69 7.3.2 Food Poverty Rate or Extreme Poverty Rate The extreme headcount poverty rate (“extreme/food poverty rate”) measures the proportion of the population living below the food poverty line.
7.4 Basic Needs Poverty line This is the cost of expenditure on non-food essentials.
7.4.1 Basic Needs Poverty and Food Poverty
Basic needs poverty and food poverty often referred to as extreme poverty. If
consumption per adult falls below the food poverty line, a household is necessarily
consuming less than the minimum food requirement and so is considered to be ‘food
poor’. All households not affording food and those affording food but no other essential
needs such as clothes are considered to be ‘basic needs poor’.
7.4.2 The Incidence of Basic Needs Poverty The incidence of Basic Needs Poverty is measured by the “head count ratio” which indicates the proportion of either households or population which had monthly consumption expenditures less than the determined poverty line. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being in terms of consumption of goods.
7.5 Indicator It is a measure that reflects progress, stagnation or deterioration in a particular phenomenon or situations such as literacy, economic, heath and poverty over time.
7.6 Food Security Food security refers to a situation under which an individual, household or community has access to an adequate supply of food throughout the year. This situation is determined by the amount of available food in relation to actual daily calorific requirement of the individual, household or community. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
7.7 Food Insecurity Is a situation where by a Household/Village/District/Regional/National level faces food deficit. For example, percentage of household with adults eating less than 2 meals a day (1 meal or no meal), and percentage of children aged 6 months to 59 months eating less than 3 meals per day, can be a cut off point for households considered food insecure. It also relates to the nutrition
70 status of a family and food shortage at the household level. However, the criteria are subjective and may need other objective criteria to specify food insecurity at the household level.
7.8 Non-durable goods Household items that do not last long, for example food and personal care items. Household acquire these items on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.
7.9 Durable goods These are household items that last for a long time, such as kitchen appliances, computers, radios and televisions, cars and furniture usually acquired once in several years.
7.10 Semi-durable goods These are items that last longer than non-durable goods but still need replacing more often than durable goods, for example clothing, shoes and material for clothing.
7.11 Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Multidimensional Poverty Index is the product of the Incidence (H) and the Intensity (A) of multidimensional poverty. It ranges between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating that everyone would be multidimensionally poor and deprived in all indicators.
H= Headcount ratio of multidimensional poverty or incidence of multidimensional poverty: This is the proportion of people who are multidimensionally poor. It ranges from 0 percent to 100 percent.
A= Intensity of multidimensional poverty: Is the average deprivation share among the multidimensionally poor. It ranges from poverty cut-off k to 100 percent.
7.12 Poverty Cut-off (k)
Multidimensional poverty line or threshold which indicates a minimum value of weighted
deprivations to be considered MPI poor, reported as a percentage.
7.13 Indicator Weights This indicates the percentage portion of each indicator out of the total indicators. Indicator weights are normalized and indicate the importance of each indicator within the overall index.
MPI = Incidence (H) x Intensity (A)
71 7.14 Deprivation Cut-off Is the set of each indicator that establishes the cutoff of people who are deprived or nondeprived with respect to each indicator.
7.15 Human Development Indices Human Development is a process of enlarging people’s choice at all levels of development. process therefore, focuses on formulation of human capabilities such as improved health, knowledge and skills and utilization of their acquired capabilities.
7.15.1 Human Development Index (HDI) Is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in three basic dimensions of Human Development indicated as;
HDI=LEI+LRI+GDPI • Along and health life, measured by life expectancy at birth ÜÇZ = LE −25 85 −25
Where; LEI is Life Expectancy Index • Knowledge, measured by adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment. Ü9Z = 2 3 6Ü9 + 1 3 ÅÇ9
• A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita. ÅutZ = log GDP −log (100) log 4000 −log (100)
7.15.2 Housing/Dwelling Unit This is all the living space occupied by one household regardless of the physical arrangement of facilities available. It may be one room or more occupied by lodgers or it may be one, two or more housing units occupied by an extended family.
7.15.3 Household Budget This comprises of household income and household expenditure both in cash and in kind.
7.15.4 Household Income This is made up of: • Wages, salaries, bonuses and others
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• Net profit from farming and non-farming activities
• Property income such as rent, royalties, interest and dividends
• Transfer payments received such as an assistance payment, pension and others
• Income in kind: the value of goods and services received and consumed (including
imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwelling or received free from other
sources)
• Other cash receipts such as insurance proceeds, lottery winnings and other
• "windfall" gains.
7.16 Household Expenditure It consists of: • The amount spent on goods and services used for living purposes • The value of goods and services received as part of pay, home produced and consumed items (including rental value of owner-occupied dwelling) or received from other sources • The amount spent for taxes, contributions, insurance premiums, lottery tickets, interest on debts and other non-consumption items.
7.17 Household Direct Expenditure (Consumption Expenditure) This refers to expenditure on goods and services incurred by the household during the reference period for direct consumption by the household. This involves foods, non-durables, semi- durables, and durable goods and services. It includes taxes and duties paid, pensions and security contributions, remittances, gifts and other transfers.
