115 Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 115 Component 6:Environmental Protection, Management and Engagement Subcomponent 6.1: Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure Topic 6.1.1: Government environmental protection and resource management expenditure 6.1.1.a: Government environmental protection and resource management expenditure 6.1.1.a.1: Annual government environmental protection expenditure [on water] 6.1.1.a.2: Annual government resource management expenditure [on water] Topic 6.1.2: Corporate, non-profit institution and house hold environmental protection and resource manage ment expenditure 6.1.2.a: Private sector environmental protection and resource management expenditure [on water] 6.1.2.a.1: Annual corporate environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.2: Annual corporate resource management expenditure 6.1.2.a.3: Annual non-profit institution environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.4: Annual non-profit institution resource management expenditure 6.1.2.a.5: Annual household environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.6: Annual household resource management expenditure Subcomponent 6.2: Environmental Governance and Regulation Topic 6.2.1: Institutional strength 6.2.1.a: Government environmental institutions and their resources 6.2.1.a.1: Name of main environmental [water] authority and year of establishment 6.2.1.a.2: Annual budget of the main environmental [water] authority 6.2.1.a.3: Number of staff of the main environmental [water] authority 6.2.1.a.4: List of environmental [water] departments in other authorities and year of establishment 6.2.1.a.5: Annual budget of environmental [water] departments in other authorities 6.2.1.a.6: Number of staff of environmental [water] departments in other authorities Topic 6.2.2: Environmental regulation and instruments 6.2.2.a: Direct regulation 6.2.2.a.1: List of regulated [water] pollutants and description (e.g., by year of adoption and maxi mum allowable levels) 6.2.2.a.2: Description (e.g., name, year established) of licensing system to ensure compliance with environmental [water] standards for businesses or other new facilities 6.2.2.a.3: Number of applications for licenses [compliance with water standards] received and approved per year 6.2.2.a.4: List of quotas for biological [aquatic] resource extraction 6.2.2.a.5: Budget and number of staff dedicated to enforcement of environmental [water] regulations 6.2.2.b: Economic instruments 6.2.2.b.1: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of green/environmental [related to water] taxes 6.2.2.b.2: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of environmentally relevant subsidies [related to water] 6.2.2.b.3: List of [water] eco-labelling and environmental certification programmes Topic 6.2.3: Participation in MEAs and environmental conventions 6.2.3.a: Participation in MEAs and other global environmental conventions 6.2.3.a.1: List and description (e.g., country’s year of participationa ) of MEAs and other global envi ronmental conventions [regulating, managing and affecting water] Subcomponent 6.3: Extreme Event Preparedness and Disaster Management Topic 6.3.1: Preparedness for natural extreme events and disasters 6.3.1.a: National natural extreme events and disaster preparedness and management systems [related to droughts and floods] 6.3.1.a.1: Existence of national disaster plans/programmes 6.3.1.a.2: Description of national disaster plans/programmes 6.3.1.a.7: Existence of early warning systems for all major hazards 6.3.1.a.8: Expenditure on disaster prevention, preparedness, clean-up and rehabilitation Topic 6.3.2: Preparedness for technological disasters 6.3.2.a: National technological disaster preparedness and management systems [related to water] 6.3.2.a.1: Existence and description (e.g., number of staff) of public disaster management plans/programmes (and private when available) 6.3.2.a.2: Expenditure on disaster prevention, preparedness, clean-up and rehabilitation a Participation means that the country or area has become party to the agreements under the treaty or convention, which is achieved through various means, depending on the country’s circumstances, namely: accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation, ratification and succession. Countries or areas that have signed but not become party to the agreements under a given convention or treaty are not considered to be participating.
