Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems 001 MOH/S/IKU/144.20(TR)-e
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 002
Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems 001 NATIONAL HEALTH AND MORBIDITY SURVEY 2019: NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, HEALTHCARE DEMAND AND HEALTH LITERACY Volume I: NCDs – Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems NMRR-18-3085-44207 The following persons had contributed in the proposal, planning, logistics, analysis, write-up, discussion, conclusions and/or drawing recommendations for this report. Core Team Members Dr Shubash Shander Ganapathy, Dr Hj Tahir Hj Aris, Dr Noor Ani Ahmad, Dr Nor Izzah Hj Ahmad Shauki, Dr Manimaran Krishnan Kaundan, Nazirah Alias, Dr Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Suhana Jawahir, Komathi Perialathan, Dr Mohd Shaiful Azlan Kassim, Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani, Dr Fathullah Iqbal Ab Rahim, Dr Halizah Mat Rifin, Dr LeeAnn Tan, Norzawati Yeop, Dr Mohd Azahadi Omar, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Ruhaya Salleh, Lim Kuang Kuay, Dr Rajini Sooryanarayana, Hasimah Ismail, Norhafizah Sahril, Chan Ying Ying, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Andy Mustaming Editors Chan Ying Ying, Norzawati Yeop, Dr Muhammad Solihin Rezali, Dr Jane Ling Miaw Yn, Dr Noor Aliza Lodz, Syafinaz Mohd Sallehuddin, Dr Chong Zhuo Lin, Dr Thamil Arasu Saminathan, Cheong Siew Man, Lalitha Palanivello, Dr Fazila Haryati Ahmad, Dr Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes, Mohd Hatta Abdul Mutalib, Jayvikramjit Singh Manjit Singh Produced and Distributed by Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia The National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019: Non-Communicable Diseases, Healthcare Demand and Health Literacy Institute for Public Health National Institutes of Health Ministry of Health Block B5 & B6, Kompleks NIH No 1, Jln Setia Murni U13/52 Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel: +603-3362 7800 Fax: +603-3362 7801 / 7802 Any enquiries or comments on this report should be directed to The Principal Investigator, The National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Block B5 & B6, Kompleks NIH No 1, Jln Setia Murni U13/52 Seksyen U13, Bandar Setia Alam 40170 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel: +603-3362 7800 Fax: +603-3362 7801 / 7802 Published by the Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Malaysia
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 002 This report comprises of two volumes, as follows: i. Volume I: NCDs – Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems ii. Volume II: Healthcare Demand ©2020, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Selangor. ISBN: e978-967-18159-2-2 Suggested citation: Institute for Public Health (IPH), National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2020. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol. I: NCDs – Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily represent the opinions of other investigators participating in the survey, nor the views or policy of the Ministry of Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 002
Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems 003 Message from the Director General of Health Malaysia The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) was first carried out by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in 1986 and subsequently in ten-yearly intervals, i.e. in 1996 and 2006, to obtain local data on the nation’s population health. However, given the growing importance of ‘time-context’ data to effectively respond to the healthcare needs in Malaysia, the NHMS is now carried out every year since 2011, with a regular four-yearly interval survey on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). The significance of the NHMS goes beyond providing up- to-date epidemiological data on the key diseases and NCDs risk factors. An understanding of disease trends and their risk factors will supplement and aid the country in planning for the healthcare needs of the people in Malaysia. Thus, the information gained from the NHMS will unequivocally facilitate the process of benchmarking our progress towards global commitments and strategically prioritise our nation to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDG). The alarming rise of NCDs in Malaysia over the years is of grave concern as we approach an ageing nation status. In 2016, the Ministry of Health developed the National Strategic Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases (NSP-NCD) to tackle the growing burden of NCDs in Malaysia. The analysis obtained from this survey will provide the Ministry of Health the tools towards monitoring and evaluating the formulated health policies and strategies to strengthen healthcare delivery to the nation continuously. This latest NHMS aimed to provide community-based data to determine the prevalence of NCDs, the prevalence of risk factors of NCDs, and relevant critical areas of concern. The diseases and risk factors studied in each