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) 64 15 ( ) 64 15 ( years Pop age age below Pop ADR − + +

3.7.8 Working Age Population Is the population age 15 to 64 years (international definition)

3.7.9 Dependent Age Population

Is the population age 0 to 14 years

3.7.10 Youth Population Is the population aged 15-24 years (international definition). However, according to Tanzania’s Youth Policy, Youth Population is the population aged 15 to 35 years.

3.7.11 Elderly Population
Are a person aged 65 years or above (international definition). However, according to the Tanzania National Ageing Policy, elderly is a person aged 60 years or above.

3.8 Birth Certificate
Is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth.

3.9 National Identification
Is any official document that may be used to prove a person's identity such as the bearer's full name, birth date, address, an identification number, card number, sex, citizenship and more.

3.10 Marital Status
Refers to a civil status of each individual in relation to the marriage laws or customs of the country i.e Marriage, Divorced Person, Living Together, Never Married, Separated and Widowed.

3.10.1 Living Together
Refers to an act of persons who are not formally married but are in a consensual union or are living in a socially recognized stable unions.

3.10.2 Marriage
Is an act of persons who are living together or separately but are formally married irrespective of the type of marriage, which may be customary, civil or religious marriage.

33 3.10.3 Mean Age at First Marriage
Is defined as the average length of single life expressed in years among those who marry before age 50.

3.10.4 Never Married Means persons who have remained single all their lives excluding persons who have lived with another person and are now living alone.

3.10.5 Separated
Is the act of persons who were once married but now are living apart. Those who live apart because their spouses are employed far away from home or for similar reasons are considered to be married.

3.10.6 Widowed Is the act of persons whose marriages were terminated by death and have not remarried since. Note that in polygamous marriages the death of one or more wives does not make the husband a widower if he still has other wife (wives).

3.10.7 Divorce Is referred to a final legal dissolution of a marriage that is separation of husband and wife, which confers on the parties the right to remarriage under civil, religious and/or other provisions, according to the laws of each country.

3.10.8 Divorced Persons
Are those persons who were once married but their marriages were permanently terminated and have not remarried since then. Note that in polygamous marriages the divorce of one or more wives do not categorize the husband as divorced if he still lives with the other wife (wives).

3.11 Civil Registration Is defined as the continuous, permanent and compulsory recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events and as provided through decree of regulation in accordance with the legal requirement of each country.

3.12 Vital Event A Vital event refers to the live birth, death, foetal death, marriage, divorce, adoption, legitimating, recognition of parenthood, annulment of marriage or legal separation.

3.13 Vital Statistics Vital statistics are information systematically collected and compiled in numerical form, relating to or derived from vital events, that is deaths, births, marriage and divorces.

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3.14 Birth
Is the emergence of a baby from the body of its mother, the start of life as physically separate being.

3.14.1 Birth Registration Is the process by which a child’s birth is recorded in the civil register by the Government authority.

3.14.2 Death Is a permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live birth has taken place (post-natal cessation of vital functions without capacity of resuscitation). This definition therefore excludes fetal death.

3.14.3 Death Registration Is the process by which deaths is recorded in the civil register by the Government authority.

3.14.4 Divorce registration Is the process by which death is recorded in the civil register by the Government authority

3.15 Diaspora
Are citizens living outside the country.

3.16 Household
Refers to a person or group of persons who reside in the same homestead or compound, but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, having same cooking arrangements and are answerable to the same household head.

3.16.1 Head of Household
Is a member of the household who holds the role of decision maker in that household. Other normally recognize this individual as their head. In most cases the household head should take part in the economy, control the welfare of the household in general.

3.16.2 Collective Households For census purpose, refer as collective household is a group of persons residing in one dwelling or compound having no head of household. Boarding schools, hospitals and camps are examples of collective households.

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3.16.3 Private (conventional) Household For census purposes, a private household is a household comprising head of household and other member(s) of household. It can also be a household of one person.

3.16.4 Household size This is the number of persons who usually live in the household including boarders and servants.

3.16.5 Average Household Size
Refer to average number of persons per private household. It is obtained by dividing a total number of persons living in private households to the total number of private households.

36 CHAPTER FOUR EDUCATION STATISTICS

4.0 Introduction The concepts and definitions in education statistics are fundamental to ensuring that data is accurate, reliable, and meaningful. Clear and consistent definitions of education concepts allow for standardized measurement across different regions and time periods. This consistency is crucial for comparing educational indicators globally and for tracking progress over time. By understanding these concepts, policymakers, educators, and researchers can interpret data correctly, avoid misinterpretations, and make informed decisions that reflect the true state of education. The concepts defined in this chapter includes types of education, education system, literacy, numeracy, gender parity.

4.1 Education
Is a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and skills. 4.1.1 Formal Education It is the education provided in the system of schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions that normally constitute a continuous ladder of full - time education for children, and young people, generally beginning at an age of five, six or seven and continuing up to 20, 25 or more years of age

4.1.2 Non-Formal Education Non-Formal Education refers to provision of education out of school children aged 11 to 18 years outside the formal education system. The main programme offered is Complimentary Basic Education in Tanzania (COBET) whose cycle ranges from 2 to 3 years.