7.18 Household Indirect Expenditure (Domestic Non- Consumption Expenditure) This refers particularly to transfers such as direct taxes, interest, legal aid charges, fees, fines and penalties, contributions during funerals, mosques, schools and churches as well as gifts received and other transfer.
73
CHAPTER EIGHT
CRIME, JUSTICE AND SECURITY STATISTICS
8.0 Introduction
Crime, Justice and Security Statistics covers statistics from Tanzania Police Force, Judiciary
of Tanzania, Tanzania Prison Services, Probation and Prosecution. It is to be noted that the
criminal justice system is very complex, involving police, prosecution, judiciary, prison and
probation as well as social economic situation in which crimes occur.
The following points should be taken into consideration when dealing with criminal justice and
security statistics:
a) When comparing figures, it should be realized that police and judiciary figures are
based on offences but prison figures are based on offenders, and that many offenders
are sentenced for more than one offence.
b) Offences can sometimes be reclassified during the court process, usually downwards
through prosecution to final court sentence. This is usually due to evidence not being
as robust as at first thought.
8.1 Police Statistics The Tanzania Police Force has its origin in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, Cap. 2 R.E. 2002 and is constituted under section 3 of the Police Force and Auxiliary Police Services Act, Cap 322 R.E. 2002 for the preservation of peace, the maintenance of law and order, the prevention and detection of crime, the apprehension and guarding of offenders and the protection of property in Tanzania.
The Police Force usually compiles annual reports that include two types of statistics. These are crime statistics and administrative statistics. Administrative statistics include equipment, human and financial resources. Whereas crime statistics include all criminal cases that are regularly reported in all police stations in the country. The Tanzania Police Statistics is responsible for collecting, analyzing, storing and disseminating criminal offences and road traffic offences statistics. There are different types of offences which are major and minor criminal offences and major and minor road traffic incidents. Criminal offences are divided into three categories; offences against person, offences against property and offences against public tranquillity.
8.2 Crime Statistics Crime statistics are statistical measures or numbers of criminal offenses reported and recorded by official law enforcing agencies such as police, that show different types of crimes as they happen in a specific area during a certain period of time.
74 8.2.1 Crime An act or omission forbidden by law under the pain of punishment.
8.2.2 Offence
Is an act, attempt or omission forbidden by law.
8.2.3 Criminal Offences Are defined as offences that are punishable by laws.
8.2.4 Major Criminal Offences Are those offences, which police give priority due to the seriousness of events committed such as murder, robbery, illicit drugs etc.
8.2.5 Minor Criminal Offences Are those offences, which police identify, that if committed the results cannot cause serious consequence but can annoy or do some minor harm to an individual, e.g. common assault, abusive language, gambling etc.
8.2.6 Road Traffic Offences Refers to offenses that occurs on the road, which includes road accidents, causing deaths, injuries and damages of vessels.
8.2.7 Major Traffic Incidents Are those incidents after occurring in roads they result in causing deaths, injuries and damages to properties.
8.2.8 Minor Traffic Incidents Are those incidents when committed may or may not bring direct major effects, example of these incidents includes wrong parking, driving without license, over speeding and passing no entry. in these circumstances an offender can be fined by notifications or given warning.
8.2.9 Accidents
An un-intended event that involves property damage or personal injury or loss of life
(deaths) as a result of motor vehicle in motion or any other moving object.
8.2.10 Vehicle
A machine or implement of any kind drawn or propelled along roads whether by animal,
mechanical, electrical or any other motive power.
75 8.2.11 Motor Vehicle Means any propelled vehicle intended or adapted for use in roads
8.2.12 Offences Against Person Are offences which affect the personality of a person and his/her life. These offences among others include murder, rape, unnatural offence and child theft. It is a broad array of criminal offenses which usually involve bodily harm, the threat of bodily harm, or other actions committed against the will of an individual.
8.2.13 Murder
Is the death caused by of another person by any unlawful act or omission. Murder may
be lawful and therefore not punishable.
8.2.14 Robbery
Is stealing of anything, and, at or immediately before or immediately after the time of
stealing it, the robber uses or threatens to use actual violence to any person or property
in order to obtain or retain stolen or prevent or overcome resistance to it being stolen
or retained.
8.2.15 Theft
The process of stealing or fraudulently taking something from somebody without
his/her consent.
8.2.16 Burglary The act of breaking into or entering in any building, tent or vessels used as human dwelling, with intent to commit any offence.
8.2.17 Offences Against Property Are offences associated with any kind of property which is either under individual, company or public ownership. It includes stealing of arms, armed robbery, robbery with violence, burglary, motorcycle theft, motor vehicle theft, counterfeit notes, stock theft, theft in banks, theft in public corporations, theft in co-operatives, theft in local Government, theft in Central government, theft in political parties, arson, fire accidents, and frauds.