NHMS is overseen by the NHMS Steering Committee, which consists of Ministry of Health policymakers as well as state representatives and experts from local universities. Each topic studied in the survey is critically evaluated to ensure appropriate and meaningful data collection. The NHMS 2019 was carried out between July and October 2019, simultaneously across all 13 states and three Federal Territories in Malaysia. A total of 70 research teams of over 300 personnel, consisting of field supervisors, research assistants and nurses were mobilised for data collection. In addition, dozens of experts from the Ministry of Health and local universities from various fields were involved in the analysis and preparation of this report. The success of this nation-wide survey is owed to the gracious support from all the state health departments in carrying out scouting activities, providing nurses, and assisting the research teams. I wish to express my gratitude to all State Health Directors and their team members for their immense contribution. My commendation also goes to the survey team from the Institute for Public Health, Institute for Health Systems Research, and Institute for Health Behavioural Research for the successful completion of this important survey. Thank you to all the agencies involved for their support and cooperation throughout the process. Last but not least, I also thank all the respondents who had taken the time to participate in this survey and urge everyone to join hands towards creating a healthy Malaysia. This survey has highlighted several areas of concern that will be addressed by the Ministry of Health as we continue to improve the health status and health delivery in the country. Datuk Dr Noor Hisham bin Abdullah Director General of Health Malaysia Chairman of NHMS Steering Committee Ministry of Health Malaysia Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems 003
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 004 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Director General of Health Malaysia for his enduring support and guidance during the conduct of this survey and for his permission to publish this report. Our sincere appreciation to the Deputy Director General (Research and Technical Support), our beloved Directors of the Institute for Public Health, Institute for Health Systems Research and Institute for Health Behavioural Research, for their unwavering support, guidance and technical advice throughout the various stages of the survey that led this project to fruition. The National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019, was accomplished with funding supported by the National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Technical advice was from the Advisory Panel and Steering Committee, consisting of executives and experts from both inside and outside the Ministry of Health. The authors would like to express our sincere thanks to them. Our sincere gratitude also goes to the Department of Statistics Malaysia for their assistance in the sampling and preparation of data collection. The authors thank all the State Health Directors, all State Liaison Officers and District Health Officers who have been instrumental in mobilising resources during the scouting and data collection phase. We also extend our gratitude to all personnel in Institute for Public Health, Institute for Health Systems Research, and Institute for Health Behavioural Research for their support in carrying out this survey. The authors also thank all parties who assisted in the implementation of the survey, from the Central Committee Team, Field Supervisors, Team Leaders, Data Collectors and Drivers, without whom the survey would not have been a success. Finally, our sincere appreciation is extended to all respondents who had participated in and contributed their valuable time and precious information towards the survey. It is our hope that these findings will help program leaders and policy makers to better run the various health programs and other services available to the people of Malaysia. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 Technical Report − Volume I 004
Non-Communicable Diseases:
Risk Factors and other Health Problems
005
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
004
Executive Summary
010
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background
1.2
Objectives
014
014
014
2.0 Methodology
2.1
Target Population
2.2
Sampling Frame
2.3
Sample Size Determination
2.4
Sampling Design
2.5
Ethical Considerations
2.6
Questionnaire and Other Survey Material
2.7
Field Preparation and Logistic Support
2.8
Training
2.9
Publicity
2.10 Data Collection
2.11 Data Management and Monitoring During
Data Collection
2.12 Data Analysis
016
016
016
016
016
017
017
018
019
019
019
020
020
3.0 General Findings
3.1
Sample Coverage
3.2
Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.3
Sample Representativeness
022
022
022
024
4.0 Non-Communicable Diseases: Diabetes,
Hypertension and Hypercholesterolaemia
4.1
Diabetes
4.2
Hypertension
4.3
Hypercholesterolaemia
026
026
028
029
5.0 Physical Activity
070
6.0 Tobacco Use
