National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 186 Recommendations
- Strengthening of the nutrition and public health intervention programmes and activities, aiming at the advocating healthy eating and lifestyle among public sector/ semi government servants.
- Incorporate and consolidate the concept of Malaysian Healthy Plate (suku-suku separuh) into the existing programmes carried out by various ministries and agencies.
- Explore funding opportunities among multi-sectoral NGOs and volunteers to support nutrition education programmes.
- Strengthening various nutrition advocacies throughout social media and networks such as the Facebooks, Twitter, Instagram, Whatsapp, Telegrams to inculcate and empower healthy eating and lifestyle.
- Engagement / partnerships with multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder holistic to support effective nutrition programmes and policies at national and local levels. Table 14.1: Nutritional Status (Adult) Trend in Malaysia 2011 2015 2019 Underweight 8.3 6.7 6.5 Overweight 29.4 30.0 30.4 Obesity 15.1 17.7 19.7 Abdominal Obesity 45.4 48.6 52.6 References
World Health Organization. (WHO). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva;1998 2. Kotseva K, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Rydén L, Jennings C, Gyberg V, Abreu A, Aguiar C, Conde AC, Davletov K, Dilic M. Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. A report from the European Society of Cardiology European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) IV cross-sectional survey in 14 European regions. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2016 Dec;23(18):2007-18. 3. Lam BC, Koh GC, Chen C, Wong MT, Fallows SJ. Comparison of body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PloS one. 2015 Apr 16;10(4): e0122985. 4. World Health Organization (WHO). International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (2000). The Asia–Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization. 5. Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 (NHMS 2015). 6. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and- overweight. accessed on 17th April 2020.
Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems 187 Table 14.2: Prevalence of Underweight Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n=9,811) Sociodemographic Characteristics Count Estimated Population Prevalence (%) 95% CI Lower Upper MALAYSIA 536 1,301,375 6.5 5.71 7.45 State Johor 41 130,367 6.0 4.28 8.30 Kedah 20 48,952 4.0 2.56 6.24 Kelantan 35 79,721 7.5 5.34 10.53 Melaka 40 53,014 9.3 5.58 15.18 Negeri Sembilan 22 41,154 6.3 3.81 10.35 Pahang 32 56,479 5.7 3.48 9.20 Pulau Pinang 55 118,970 9.8 6.50 14.56 Perak 22 76,543 5.1* 1.96 12.76 Perlis 19 6,756 4.5 2.74 7.22 Selangor 50 209,569 5.0 3.49 7.15 Terengganu 39 53,128 7.5 5.23 10.51 Sabah 51 208,391 8.6 5.67 12.75 Sarawak 49 145,768 8.3 5.97 11.39 WP Kuala Lumpur 19 67,913 5.6 3.56 8.72 WP Labuan 32 3,386 5.6 3.55 8.76 WP Putrajaya 10 1,263 2.3 1.28 4.09 Location Urban 300 926,737 6.0 5.08 7.00 Rural 236 374,638 8.5 6.74 10.68 Sex Male 276 757,933 7.3 6.05 8.70 Female 260 543,442 5.7 4.78 6.83 Age Group (Years) 18-19 75 197,383 22.9 17.38 29.64 20-24 131 380,609 14.1 11.26 17.49 25-29 72 270,157 9.5 7.18 12.53 30-34 32 72,617 2.9 1.77 4.87 35-39 34 78,282 3.5 2.30 5.36 40-44 21 61,313 3.5* 1.62 7.39 45-49 16 32,317 2.0* 0.85 4.71 50-54 20 22,831 1.6* 0.80 3.04 55-59 13 22,905 1.8* 0.82 3.94 60-64 30 35,326 3.4 2.02 5.57 65-69 25 42,385 5.7* 2.40 13.07 70-74 25 34,626 6.9 4.37 10.65 75 & above 42 50,624 10.5 6.62 16.21 Ethnicity Malaya 362 667,543 6.5 5.63 7.50 Chinese 68 275,004 6.7 4.50 9.78 Indian 19 40,388 3.4* 1.72 6.79 Bumiputera Sabah 36 76,046 5.9 3.27 10.33 Sociodemographic Characteristics Count Estimated Population Prevalence (%) 95% CI Lower Upper Bumiputera Sarawak 24 71,903 7.9 5.54 11.05 Others 27 170,490 7.9 4.77 12.72 Marital Status Single 267 743,387 12.7 10.68 15.05 Married 218 466,755 3.7 2.89 4.65 Widow(er)/Divorcee 51 91,233 6.6 4.16 10.46 Education Level No Formal Education 51 101,586 10.7 6.82 16.51 Primary Education 93 197,392 5.2 3.55 7.58 Secondary Education 270 661,983 6.7 5.66 7.99 Tertiary Education 119 330,915 6.3 4.86 8.13 Occupation