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 116 5.16. The second approach shows how the statistical topics of the FDES can be reorganized with a narrower focus on the management of water supply and wastewater treatment, follow ing the sequence of abstraction, distribution and use of water, returns of water and emissions to the environment, and protection and mitigation activities, as shown in Figures 5.3 and 5.4. Figure 5.3 Topics in the FDES that relate to water, according to the sequence of water use and management Water Resources Subcomponent 1.1: Physical Conditions Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources 1.1.2 Hydrographical characteristics 2.6.1 Water resources Water Use and Management Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Man agement of Wastewater Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements 2.6.2 Abstraction, use and returns of water 3.2.1 Generation and pollution content of wastewater 3.2.2 Collection and treatment of waste water 5.1.2 Access to selected basic services Environmental Effects Subcomponent 3: Environmental Quality Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Management of Wastewater 1.3.2 Freshwater quality 2.6.1 Water resources 3.2.1 Generation and pollutant content of wastewater 3.2.3 Discharge of wastewater to the environment Protection and Mitigation Activities Subcomponent 6.1: Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure Subcomponent 6.2: Environmental Governance and Regulation 6.1.1 Government environmental protection and resource man agement expenditure 6.1.2 Corporate, non-profit institution and household environ mental protection and resource management expenditure 6.2.2 Environmental regulation and instruments 6.2.3 Participation in MEAs and environmental conventions
117 Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 117 Figure 5.4 Water statistics in the Core Set and Basic Set of Environment Statistics, according to the sequence of water use and management (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) Water Resources Subcomponent 1.1: Physical Conditions Topic 1.1.2: Hydrographical characteristics 1.1.2.a: Lakes 1.1.2.a.1: Surface area 1.1.2.a.2: Maximum depth 1.1.2.b: Rivers and streams 1.1.2.b.1: Length 1.1.2.c: Artificial reservoirs 1.1.2.c.1: Surface area 1.1.2.c.2: Maximum depth 1.1.2.d: Watersheds 1.1.2.d.1: Description of main watersheds 1.1.2.f: Aquifers 1.1.2.g: Glaciers Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.1: Water resources 2.6.1.a: Inflow of water to inland water resources 2.6.1.a.1: Precipitation (also in 1.1.1.b) 2.6.1.a.2: Inflow from neighbouring territories 2.6.1.a.3: Inflow subject to treaties 2.6.1.b: Outflow of water from inland water resources 2.6.1.b.1: Evapotranspiration 2.6.1.b.2: Outflow to neighbouring territories 2.6.1.b.3: Outflow subject to treaties 2.6.1.b.4: Outflow to the sea 2.6.1.c: Inland water stocks 2.6.1.c.1: Surface water stocks in artificial reservoirs 2.6.1.c.2: Surface water stocks in lakes 2.6.1.c.3: Surface water stocks in rivers and streams 2.6.1.c.4: Surface water stocks in wetlands 2.6.1.c.5: Surface water stocks in snow, ice and glaciers 2.6.1.c.6: Groundwater stocks Water Use and Management Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water 2.6.2.a: Total water abstraction 2.6.2.b: Water abstraction from surface water 2.6.2.c: Water abstraction from groundwater 2.6.2.c.1: From renewable groundwater resources 2.6.2.c.2: From non-renewable groundwater resources 2.6.2.d: Water abstracted for own use 2.6.2.e: Water abstracted for distribution 2.6.2.f: Desalinated water 2.6.2.g: Reused water 2.6.2.h: Water use 2.6.2.i: Rainwater collection 2.6.2.j: Water abstraction from the sea 2.6.2.k: Losses during transport 2.6.2.l: Exports of water 2.6.2.m: Imports of water 2.6.2.n: Returns of water Figure 5.4 Water statistics in the Core Set and Basic Set of Environment Statistics, according to the sequence of water use and management (Bold text—Core Set/Tier 1; regular text—Tier 2; italicized text—Tier 3) Water Resources Subcomponent 1.1: Physical Conditions Topic 1.1.2: Hydrographical characteristics 1.1.2.a: Lakes 1.1.2.a.1: Surface area 1.1.2.a.2: Maximum depth 1.1.2.b: Rivers and streams 1.1.2.b.1: Length 1.1.2.c: Artificial reservoirs 1.1.2.c.1: Surface area 1.1.2.c.2: Maximum depth 1.1.2.d: Watersheds 1.1.2.d.1: Description of main watersheds 1.1.2.f: Aquifers 1.1.2.g: Glaciers Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.1: Water resources 2.6.1.a: Inflow of water to inland water resources 2.6.1.a.1: Precipitation (also in 1.1.1.b) 2.6.1.a.2: Inflow from neighbouring territories 2.6.1.a.3: Inflow subject to treaties 2.6.1.b: Outflow of water from inland water resources 2.6.1.b.1: Evapotranspiration 2.6.1.b.2: Outflow to neighbouring territories 2.6.1.b.3: Outflow subject to treaties 2.6.1.b.4: Outflow to the sea 2.6.1.c: Inland water stocks 2.6.1.c.1: Surface water stocks in artificial reservoirs 2.6.1.c.2: Surface water stocks in lakes 2.6.1.c.3: Surface water stocks in rivers and streams 2.6.1.c.4: Surface water stocks in wetlands 2.6.1.c.5: Surface water stocks in snow, ice and glaciers 2.6.1.c.6: Groundwater stocks Water Use and Management Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources Topic 2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water 2.6.2.a: Total water abstraction 2.6.2.b: Water abstraction from surface water 2.6.2.c: Water abstraction from groundwater 2.6.2.c.1: From renewable groundwater resources 2.6.2.c.2: From non-renewable groundwater resources 2.6.2.d: Water abstracted for own use 2.6.2.e: Water abstracted for distribution 2.6.2.f: Desalinated water 2.6.2.g: Reused water 2.6.2.h: Water use 2.6.2.i: Rainwater collection 2.6.2.j: Water abstraction from the sea 2.6.2.k: Losses during transport 2.6.2.l: Exports of water 2.6.2.m: Imports of water 2.6.2.n: Returns of water
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013)118
Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Management of Wastewater
Topic 3.2.1: Generation and pollutant
content of wastewater
3.2.1.a: Volume of wastewater generated
Topic 3.2.2: Collection and treatment of wastewater 3.2.2.a: Volume of wastewater collected
3.2.2.b: Volume of wastewater treated
3.2.2.c: Total urban wastewater treatment capacity
3.2.2.c.1: Number of plants
3.2.2.c.2: Capacity of plants
3.2.2.d: Total industrial wastewater treatment capacity
3.2.2.d.1: Number of plants
3.2.2.d.2: Capacity of plants
Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements
Topic 5.1.2: Access to selected basic services 5.1.2.a: Population using an improved drinking water source
5.1.2.b: Population using an improved sanitation facility
5.1.2.e: Population connected to wastewater treatment
5.1.2.f: Population supplied by water supply industry
Environmental Effects
Subcomponent 1.3: Environmental Quality
Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality 1.3.2.a: Nutrients and chlorophyll
1.3.2.a.1: Concentration level of nitrogen
1.3.2.a.2: Concentration level of phosphorous
1.3.2.a.3: Concentration level of chlorophyll A
1.3.2.b: Organic matter
1.3.2.b.1: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
1.3.2.b.2: Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
1.3.2.c: Pathogens
1.3.2.c.1: Concentration levels of faecal coliforms
1.3.2.d: Metals (e.g., mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, cadmium)
1.3.2.d.1: Concentration levels in sediment and freshwater
1.3.2.d.2: Concentration levels in freshwater organisms
1.3.2.e: Organic contaminants (e.g., PCBs, DDT, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols and radioactive waste)
1.3.2.e.1: Concentration levels in sediment and freshwater
1.3.2.e.2: Concentration levels in freshwater organisms
1.3.2.f: Physical and chemical characteristics
1.3.2.f.1: pH/acidity/alkalinity
1.3.2.f.2: Temperature
1.3.2.f.3: Total suspended solids (TSS)
1.3.2.f.4: Salinity
1.3.2.f.5: Dissolved oxygen (DO)
1.3.2.g: Plastic waste and other freshwater debris
1.3.2.g.1: Amount of plastic waste and other debris
Subcomponent 2.6: Water Resources
Topic 2.6.1: Water resources 2.6.1.c: Inland water stocks
2.6.1.c.1: Surface water stocks in artificial reservoirs
2.6.1.c.2: Surface water stocks in lakes
2.6.1.c.3: Surface water stocks in rivers and streams
2.6.1.c.4: Surface water stocks in wetlands
2.6.1.c.5: Surface water stocks in snow, ice and glaciers
2.6.1.c.6: Groundwater stocks
Subcomponent 3.2: Generation and Management of Wastewater
Topic 3.2.1: Generation and pollutant content
of wastewater
3.2.1.b: Pollutant content of wastewater
Topic 3.2.3: Discharge of wastewater
to the environment
3.2.3.a: Wastewater discharge
3.2.3.a.1: Total volume of wastewater discharged to the environment after treatment
3.2.3.a.2: Total volume of wastewater discharged to the environment without treatment
3.2.3.b: Pollutant content of discharged wastewater
