Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 120 explore ocean geology. The sheer quantity of the output of coal and the complex infrastruc ture required in oil and gas development have created large-scale environmental disturbances through the construction of pipelines, railways and large-scale terminal shipping facilities. This situation is further exacerbated by hazards of oil spills, well-head and pipeline explosion and fires, as well as the chemical pollution of the associated petrochemical industry. 5.20. The consumption of mineral energy resources also affects the environment. Fossil fuel combustion pollutes the air, affects human health and results in significant GHG emissions. Renewable energy does not face the depletion problem of fossil energy resources, but the cap ture of renewable energy can also affect the natural environment, particularly in large hydro energy facilities. Regardless of how energy is produced, its distribution requires facilities which can also change the land and affect natural areas. Each country must develop public policies to pursue the changes required in the production and consumption of energy to meet the demands of development in a sustainable and clean manner. 5.21. Sustainable Energy for All is a global initiative driving actions and mobilizing com mitments to positively transform the world’s energy systems since sustainable development is not possible without sustainable energy.93 Access to modern energy services is fundamental to human development and an investment in our collective future. The United Nations Secretary- General’s High-Level Group on Sustainable Energy for All was launched in 2011,94 creating a Global Action Agenda to guide efforts undertaken in support of achieving the initiative’s three objectives: (i) ensure universal access to modern energy services; (ii) double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency and (iii) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. The objectives are to be achieved by 2030. The Agenda includes 11 action areas and provides a framework through which countries and stakeholders can create their own pathways towards achieving Sustainable Energy for All. The initiative aims to bring together leadership from all sectors of society, including business, governments, investors, community groups and academia. Sustainable Energy for All has generated significant momentum since its launch. More than 75 countries have chosen to pursue Sustainable Energy for All’s objectives, from small island states to large, emerging economies. 5.22. Energy plays a critical role in socioeconomic development. The outcome document of the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, “The Future We Want”, addressed energy in the context of sustainable development.95 Among other things, it called for action to ensure “access to sustainable modern energy services for all”. It also reaffirmed support for cleaner energy technologies, citing “increased use of renewable energy sources and other low-emission technologies”, “more efficient use of energy” and “greater reliance on advanced energy technologies” as parts of an appropriate energy mix for meeting developmen tal needs. This document urged governments to create enabling environments for investment in cleaner energy technologies. The core challenge facing policymakers with regard to energy production and consumption remains in balancing the demand and need for energy with the impacts of producing and consuming it. Coordination and harmonization across all levels are thus critical as data are needed for policy, regulation and science, and to complement economic and social aspects when conducting analyses. 5.23. As such, reliable and robust energy statistics are a priority issue for the international statistical community. The United Nations Statistical Commission has discussed energy sta tistics since its inception. At its forty-second session (February 2011), the Commission adopted the IRES.96 Statistics on energy production and consumption are usually compiled in both physical and monetary units, the latter being the sale of and expenditure for energy com modities (e.g., fuel and electricity). Physical measures are of key interest from an environmental perspective. 93 Sustainable Energy for All (2013), available from www.se4all.org/ (accessed 4 August 2017). 94 United Nations (2014). The Secretary-General’s High-level Group on Sustainable Energy for All, available from www .se4all.org/sites/default/files /l/2013/09/9-2012-SE4ALL -ReportoftheCo-Chairs.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). 95 United Nations (2012). Rio+20 outcome document, “The Future We Want”, available from https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org /futurewewant.html (accessed 4 August 2017). 96 United Nations Statistics Division (2011). International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (draft version), available from https://unstats.un.org/unsd /energy/ires/IRES_edited2.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017).