6.1
Smoking
6.2
Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
6.3
Smoking Cessation Behaviour
6.4
Awareness of Anti-Smoking Campaign
6.5
Awareness of Cigarette Advertising and
Promotion
080
081
081
082
082
082
7.0
Dietary Practices
7.1
Intake of Commercially Packed Ready to
Drink Beverages/ Premixed/ Sugar Added
Self-Prepared Drinks and The Consumption
of Sugar
7.2
Dietary Practices
104
104
107
8.0 Health Screening
8.1
Medical Check-Up / Health Screenings
8.2
Breast Cancer
8.3
Cervical Cancer
8.4
Faecal Occult Blood Test for Colorectal
Cancer Screening
132
133
133
134
134
9.0 Alcohol Consumption
9.1
Alcohol Consumption Among Those Aged 18
Years and Above
9.2
Alcohol Consumption Among Those Aged 13
Years Old and Above
9.3
Binge Drinking Among Those Aged 18 Years
and Above
9.4
Heavy Episodic Drinkers Among Those Aged
18 Years and Above
9.5
AUDIT Risk Stratification Related to Pattern of
Drinking
146
147
147
147
147
147
10.0 Substance Abuse
156
11.0 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
162
12.0 Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
168
13.0 Anaemia
174
14.0 Nutritional Status of Adults
184
15.0 Nutritional Status of Children
15.1 Nutritional Status of Children Below 5 Years
Old
15.2 Nutritional Status Among Children 5 To 17
Years Old
206
206
207
16.0 Mental Health Problems of Children
226
17.0 Disability
236
18.0 Child Functioning
248
19.0 Epilepsy
252
20.0 Depression
256
21.0 Health Literacy
21.1 Overall Health Literacy
21.2 Health Literacy in Health Care, Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion Domains
260
261
262
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019
Technical Report − Volume I
006
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Distribution of Sample by State, NHMS 2019
Table 2.2: Questionnaire Used for NCD Component,
NHMS 2019
017
018
Table 3.1: Response Rate by Living Quarters and Individual
by State, NHMS 2019
Table 3.2: Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Sample,
NHMS 2019
022
023
Table 4.1: Non-Communicable Diseases Trend in Malaysia
Table 4.2: Prevalence of Overall Raised Blood Glucose
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.3: Prevalence of Known Diabetes Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.4: Prevalence of Raised Blood Glucose Amongst
Those Not Known to Have Diabetes Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 4.5: Prevalence of Overall Raised Blood Pressure
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.6: Prevalence of Known Hypertension Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.7: Prevalence of Raised Blood Pressure Amongst
Those Not Known to Have Hypertension Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.8: Prevalence of Overall Raised Blood Cholesterol
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.9: Prevalence of Known Hypercholesterolemia
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 4.10: Prevalence of Raised Total Cholesterol
Amongst Those Not Known to Have Hypercholesterolemia
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
031
032
036
040
044
048
052
056
060
064
Table 5.1: Physical Inactivity Trend in Malaysia
Table 5.2: Prevalence of Physically Inactivity Among
Respondents Aged 16 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 5.3: Prevalence of Physical Inactivity in Travel
Domain Among Respondents Aged 16 Years and Above in
Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
071
072
073
Table 5.4: Prevalence of Exposure to Physical Activity
Information Disseminated Through Various Mass Media
Channels Among Respondents Aged 16 Years and Above in
Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
074
Table 6.1: Smoking Trend in Malaysia
Table 6.2: Prevalence of Smokers Among Respondents
Aged 15 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.3: Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco and
E-cigarettes / Vape Use Among Respondents Aged 15
Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 6.4: Prevalence of Any Tobacco Product Use Among
Respondents Aged 15 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.5: Cigarettes Smoked Per Day Among Daily
Cigarette Smokers Among Respondents Aged 15 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.6: Prevalence of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
at Home and Work Among Respondents Aged 15 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.7: Prevalence of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
at Eateries Among Respondents Aged 15 Years and Above
in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.8: Current Smokers Who Made a Quit Attempt
in The Past 12 Months Among Respondents Aged 15
Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 6.9: Prevalence of Noticing Anti-Cigarette
Information in Newspapers/Magazines and Television in
The Past 30 days Among Respondents Aged 15 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 6.10: Prevalence of Noticing Cigarette
Advertisement and Promotion Among Respondents Aged
15 Years and Above in Malaysia
083
084
086
088
090
094
096
098
099
101
Table 7 .1: Inadequate Fruit and / or Vegetable Intake Trend