119
Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues
119
Protection and Mitigation Activities
Subcomponent 6.1: Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure
Topic 6.1.1: Government environmental protection and
resource management expenditure
6.1.1.a: Government environmental protection and resource management expenditure [on water]
6.1.1.a.1: Annual government environmental protection expenditure
6.1.1.a.2: Annual government resource management expenditure
Topic 6.1.2: Corporate, non-profit institution and
household environmental protection and resource
management expenditure
6.1.2.a: Private sector environmental protection and resource management expenditure [on water]
6.1.2.a.1: Annual corporate environmental protection expenditure
6.1.2.a.2: Annual corporate resource management expenditure
6.1.2.a.3: Annual non-profit institution environmental protection expenditure
6.1.2.a.4: Annual non-profit institution resource management expenditure
6.1.2.a.5: Annual household environmental protection expenditure
6.1.2.a.6: Annual household resource management expenditure
Subcomponent 6.2: Environmental Governance and Regulation
Topic 6.2.2: Environmental regulation and instruments
6.2.2.a: Direct regulation
6.2.2.a.1: List of regulated pollutants and description (e.g., by year of adoption and maximum allow
able levels) [related to water]
6.2.2.a.2: Description (e.g., name, year established) of licensing system to ensure compliance with
environmental standards for businesses or other new facilities [related to water]
6.2.2.a.3: Number of applications for licenses [compliance with water standards] received and approved
per year
6.2.2.a.4: List of quotas for biological [aquatic] resource extraction
6.2.2.a.5: Budget and number of staff dedicated to enforcement of environmental regulations [related
to water]
6.2.2.b: Economic instruments
6.2.2.b.1: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of green/environmental [related to water] taxes
6.2.2.b.2: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of environmentally relevant subsidies [related to
water]
6.2.2.b.3: List of [water] eco-labelling and environmental certification programmes
Topic 6.2.3:
Participation in MEAs and environmental conventions
6.2.3.a: Participation in MEAs and other global environmental conventions
6.2.3.a.1: List and description (e.g., country’s year of participationa) of MEAs and other global envi
ronmental conventions [regulating, managing and affecting water]
a Participation means that the country or area has become party to the agreements under the treaty or convention, which is achieved through various means,
depending on the country’s circumstances, namely: accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation, ratification and succession. Countries or areas that have
signed but not become party to the agreements under a given convention or treaty are not considered to be participating.
5.2. Energy and the environment
5.17.
Energy is indispensable to all ecosystems and is a necessary input for human-controlled
processes. Energy incorporates the concept of the transformation of “available energy” into
“unavailable energy” (e.g., burning of hydrocarbons) and conversion from an “unusable” to a
“usable” form (e.g., hydropower to electricity). Unlike all other natural resources, energy is not
a material substance but rather the capacity of a physical system to perform work. The amount
of energy in a physical system remains constant and is finite, although its quality or availability
diminishes through transformation.
5.18.
For statistical purposes, energy is measured in its “usable form” embedded in energy
products. Although physically speaking there would be no such thing as “energy production”
or “energy consumption”, in statistics these terms refer to the extraction/manufacturing and
use of energy products, respectively.
5.19.
Energy production and consumption affects the environment in various ways. The first
issue relates to the depletion of non-renewable energy resources because depletion occurs as
resources are extracted. In addition, extraction of energy resources involves mining operations
which disturb ecosystems, restructure the land, remove soil and water and produce wastes.
Extraction techniques also result in the removal of large areas of surface vegetation, deep-well
drilling and the use of heavy equipment for exploratory wells on land and offshore oil rigs to