121 Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 121 Application of the FDES to energy statistics 5.24. In the figures below, those aspects of energy statistics related to environment statistics using the FDES are described. The figures have been constructed to reflect the entire process starting from the stocks of energy resources through their extraction, the production and consumption of energy and the associated environmental effects, to relevant protection and mitigation activities. 5.25. The sequence depicted in Figures 5.5 and 5.6 for the energy theme contains four boxes. Figure 5.5 presents this information at the topic level, while Figure 5.6 provides more detail and presents the individual environment statistics which can be used to assess energy production and consumption. Figure 5.5 Topics in the FDES that relate to the production and consumption of energy Energy Resources Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources Extraction of Energy Resources, Energy Production and Consumption Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.2 Production, trade and consumption of energy Environmental Effects Subcomp. 1.3: Environmental Quality Subcomp. 2.2: Energy Resources Subcomp. 2.3: Land Subcomp. 3.1: Emissions to Air Subcomp. 3.2: Generation and Man agement of Wastewater Subcomp. 3.3: Generation and Manage ment of Waste Subcomp. 4.2: Technological Disasters Subcomp. 5.1: Human Settle ments Subcomp. 5.2: Environ mental Health 1.3.1 Air quality 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.3.1 Land use 3.1.1 Emissions of greenhouse gases 3.1.3 Emissions of other substances 3.2.1 Genera tion and pollut ant content of wastewater 3.3.1 Genera tion of waste 4.2.1 Occur rence of technological disasters 4.2.2 Impact of technologi cal disasters 5.1.4 Exposure to ambient pollution 5.2.1 Airborne diseases and conditions 5.2.5 Toxic substance- and nuclear radi ation-related diseases and conditions Protection and Mitigation Activities Subcomponent 6.1: Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure Subcomponent 6.2: Environmental Governance and Regulation Subcomponent 6.3: Extreme Event Preparedness and Disaster Management 6.1.1 Government environmental protection and resource management expenditure 6.1.2 Corporate, non-profit institution and household environmental protection and resource management expenditure 6.2.2 Environmental regulation and instruments 6.2.3 Participation in MEAs and environmental conventions 6.3.2 Preparedness for technological disasters
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 122 Figure 5.6 Energy production and consumption statistics in the Core Set and Basic Set of Environment Statistics (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) Energy Resources Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources Topic 2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.1.a: Energy resources 2.2.1.a.1: Stocks of commercially recoverable resources 2.2.1.a.2: New discoveries 2.2.1.a.3: Upward reappraisals 2.2.1.a.4: Upward reclassifications 2.2.1.a.5: Extraction 2.2.1.a.6: Catastrophic losses 2.2.1.a.7: Downward reappraisals 2.2.1.a.8: Downward reclassifications 2.2.1.a.9: Stocks of potentially commercially recoverable resources 2.2.1.a.10: Stocks of non-commercial and other known resources Extraction of Energy Minerals, Energy Production and Consumption Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources Topic 2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.1.a: Energy resources 2.2.1.a.5: Extraction Topic 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy 2.2.2.a: Production of energy 2.2.2.a.1: Total production 2.2.2.a.2: Production from non-renewable sources 2.2.2.a.3: Production from renewable sources 2.2.4.a.4: Primary energy production 2.2.4.a.7: Secondary energy production 2.2.2.b: Total energy supply 2.2.2.c: Final consumption of energy Environmental Effects Subcomponent 1.3: Environmental Quality Topic 1.3.1: Air quality 1.3.1.a: Local air quality 1.3.1.a.1: Concentration level of particulate matter (PM10) 1.3.1.a.2: Concentration level of particulate matter (PM2.5) 1.3.1.a.3: Concentration level of tropospheric ozone (O3) 1.3.1.a.4: Concentration level of carbon monoxide (CO) 1.3.1.a.5: Concentration level of sulphur dioxide (SO2) 1.3.1.a.6: Concentration levels of nitrogen oxides (NOX) 1.3.1.a.7: Concentration levels of heavy metals 1.3.1.a.8: Concentration levels of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) 1.3.1.a.9: Concentration levels of dioxins 1.3.1.a.10: