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5.38 Adolescent Birth
Adolescent birth refers to the event of a childbirth or delivery experienced by a young person,
typically between the ages of 10 and 19. These births are commonly referred to as "teenage
pregnancies" or "teen births."
5.38.1 Adolescent Fertility Rate The adolescent fertility rate, also known as the teenage fertility rate or adolescent birth rate, refers to the number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 within a given population over a specific period, usually a year.
5.38.2 Stillbirth Rate Stillbirth rate refers to the number of stillbirths (fetal deaths that occur after 20 weeks of gestation or at a birth weight of 500 grams or more) per 1,000 total births within a specified population during a given period of time, typically expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births plus stillbirth.
5.38.3 Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate The exclusive breastfeeding rate refers to the percentage of infants who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, without any additional food or drink except for vitamins, minerals, and medications as prescribed by healthcare providers.
5.39 HIV Incidence
In general, HIV incidence is expressed as the estimated number of persons newly infected with
HIV during a specified time period (e.g., a year), or as a rate calculated by dividing the
estimated number of persons newly infected with HIV during a specified time period by the
number of persons at risk for HIV infection.
It is important to understand the difference between HIV incidence and new diagnoses of HIV
infection. HIV incidence refers to persons newly infected with HIV, whereas individuals newly
diagnosed with HIV may have been infected years before being diagnosed.
5.40 HIV Prevalence
The number of persons living with HIV disease at a given time regardless of the time of
infection, whether the person has received a diagnosis (aware of infection), or the stage of HIV
disease. Although prevalence does not indicate how long a person has had a disease.
5.41 Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Refers to service provided to HIV-positive pregnant women with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy. An effective PMTCT
56 programme requires mothers and their babies to receive antenatal services and HIV testing during pregnancy.
5.42 Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is treatment of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using anti-HIV drugs.
5.43 HIV Viral Load Suppression Refers to the situation where people on ART are virologically suppressed (VL level ≤ 1000 copies/mL).
5.44 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Refers to infections or conditions that you can get from any kind of sexual activity.
5.44.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Incidence Rate Number of new cases of reported STIs (syndromic or etiological reporting) in a specified time period (year).
5.45 Health Care Facility Refers to means an institution providing care or treatment of diseases whether physical, mental or emotional or other medical physiological, psychological condition including dispensary, health centre, hospital and referral hospitals.
5.46 Primary Health Care Primary Health Care (PHC) is a fundamental approach to healthcare that focuses on providing essential and accessible healthcare services to individuals and communities. It is considered the cornerstone of healthcare systems worldwide. Examples of primary health care are dispensary, maternity home and clinic.
5.46.1 Dispensaries
Dispensaries are the lowest level of the public health system and provide the first point
of contact with patients. They are staffed by enrolled nurses/maternal and child health
aides, public health technicians, and health orderlies. The enrolled nurses provide
maternal and child health care, treat simple medical problems during pregnancy such
as anaemia, conduct normal deliveries, and provide basic outpatient curative care.
5.46.2 Private Clinics and Maternity Homes These are health services provision units that focus on mostly one or just few services. Some of these are attached to a hospital and some are stand alone.
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5.47 Secondary Health Care Secondary Health Care is the specialist treatment and support provided by doctors and other health professionals for patients who have been referred to them for specific expert care, most often provided in hospitals.
5.47.1 Health Center Health centers are staffed by clinical officers and midwives or nurses. They provide a wider range of services, including basic curative and preventive services for adults and children, reproductive health services, and minor surgical services, such as incisions and drainage. Health centers augment their coverage with outreach services and refer severe and complicated conditions to the appropriate level.
5.47.2 Tertiary
Hospitals represent the top end of a continuum of care. They play an important
complimentary role to primary care and constitute an important and integral part of any
national health system. As far as the hospital concern, is categorized into different levels
which is district hospitals, regional referral hospitals, zonal referral hospital, specialized
hospital, national hospital.
5.47.3 District Hospitals District hospitals offer outpatient and inpatient services at a higher level than dispensaries and health centers. They offer diagnostic services based on laboratory testing and radiology and surgical services, including emergency obstetric care. District hospitals form the first level of referral hospitals and, as such, are an integral part of the district health system.
5.48 Regional Referral Hospitals Regional Hospital offer similar services like those agreed at district level, however regional hospitals have specialists in various fields and offer additional services which are not provided at district hospitals. These hospitals offer a secondary level of health care to a well-defined geographic area. They provide specialized care that requires skills and competences not available at district hospitals, which makes them the next level of the referral system. Their personnel include general surgeons, general medical physicians, pediatricians, general and specialized nurses, midwives, and public health staff. Regional hospitals form an integral part of the regional health system.
5.48.1 Zonal Referral Hospital,
Referral hospitals are centers of excellence that provide complex health care requiring
advanced technology and highly skilled personnel. They have a high concentration of
resources and support pre-service and in-service training of health workers. The main
referral and teaching hospitals in Tanzania are Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre
58 (KCMC), Bugando Medical Centre, Benjamini Mkapa Hospital and Mbeya Referral Hospital.