in Malaysia
Table 7 .2: Prevalence of at Least Once in A Week Intake of
Commercially Packed Ready to Drink (CPRD) Beverages,
Proportion of Daily Intake of at Least One Type of CPRD
Beverages and The Amount of Sugar Intake Per Day
Among the Respondents Consuming CPRD Beverages
Daily Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia
by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 7 .3: Prevalence of at Least Once in A Week Intake
of Premixed Drinks, Proportion of Daily Intake of at Least
One Type of Premixed Beverages and The Amount of
Sugar Intake Per Day Among the Respondents Consuming
Premixed Beverages Daily Among Adults Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
109
110
114
Non-Communicable Diseases:
Risk Factors and other Health Problems
007
Table 7 .4: Prevalence of at Least Once in A Week Intake of
Sugar Added Self-Prepared Beverages, Proportion of Daily
Intake of at Least One Type of Self-Prepared Beverages
and The Amount of Sugar Intake Per Day Among the
Respondents Consuming Self-Prepared Beverages Daily
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 7 .5: Prevalence of Inadequate Intake of Fruit,
Vegetable and Fruit and / or Vegetable Among Adults
Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 7 .6: Prevalence of Adequate and Inadequate Plain
Water Intake in A Day Among Adults Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 7 .7: Prevalence of Awareness of Healthy Plate
Concept Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in
Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 7 .8: Prevalence of Adequate Knowledge and Practice
of Healthy Plate Concept Among Those with Awareness
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia
118
122
126
128
129
Table 8.1: Prevalence of Undergoing Any Health Screening
/ Medical Check Up in The Past 12 Months Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 8.2: Prevalence of Breast Self-Examination in The
Past 12 Months Among Females Aged 18 Years and Above
in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 8.3: Prevalence of Mammogram Examination (In
The Past 3 Years and Ever Done) Among Females Aged
40 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 8.4: Prevalence of Pap Smear Examination in The
Last 3 Years and, Awareness and Interest to Use Self-
Sampling Screening (HPV Screening) Among Female Aged
20 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 8.5: Prevalence of Faecal Occult Blood Test Among
Adults Aged 50 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
136
137
138
140
144
Table 9.1: Harmful Alcohol Consumption Trend in Malaysia
Table 9.2: Prevalence of Current Drinkers Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 9.3: Prevalence of Current Drinkers Among
Respondents Aged 13 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 9.4: Proportion of Binge Drinkers Among Current
Drinkers Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in
Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
148
149
150
151
Table 9.5: Proportion of Heavy Episodic Drinkers Among
Current Drinkers Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above
in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 9.6: Proportion of AUDIT Risk Stratification Score
Among Current Drinkers Aged 18 Years and Above in
Malaysia
152
153
Table 10.1: Prevalence of Ever and Current Drug Use
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 10.2: Prevalence of Drug Use by Types Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia
Table 10.3: Proportion of Age of Initiation and Types of
First Started Drug by Respondents with Ever Drug Use
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia
Table 10.4: Proportion of Sources of Obtaining Drugs by
Respondents with Current Drug Use Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia
158
159
159
159
Table 11.1: Prevalence of Probable Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH) Among Males Aged 40 Years and Above
in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 11.2: Association Between BPH Status and Quality of
Life (QoL) Due to Urinary Symptom Among Males Aged 40
Years and Above in Malaysia
164
165
Table 12.1: Prevalence of Probable Erectile Dysfunction
(ED) Among Sexually Active Males Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
170
Table 13.1: Anaemia Trend in Malaysia
Table 13.2: Prevalence of Anaemia Among Respondents
Aged 15 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 13.3: Prevalence of Anaemia Level Among
Respondents Aged 15 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 13.4: Prevalence of Anaemia Among Women of
Reproductive Age Group (15-49 years) in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 13.5: Prevalence of Anaemia Level Among Women
of Reproductive Age Group (15-49 years) in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
175
176
177
179
180
Table 14.1: Nutritional Status (Adults) Trend in Malaysia
Table 14.2: Prevalence of Underweight Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 14.3: Prevalence of Normal BMI Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 14.4: Prevalence of Overweight Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
