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Reverse osmosis uses pressure to push seawater through a semi-permeable membrane.
Energy consumption for seawater reverse osmosis ranges from 2.3 to 5.5 kWh/m3.
The Carlsbad Desalination Plant produces 50 million gallons of fresh water daily.
Desalination plants are essential in water-scarce regions, supporting agriculture and industry.
Brine discharge from desalination can disrupt marine ecosystems and is a major concern.
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