5.48.2 Specialized Hospital,
Is an institution in which medical specialist help and nursing care is on offer for a
particular illness or affliction or to people in a certain group. Examples of the
specialized hospital in Tanzania are; Ocean Road Cancer Institute Hospital, Mirembe
Referral Hospital, Kibong’oto TB Hospital, and the Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute
Hospital.
5.48.3 National Hospital. This is the highest level of health care facility in the country offering the most specialized and advanced care. It provides the most comprehensive and specialized services including advanced diagnostic treatment and research. This hospital also serves as training center for health care professionals, staffed by highest number of specialized medical professional including professors, consultants, specialists and high trained nursing and technical staff.
59 CHAPTER SIX LABOUR AND PRICE STATISTICS 6.0 Introduction Labour statistics these are statistics are concerned with economic activity of the population and are collected through censuses, administrative data and surveys such as labour force and establishment.
6.1 Economic Activities Covers all market production and certain types of non-market productions, including production and processing of primary products for own consumption, own account construction (owner occupied dwellings) and other production of fixed assets for own use. It does not cover unpaid production of services for own consumption, such as housework and care of other household members as defined by the SNA 2008.
6.1.1 Economically Active Population Comprise all persons above a specified age (usually 15 years or above) who were either workings or actively looking for work and available. They include both the employed and unemployed persons.
There are two approaches used to measure the economically active population namely currently and usually economically active population. The currently economically active population is measured in terms of a short reference period such as one week or one day. The usually economically active population is measured in terms of a longer reference period, such as a year.
6.2 Employment According to the international definition, the employed population includes all persons above a specified age (usually 15 years or above) who did some work (for one hour or more) in the reference period either for pay in cash or in kind (paid employees) or who were in self- employment for profit or family gain, including people who are temporarily absent from their work. Self-employment includes persons working on their own farms or doing any other income generating activities. Unpaid family workers in family businesses are included in the category of employed persons.
6.2.1 Main and Secondary Activity Main activity refers to an activity that an employee spends most of the time in case a person has more than one activity, while the other activity is categorised as a secondary activity.
60 6.2.2 Temporary Absences from Employment Refers to persons who did not work in the reference period but have a work from which they are temporarily absent and they keep a strong attachment to the job and there is a definite expectation that they will return to it.
6.2.3 Status in Employment A state of a person currently having an employment can be categorized as follows;
6.2.4 Paid Employees
Are persons who perform work for a wage or salary in cash or kind. It includes
permanent, temporary and casual paid employees.
6.2.5 The Self-Employed (non-agriculture)
Are persons who perform work for profit or family gain in their own non-agricultural
enterprise. This includes small and large business persons working on their own
enterprises. The category is sub-divided into those with employees and those without
employees.
6.2.6 Unpaid Family Helpers (Non-Agriculture)
Are persons working completely without payment in cash or kind in family enterprises
other than in the family farm.
6.2.7 Agricultural Workers Are persons working on their own farms either in crop growing, forestry, livestock or fishing as either self-employed persons or as unpaid family helpers
6.2.8 Regular Employee Regular Employees are all permanent and temporary wage earners and salaried persons who were engaged throughout the working days of the reference month.
6.2.9 Casual Workers
Are persons receiving daily wages and permanent or temporary wage earners and
salaried persons who were engaged for a period of less than one month during the
reference period.
6.3
Unemployment
Internationally, a person is classified as unemployed if that person meets all the following three
conditions during a specified period (usually one week), that is:
a.
without work,
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b.
available for work, and
c.
seeking work (had taken specific steps in a specified period to seek paid
employment or self-employment).
This type of unemployment is termed as Strict International Definition.
Relaxed International definition of unemployment allows the relaxation of condition (c) above, i.e. seeking work, especially in countries where a large proportion of the population is engaged in agriculture and informal activities with generally low knowledge of labour market developments in the rest of the economy.
The national definition of unemployment is a situation where individuals who are of working age are willing to work, actively seeking employment but are un able to find any work.
6.3.1 Discouraged Workers The discouraged workers are persons who are without work and available for work but did not seek work because they felt that no work would be available to them. These are those who have given up any hope of finding work for reasons such as lack of proper qualifications, no suitable work is available or does not know where or how to look for work.
6.4 Underemployment Underemployment reflects underutilisation of the productive capacity of the employed population. It refers to persons whose actual hours of work were less than 40 per week due to economic reasons if he/she indicated to be availability for more work.
6.4.1 The Economically Inactive (not in the labour force) These are persons who were neither employed nor unemployed in the reference period. This includes persons doing solely unpaid domestic work in their own houses; those engaged in full time studies and persons not working because they were sick, retired or did not want to work.
6.4.2 Usual Activity The usually employed refer to persons who were usually economically active and spent six or more months working. The usually unemployed refer to persons who spent six or more months not working but available for work. The usually economically inactive refer to persons who did not work and were not available for work for more than six months.