186
187
188
190
National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019
Technical Report − Volume I
008
Table 14.5: Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 14.6: Prevalence of Obesity I to III (WHO 1998)
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 14.7: Prevalence of Obesity I to III (CPG 2004)
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 14.8: Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity (WHO 2000)
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 14.9: Mean Weight by BMI Category Among Adults
Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia
192
194
198
202
203
Table 15.1: Nutritional Status (Children Under 5 Years of
Age) Trend in Malaysia
Table 15.2: Nutritional Status (Children 5 – 17 Years of Age)
Trend in Malaysia
Table 15.3: Prevalence of Nutritional Status Among
Children Below 5 Years Old in Malaysia
Table 15.4: Prevalence of Nutritional Status Among
Children Aged 5-17 Years Old in Malaysia
Table 15.5: Prevalence of Weight-for-Age Among Children
Below 5 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 15.6: Prevalence of Height-for-Age Among Children
Below 5 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 15.7: Prevalence of Weight-for-Height Among
Children Below 5 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 15.8: Prevalence of BMI-for-Age Among Children
Below 5 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 15.9: Prevalence of Weight-for-Age Among Children
Aged 5-10 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 15.10: Prevalence of Height-for-Age Among Children
Aged 5-17 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 15.11: Prevalence of BMI-for-Age Among Children
Aged 5-17 Years Old in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
207
209
209
210
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
Table 16.1: Mental Health (Children) Trend in Malaysia
Table 16.2: Prevalence of Mental Health Problems
Among Children Aged 5 - 15 Years in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 16.3: Prevalence of Emotional Health Problems
Among Children Aged 5 - 15 Years in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
227
228
229
Table 16.4: Prevalence of Conduct Problems Among
Children Aged 5 - 15 Years in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 16.5: Prevalence of Hyperactivity Problems
Among Children Aged 5 -15 years in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 16.6: Prevalence of Peer Problems Among Children
Aged 5 - 15 Years in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
Table 16.7: Prevalence of Pro-Social Skills Among Children
Aged 5 - 15 Years in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
230
231
232
233
Table 17 .1: Disability (Adult) Trend in Malaysia
Table 17 .2: Prevalence of Overall Difficulty Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 17 .3: Prevalence of Difficulty by Domains Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 17 .4: Prevalence of Overall Disability Among
Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
Table 17 .5: Use of Assistive Device Among Adults with
Overall Difficulty Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
238
239
240
244
245
Table 18.1: Prevalence of Overall Functional Difficulty (At
Least One Domain) Among Children Aged 2-17 Years in
Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 18.2: Prevalence of Use of Assistive Devices Among
Children Aged 2-17 Years in Malaysia
250
250
Table 19.1: Prevalence of Suspected Epilepsy (Preliminary
Results Based on Initial Screening) in Malaysia by Socio-
Demographic Characteristics
254
Table 20.1: Prevalence of Depression Among Adults Aged
18 Years and Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
258
Table 21.1: Prevalence of Total Health Literacy Level
Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Above in Malaysia by
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 21.2: Prevalence of Health Literacy Level for
Healthcare Domain Among Adults Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 21.3: Prevalence of Health Literacy Level for Disease
Prevention Domain Among Adults Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Table 21.4: Prevalence of Health Literacy Level for Health
Promotion Domain Among Adults Aged 18 Years and
Above in Malaysia by Socio-Demographic Characteristics
264
268
272
276
Non-Communicable Diseases:
Risk Factors and other Health Problems
009
List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Population Pyramid Comparing Estimated Population of NHMS 2019 and Projected Population of Malaysia for 2019 by
Age and Sex
024
List of Appendices
APPENDIX 1: Members of Steering Committee, NHMS 2019-2022
282
APPENDIX 2: Members of NHMS 2019 Central Coordinating Team (CCT)
282
APPENDIX 3: List of Research Team Members
282
APPENIDX 4: List of Liaison Officers (Other Research Members)
284
APPENDIX 5: List of Research Assistants in Central Team
285
APPENDIX 6: State Data Collection Teams
285
APPENDIX 7: Questionnaire
290
APPENDIX 8: Code Book
364
APPENDIX 9: Summary of Publicity Activities and Samples of Publicity Materials
381