Government Employee 28 53,623 3.6 2.18 5.78 Private Employee 168 556,923 7.1 5.80 8.73 Self Employed 85 191,149 5.3 3.80 7.36 Unpaid Worker/ Homemaker 57 95,111 2.9 2.00 4.28 Retiree 18 35,926 4.8* 1.67 12.83 Student 46 108,213 15.2 11.04 20.59 Not Workingb 134 260,429 11.3 9.01 14.20 Household Income Group Less than RM 1,000 60 122,473 7.8 5.24 11.52 RM 1,000 - RM 1,999 121 272,008 7.0 5.35 9.19 RM 2,000 - RM 3,999 165 463,482 7.6 6.01 9.67 RM 4,000 - RM 5,999 77 180,702 5.8 4.20 7.97 RM 6,000 - RM 7,999 43 120,537 6.5 4.25 9.67 RM 8,000 - RM 9,999 18 42,185 4.9* 2.22 10.46 RM 10,000 and above 20 54,323 3.6* 1.91 6.77 Household Income Quintile Quintile 1 123 276,887 7.9 6.00 10.33 Quintile 2 102 214,191 5.5 4.21 7.23 Quintile 3 109 342,779 9.0 6.83 11.89 Quintile 4 89 204,807 5.9 4.42 7.93 Quintile 5 81 217,046 5.1 3.69 7.10 Household Income Category Bottom 40% 355 858,358 7.0 6.00 8.26 Middle 40% 120 299,324 6.1 4.71 7.80 Top 20% 29 98,028 5.7 3.49 9.04 CPG 2004 (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²) & WHO 1998 (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²)
*Prevalence with high RSE, interpret with caution a - Malay includes Orang Asli b - Not working includes Unemployed, and Old Age
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 188 Table 14.3: Prevalence of Normal BMI Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n=9,811) Sociodemographic Characteristics Normal BMI (BMI 18.5 - 22.9 kg/m²) Normal BMI (BMI 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m²) Count Estimated Population Prevalence (%) 95% CI Count Estimated Population Prevalence (%) 95% CI Lower Upper Lower Upper MALAYSIA 2,332 5,473,841 27.5 25.75 29.24 3,868 8,631,511 43.3 41.39 45.23 State Johor 194 632,326 29.0 25.49 32.85 316 946,657 43.5 39.04 47.99 Kedah 115 309,350 25.4 20.40 31.10 192 482,744 39.6 33.77 45.75 Kelantan 143 287,372 27.2 22.16 32.83 228 440,130 41.6 35.66 47.81 Melaka 120 121,123 21.3 16.61 26.90 214 221,098 38.9 31.20 47.17 Negeri Sembilan 94 129,210 19.9 15.04 25.79 174 235,100 36.2 31.04 41.62 Pahang 158 280,658 28.3 22.92 34.46 269 462,595 46.7 41.74 51.74 Pulau Pinang 146 329,628 27.2 22.78 32.09 224 484,719 40.0 34.03 46.24 Perak 134 423,079 28.3 22.35 35.17 237 720,269 48.2 41.70 54.80 Perlis 120 37,038 24.5 20.62 28.89 192 54,557 36.1 31.79 40.67 Selangor 244 1,249,996 29.9 24.86 35.45 410 1,957,210 46.8 40.77 52.91 Terengganu 153 188,790 26.5 23.20 30.07 251 310,484 43.6 39.51 47.71 Sabah 193 680,991 28.0 22.08 34.79 316 1,054,770 43.4 37.40 49.53 Sarawak 166 435,570 24.8 20.74 29.29 266 671,723 38.2 33.72 42.87 WP Kuala Lumpur 128 341,607 28.2 21.77 35.63 202 545,030 45.0 38.56 51.56 WP Labuan 131 16,291 27.0 22.58 31.96 209 25,427 42.2 35.00 49.68 WP Putrajaya 93 10,811 19.6 15.10 25.11 168 18,998 34.5 28.63 40.85 Location Urban 1,420 4,263,539 27.5 25.41 29.59 2,391 6,780,425 43.7 41.36 45.99 Rural 912 1,210,302 27.5 24.72 30.41 1,477 1,851,087 42.0 39.16 44.94 Sex Male 1,152 2,988,516 28.6 26.12 31.29 1,951 4,874,309 46.7 44.10 49.33 Female 1,180 2,485,325 26.2 24.23 28.20 1,917 3,757,202 39.6 37.34 41.82 Age Group 18-19 116 310,657 36.1 29.20 43.63 144 391,902 45.5 38.16 53.13 20-24 328 1,140,657 42.2 36.62 48.05 424 1,476,636 54.7 49.41 59.82 25-29 273 914,478 32.2 28.00 36.80 419 1,289,091 45.4 40.68 50.31 30-34 214 637,974 25.9 20.37 32.31 374 1,044,642 42.4 36.65 48.36 35-39 230 510,661 23.0 19.32 27.05 378 886,043 39.8 35.31 44.54 40-44 164 355,219 20.2 16.52 24.57 289 635,461 36.2 31.57 41.15 45-49 158 329,871 20.6 16.72 25.17 295 622,696 38.9 33.61 44.56 50-54 167 321,611 22.1 18.44 26.26 315 568,053 39.0 34.55 43.71 55-59 162 252,030 19.9 16.58 23.65 297 472,970 37.3 33.34 41.47 60-64 144 209,082 20.0 16.08 24.52 289 395,942 37.8 32.60 43.31 65-69 121 176,481 23.9 18.08 30.86 245 343,554 46.5 39.68 53.45 70-74 111 130,410 25.9 20.45 32.19 189 222,551 44.2 37.55 51.03 75 & above 144 184,709 38.2 31.54 45.43 210 281,969 58.4 50.86 65.54 Ethnicity Malaya 1,433 2,563,218 25.0 23.41 26.60 2,387 4,086,464 39.8 38.05 41.60 Chinese 370 1,411,368 34.2 29.25 39.60 598 2,178,057 52.8 47.76 57.84 Indian 113 201,586 17.2 12.86 22.58 209 383,542 32.7 26.80 39.19 Bumiputera Sabah 142 294,231 22.7 17.73 28.64 244 508,828 39.3 34.21 44.63