4.1.3 Informal Education Refers to any organized and sustained educational activities that do not follow any approved curriculum. Informal education can take many forms, such as learning from family members, engaging in hobbies, participating in community events, watching educational videos online, or exploring topics independently.

4.1.4 Pre-primary Education Pre-Primary Education is a formal education system which lasts for 1 to 2 years with no examinations for promotion purpose. Pre-Primary Education is established for the

37 purpose of preparing children to join standard one for effective knowledge in writing, reading and arithmetic skills (3Rs).

4.1.5 Primary Education According to the Education and Training Policy 2014 (version 2023). Primary Education is a six years’ education cycle after one year of Pre-Primary Education. It is universal, compulsory and free to all children aged 6 to 12 years old. The Primary School cycle begins with standard one (STD I), on entry, and ends with standard six (STD VI) in the final year of the cycle. Primary education grades can be modified according to policy changes.

4.1.6 Secondary Education The formal secondary education consists of two sequential cycles. The first cycle is a four-year program of Ordinary Level (O-Level) secondary education. The second cycle is a two-year program of Advanced Level (A Level) secondary education.

4.1.7 Adult Education Adult Education caters for people aged 19 and above. The main program offered includes Integrated Community Based Adult Education (ICBAE) which includes basic and post literacy with components of Extension services, Income Generating Activities, Vocational Training and Non-Formal Secondary education offered through Open and Distance Learning (ODL) modes

4.1.8 Teacher Education Teacher education is offered through a certificate, diploma and degree levels. The entry requirement for joining the certificate of teacher education training is the CSEE, while joining the diploma and degree teacher training program requires an ACSEE. Programs of Certificate and Diploma levels lasts for two years, and successful trainees are awarded a Grade-A and Diploma in Education Certificates respectively. At Degree level, the programme lasts for Three years, and a successful graduate awarded a Bachelor Degree in Education.

4.1.9 Folk Education Non-formal education programme offered through community-based folk development colleges (FDCs) that focus on employment, participation in community social and economic affairs and self-reliance. The programme is open-access, for learners of any age or level of academic achievement. Courses are offered in short-term (up to 90 days), long-term (up to two years) and outreach.

38 4.1.10 Vocational Education Refers to training on knowledge and competence of manual works. This type of education It helps to prepares people for a skilled craft as an artisan, trade as a tradesperson, or work as a technician, which enhance an individual to be gainfully employed or self -employed with required skills.

4.1.11 Technical Education Education that provides alternative educational and training opportunities available after ordinary secondary (O-Level) and advanced secondary (A Level) education levels, which lead to careers as skilled workers, technicians and professionals who are able to work in different sectors of the economy.

4.1.12 School Quality Assurance Division under MoEST with the objective of ensuring compliance to policies, laws, regulation and standard setting instruments in the delivery of pre-primary, primary and secondary education including Teacher, Focal Development, Special Needs, Centre’s and adult and Non-Formal education at those levels.

4.1.13 Higher Education This is the highest level of education and training in the country, covering bachelors, postgraduate certificate, postgraduate diploma, master degrees, and doctoral degree programs offered in public and private universities. For admission to study the undergraduate programs in the university; a prospective student requires an advanced certificate of secondary education or Equivalent qualifications. Undergraduate programs generally last for a minimum of 3 years and Master degree for a minimum of 2 years, whilst a doctoral degree, programs last for a minimum of 3 year.

4.2 Literacy It is the ability to read and write to a competent level. It excludes the ability to only write or sign one’s own name or write memorized phrases. The ability to read and write may be in any language.

4.2.1 Literacy Rate This is the proportion of the population of specified age group who can read and write expressed as a percentage of the total persons of that age group.

4.2.2 Illiteracy Rate This is the proportion of the population of specified age group who cannot read and write expressed as a percentage of the total persons of that age group.

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4.2.3 Adult Literacy
The percentage of population aged 15 years and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on his/her everyday life.

4.2.4 Number of Adult Illiterates The population aged 15 years and above who cannot both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on their everyday life.
4.3 Numeracy Numeracy is the ability to access, use, interpret and communicate simple mathematical information and ideas, to engage in and manage mathematical demands for a range of situations in adult life. 4.3.1 Numeracy Rate
Is the percentage of a population who has ability to access, use, interpret and communicate simple mathematical information and ideas. 4.4 School Attendance
Refers to attendance at any regular authorized or licensed educational institution or programme for organized learning at any level of education at the time of the census or surveys. 4.5 Educational Attainment
Is the highest grade completed according to the country’s educational system. A grade is a stage of instruction usually covered in the course of a school year.

4.6 Educational System It is the overall network of institutions and programmes through which education of all types and levels is provided to the population.

4.6.1 Educational Programme It is a set of organized and purposeful learning experiences with a minimum duration of one school or academic year usually offered in an educational institution.

4.6.2 Universal Primary Education (UPE) Means full enrolment of all children in the primary school – age group 6-12 that is 100 percent Net enrolment Ratio.

4.6.3 Course A planned series of learning experiences in a particular subject matter area or a set of skills, usually offered by an educational or training institution or programme for one or more students/learners.