Concentration levels of furans 1.3.1.a.11: Concentration levels of other pollutants [related to energy production and consumption] 1.3.1.a.12: Number of days when maximum allowable levels were exceeded per year 1.3.1.b: Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases 1.3.1.b.1: Global atmospheric concentration level of carbon dioxide (CO2) 1.3.1.b.2: Global atmospheric concentration level of methane (CH4) Subcomponent 2.2: Energy Resources Topic 2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources 2.2.1.a: Energy resources 2.2.1.a.1: Stocks of commercially recoverable resources Subcomponent 2.3: Land Topic 2.3.1: Land use 2.3.1.a: Area under land use categories [related to energy production and consumption]
123 Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 123 Subcomponent 3.1: Emissions to Air Topic 3.1.1: Emissions of greenhouse gases 3.1.1.a: Total emissions of direct greenhouse gases (GHGs), by gas [related to energy production and consumption]: 3.1.1.a.1: Carbon dioxide (CO2) 3.1.1.a.2: Methane (CH4) 3.1.1.a.3: Nitrous oxides (N2O) 3.1.1.a.4: Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 3.1.1.a.5: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 3.1.1.a.6: Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 3.1.1.b: Total emissions of indirect greenhouse gases (GHGs), by gas [related to energy production and consumption]: 3.1.1.b.1: Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3.1.1.b.2: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 3.1.1.b.3: Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NM-VOCs) 3.1.1.b.4: Other Topic 3.1.3: Emissions of other substances 3.1.3.a: Emissions of other substances [related to energy production and consumption] 3.1.3.a.1: Particulate matter (PM) 3.1.3.a.2: Heavy metals 3.1.3.a.3: Other Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Management of Wastewater Topic 3.2.1: Generation and pollutant content of wastewater 3.2.1.a: Volume of wastewater generated [related to energy production and consumption] 3.2.1.b: Pollutant content of wastewater [related to energy production and consumption] Subcomponent 3.3: Generation and Management of Waste Topic 3.3.1: Generation of waste 3.3.1.a: Amount of waste generated by source [related to energy production and consumption] 3.3.1.b: Amount of waste generated by waste category [related to energy production and consumption] 3.3.1.c: Amount of hazardous waste generated [related to energy production and consumption] Subcomponent 4.2: Technological Disasters Topic 4.2.1: Occurrence of technological disasters 4.2.1.a: Occurrence of technological disasters [related to energy production and consumption] 4.2.1.a.1: Type of technological disaster 4.2.1.a.2: Location 4.2.1.a.3: Date of occurrence 4.2.1.a.4: Duration Topic 4.2.2: Impact of technological disasters 4.2.2.a: People affected by technological disasters [related to energy production and consumption] 4.2.2.a.1: Number of people killed 4.2.2.a.2: Number of people injured 4.2.2.a.3: Number of people homeless 4.2.2.a.4: Number of people affected 4.2.2.b: Economic losses due to technological disasters [related to energy production and consumption] 4.2.2.c: Physical losses/damages due to technological disasters [related to energy production and consumption] 4.2.2.d: Effects of technological disasters on integrity of ecosystems [related to energy production and consumption] 4.2.2.d.1: Area affected by technological disasters 4.2.2.d.2: Loss of vegetation cover 4.2.2.d.3: Area of watershed affected 4.2.2.d.4: Other (e.g., for oil spills: volume of oil released into the environment, impact on ecosystem) 4.2.2.e: External assistance received [related to energy production and consumption] Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.4: Exposure to ambient pollution 5.1.4.a: Population exposed to air pollution in main cities Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health Topic 5.2.1: Airborne diseases and conditions 5.2.1.a: Airborne diseases and conditions [related to energy production and consumption] 5.2.1.a.1: Incidence 5.2.1.a.2: Prevalence 5.2.1.a.3: Mortality 5.2.1.a.4: Loss of work days 5.2.1.a.5: Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms Topic 5.2.5: Toxic substance- and nuclear radiation-related diseases and conditions 5.2.5.a: Toxic substance– and nuclear radiation–related diseases and conditions [related to energy production and consumption] 5.2.5.a.1: Incidence 5.2.5.a.2: Prevalence 5.2.5.a.3: Loss of work days 5.2.5.a.4: Estimates of economic cost in monetary terms