40 4.6.4 Grade It is a stage of instructions usually covered in one academic year.

4.6.5 Pupil A young person who is enrolled in an educational programme. Usually, pupil refers to a child enrolled in primary school.

4.6.6 Student It is a young person or an adult enrolled at more advanced levels

4.6.7 Graduate It is a pupil or student who successfully completes a level of education such as primary, secondary or university education.

4.6.8 Teacher A person who on his/her professional capacity guides and directs pupil learning experiences in gaining knowledge, attitudes, and skills that are stipulated by a defined curriculum programme.

4.6.9 Full-time Teacher A person engaged in teaching for specified number of hours per week according to official regulations in the country.

4.6.10 Part- time Teacher A teacher employed for less than the normal or statutory number of hours of work for a full-time teacher over a complete school year.

4.6.11 Mean Years of Schooling The total number of years of schooling received by persons aged 25 years and above divided by the total number of persons aged 25 years or older.

41 Where, MYS = Mean Years of Schooling xy = Years from age 25 years and above N = Age above 25 years xp = Persons with years from age 25 years and above ∑ = Sum

4.7 Enrolment
Refer to process of act of putting or registering someone to the official list or a class and officially being a student.

4.7.1 School-age Population It is the number of persons in the officially defined school age- group, whether enrolled in school or not in a specified area. School age is usually determined by education policy.

4.7.2 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) Total number of pupils/students enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the corresponding school-age population.

Example for primary education;

4.7.3 Primary School Gross Enrolment Ratio The total number of children enrolled in primary school that is in classes I-VI, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children in the relevant age - group for primary school education, which is 6-12 years age - group. Example for primary education;

4.7.4 Secondary School Gross Enrolment Ratio The total number of students enrolled in secondary schools expressed as a percentage of the total number of persons in the relevant age group for secondary school education, which is the 13-16 years age - group. GER = Total Pupils (enrolled in grage 1 – VI) x 100 Total children 6 – 12 old years

42

4.7.5 Vocational Training School Gross Enrolment Ratio The total number of students enrolled in vocational training schools expressed as a percentage of the total number of persons in the relevant age - group for vocational education, which is the 13-16 years age group.

4.7.6 Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) School age pupils/students enrolled in a given level of education expressed as a percentage of corresponding school-age population. Primary age group is 6-12 years old.

4.7.7 Age Specific Enrolment Rate (ASER) Enrolment of a specific single age enrolled, irrespective of the level of education, as a percentage of the population of the same age.

4.7.8 Percentage of Private Enrolment Enrolment in private educational institutions at a given level of education expressed as a percentage of total enrolment at the same level.

4.7.9 Mean Age Enrolment for Primary School It is the average age of enrolment in Primary schools.

4.7.10 Net Intake Rate (NIR) New entrants in the first grade of pre-primary or primary education who are of official school-entrance age expressed as a percentage of the official school entrance age population.

4.7.11 Drop-out Rate (DR) Refer as a proportion of pupils/students enrolled in a given grade in given school year who are no longer enrolled in the following school year.

100 ×

N year in Grade that in Enrolment N year in Grade a in Dropouts DR

NER = Grade 1 – VI pupils aged 6 – 12 years x 100 Total 6 – 12 old years

43 4.7.12 Out-of-School Children-Primary (OOS) Children in the official primary school age range who are not enrolled in either primary or secondary schools.

4.7.13 Transition Rate (TR) The number of pupils (or students) admitted to the first grade of a higher level of education in a given year, expressed as a percentage of the number of pupils (or students) enrolled in the final grade of the lower level of education in the previous year.

4.7.14 Promotion Rate It is the percentage of pupils promoted to the next grade in the following school year.

4.7.15 Survival Rate (SR)
Refers to the percentage of a cohort of pupils (or students) enrolled in the first grade of a given level or cycle of education in a given school year who are expected to reach successive grades

4.7.16 Completion Rate (CR) Number of pupils/students enrolled in a final grade of a given level of education expressed as percentage of school-age population of that grade.

4.7.17 Pass Rate (PR) Number of pupils/students who passed an exam expressed as percentage of total candidates who sat for the examination

4.7.18 Repetition Rate It is the proportion of pupils enrolled in a given grade and in a given school year who study in the same grade the following school year.

4.7.19 Pupil/Student Book Ratio (PBR) Average number of pupils/students per book.

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44 4.7.20 Pupil/Student Qualified Teacher Ratio (PQTR) This refers as an Average number of pupils/students per qualified teacher in a given level of education.

4.7.21 Pupil/Teacher Ratio (Primary School) Number of primary school pupils per teacher.

4.7.22 Student/Teacher Ratio (Secondary School) Number of secondary school students per teacher.

4.7.23 Teacher Attrition Rate Proportion of teachers who leave the teaching career in a given year.

4.7.24 Percentage of New Entrants into Primary schools with Pre- Primary Education New entrants into primary schools who have attended pre-primary education expressed as percentage of all new entrants.

