). Permanent
meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be recorded under
this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most important use of the area.
10.3.6 Wood and Forest
This is woodland and tracts of timber (natural or planted), constituting part of the
holding which has or will have value as wood, timber or other forest products or for
protection. Forest tree nurseries should be included in this category.
10.3.7 Forest Products All materials obtained from forest, include all wood and non-wood forest products.
10.3.8 Wood Products All forest products that have fibrous substance making up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs including timber, firewood and poles.
10.3.9 Non-Wood Forest Product All goods for commercial, industrial or subsistence use derived from forests and their biomass, which can be sustainably extracted from forest ecosystem in quantities and ways that do not downgrade the plant communities’ basic reproductive functions. Therefore, non-wood forest product – any natural resource from the forest except
94 timber, include medicines, honey, fodder, food and fruits, vegetables, shade, craft materials, gums and resinous.
10.3.10 All Other Land
This is all other land on the holding, not elsewhere specified, whether or not potentially
productive. It covers unused and undeveloped land potentially productive for
agriculture but not yet developed (i.e., land that can be brought into production with
little more effort) or land on holding not elsewhere specified (such as roads, parks, and
land under buildings,).
10.3.11 Land Tenure
Refers to the relationship between individuals, communities, or entities and land,
particularly regarding ownership, possession, and use rights. Land tenure systems in
encompass the legal, customary, and administrative frameworks that govern land
ownership, control, and management. This includes the allocation of land, land use
regulations, land rights, land transfer, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
a) Land Owned
This refers to the land for which the holder possesses title of ownership and has
the right to determine the nature and extent of its use. It excludes the area owned
but rented to others.
b) Land Rented from Others
This refers to the land area rented or leased by the holder from other persons,
usually for a limited time period. It includes land rented for an agreed sum of
money or a share of produce or land rented in exchange for services and land
operated under other rental arrangements such as area granted rent-free.
10.3.12 Soil Degradation Refers to the physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality. It can be the loss of organic matter, decline in soil fertility, and structural condition, erosion, adverse changes in salinity, acidity or alkalinity, and the effects of toxic chemicals, pollutants or excessive flooding. Soil degradation can involve: water erosion, wind erosion; salinity loss of organic matter; fertility decline; soil acidity or alkalinity; structure decline; mass movement; and soil contamination.
95 10.3.13 Irrigation Refers to the artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential for a plant growth. Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall to fulfil plants’ water requirements.
10.3.14 Drainage Refers to the removal of excess water from land surface and/or the upper soil layer to make the non-productive wetland productive.
10.3.15 Planted Area It is the part of area where a crop has been planted.
10.3.16 Harvested Area Refers to the part of cropped area that is harvested. It can therefore, be equal to the area planted minus the area that was not harvested due to pests, wild animals, drought and the like.
10.3.17 Field It is a continuous piece of land cultivated as one by a holder, even if planted with different crops. An individual holding may consist of one or more such fields.
10.3.18 Plot Refers to a portion of a field planted with one specific crop. For example, maize or sorghum, or a crop mixture, for example maize/beans mixture.
10.4 Crop Statistics Concepts and definitions of crop in agriculture statistics depend on the planting pattern of the crops. The cropping patterns are divided into six categories as follows;
10.4.1 Mixed Cropping Refers to two or more permanent or temporary crops grown simultaneously on the same field/plot. The crops can either be randomly planted together or they can be planted in a particular pattern e.g., intercropping (one row of maize and one row of beans).
10.4.2 Successive Cropping Refers to where the same crop or different crops are grown and harvested successively on the same land several times during the agricultural year.
96 10.4.3 Associated Cropping Refers to a situation where both temporary and permanent crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, each crop is referred as an associated crop.
10.4.4 Shifting Cultivation Refers to a land utilization method whereby a particular piece of land is cultivated for some years and then abandoned for a period sufficient for it to restore its fertility by natural vegetation growth before being re-cultivated.
10.4.5 Conservational Farming Refers to farming system that promotes maintenance of a permanent soil cover, minimum soil disturbance, and diversification of plant species. It enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production.
10.4.5.1 Crop Diversification It is the practice of cultivating more than one species in a given agricultural area, in the form of crop rotation and/or association. The diversification in cultivated species increases the adaptation capacity of agricultural systems to climate change by improving soil fertility and structure, soil water holding capacity and water and nutrients distribution through the soil profile, helping to prevent pests and diseases, and increasing yield stability.
10.4.5.2 Permanent Soil Organic Cover
This refers covering the land with crop residues and/or cover crops (e.g. legumes,
cereals, or other crops planted between the main crops, primarily for the benefit of the
soil rather than the crop yield) enables climate change adaptation by reducing soil
erosion and degradation which can be exacerbated by the impact of extreme weather
events (e.g. extreme precipitations, droughts and periods of soil saturation, extreme
heat, strong wind events) and improving the stability of the conservation agriculture
system
10.4.5.3 Continuous Planting and/or Harvesting Refers to an operation of planting/harvesting, which is repeated in intervals of time. These repetitions could be once a year, two or three times a year.
10.4.5.4 Pure Stand Refers to a single crop cultivated in a field/plot at any one time.