4.7.25 Percentage of Tutors in Teachers’ Colleges with Relevant Qualifications Tutors in Teachers’ Colleges who have relevant university degrees or diplomas expressed as percentage of all tutors.

4.8 Gender Parity Index (GPI) Ratio of females to males, that is, the number of females divided by males.

4.8.1 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) It measures the disparity of active participation of women and men in key areas of economic and political life as well as decision-making.

4.8.2 Percentage of Female Students Number of female students expressed as percentage of total number of students.

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45 4.8.3 Percentage Distribution of Teaching Staff by qualification and sex Distribution of teachers by qualification expressed as percentage of all teachers.

4.8.4 Percent of Trainees by Type of VET Program Number of VET trainees by type of VET programme expressed as percent of total trainees.

4.8.5 Percentage of Female Students Enrolled in Technical and Higher Learning institutions by Award and Field of Study. Number of female students enrolled in Technical and Higher Learning institutions expressed as percentage of total enrolment by Award and Fild of Study.

4.8.6 Percentage of Students Studying Abroad by Field of Study Number of students studying abroad by field of study expressed as percentage of all students studying abroad.

4.8.7 Percent Distribution of Higher Education Students provided with Loans by sex Number of higher education students provided with loans expressed as percentage of students by sex.

4.8.8 Percentage of Female Teachers
The number of female teachers at a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers (male and female) at the same level in a given school year.

4.8.9 Percentage of Teaching Staff in Private Educational Institution
Number of teachers in private educational institutions at a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the total teaching staff in all types of institutions at the same level of education.

46 CHAPTER FIVE HEALTH STATISTICS 5.0 Introduction

Health is a state of physical, social and mental well-being: it is not the absence of disease or infirmity. Health status statistics helps to show the welfare of a person. On the other hand, poor health status represents a major manifestation of poverty. Inadequate health services, lack of food, safe water, income or education are inter-linked factors.

Health statistics concepts and definitions are essential for ensuring accurate data collection, analysis, and interpretation, which are vital for effective public health decision-making. Clear definitions of concepts allow for consistent measurement of health trends across different populations and time periods. These standardized definitions help healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers accurately assess health conditions, identify emerging health issues, and allocate resources where they are most needed. Ultimately, a solid understanding of health statistics concepts enables better monitoring of public health, supports informed policy decisions, and promotes the overall well-being of communities.

Health and medical statistics incorporate a variety of data types. The most common statistics reported are family planning, antenatal care, anthropometric measurements, morbidity, mortality of health care facilities and hospital beds

5.1 Morbidity Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or the incidence of disease within a population. It encompasses the prevalence, severity, and impact of illnesses or diseases on individuals or communities. It is the relative frequency of occurrence of disease, illness, injuries, and disabilities in a population.
• Disease is a disorder with a specific cause and recognizable signs and symptoms; any bodily abnormality or failure to function properly, except that resulting directly from physical injury.
• Illness refers to poor health resulting from disease of body or mind.
• Injury is a disease or impairment of a person's body or mind.

5.2 Disease Incidence
The rate of new cases of a disease or condition occurring within a population during a specified period of time.

5.3 Disease Prevalence
Measures all cases of the disease existing at a point in time.
Alternatively: Prevalence = Incidence × Average duration

47 5.4 Notifiable Disease Is any disease that is required by the law to be reported to the government authorities to allow monitoring of the disease and provide early warning of possible outbreaks.

5.5 Sanitation Is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes.

5.6 Family Planning Refers to the planning of when to have, and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans.

5.6.1 Contraceptive Methods of contraception include oral contraceptive pills, implants, injectables, patches, vaginal rings, intra uterine devices, condoms, male and female sterilization, lactational amenorrhea methods, withdrawal and fertility awareness-based methods

5.6.2 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate. Refers to number of contraceptive active users divided by number of women of child bearing age.

5.7 Antenatal Care Antenatal care, also known as prenatal care, refers to the healthcare services and support provided to pregnant women to monitor and promote their health and the well-being of their unborn babies during pregnancy. Antenatal care typically begins soon after a woman confirms her pregnancy and continues until childbirth.

5.7.1 Proportion of Births Attended in Health Facility Refers to number of deliveries conducted in health facilities divided by projected number of births.

5.7.2 Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel Refers to number of deliveries conducted by skilled health personnel divided by projected number of births. These childbirths are attended by healthcare professionals who have been trained to manage normal deliveries and identify and manage complications that may arise during labor and childbirth. Skilled attendants typically include doctors, midwives, nurses, and other trained healthcare providers.

5.8 Trachoma
Is an infectious eye disease, and leading cause of world’s infectious blindness