Appendix A. 57 TABLE A.13: Employment income gap decomposition for the age group 25- 44 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria 1.392*** (0.226) 0.722*** (0.083) 0.396*** (0.042) 0.253*** (0.031) 0.187*** (0.026) 0.145*** (0.026) 0.100*** (0.026) 0.073*** (0.026) 0.063 (0.042) Belgium 0.442*** (0.108) 0.218*** (0.036) 0.125*** (0.023) 0.073*** (0.019) 0.044** (0.018) 0.017 (0.018) -0.006 (0.019) -0.012 (0.021) 0.010 (0.020) Bulgaria -0.062 (0.126) -0.050 (0.078) -0.089** (0.036) -0.112*** (0.034) -0.094*** (0.034) -0.120*** (0.035) -0.112*** (0.032) -0.109*** (0.030) -0.116*** (0.037) Croatia -0.021 (0.087) 0.044 (0.040) 0.021 (0.021) -0.012 (0.019) -0.038* (0.020) -0.049** (0.021) -0.051** (0.022) -0.054** (0.022) -0.076*** (0.026) Czechia 0.267*** (0.050) 0.100*** (0.026) 0.023 (0.019) -0.010 (0.017) -0.028* (0.016) -0.019 (0.015) -0.030* (0.016) -0.050** (0.022) -0.049* (0.025) Denmark 0.439** (0.191) 0.272*** (0.104) 0.154** (0.063) 0.018 (0.027) -0.025 (0.021) -0.042** (0.019) -0.067*** (0.018) -0.048*** (0.017) -0.044** (0.018) Estonia 0.192* (0.102) 0.086 (0.073) 0.041 (0.049) -0.048 (0.039) -0.030 (0.031) -0.049* (0.028) -0.080*** (0.029) -0.081*** (0.030) -0.087*** (0.030) Finland 0.391*** (0.106) 0.463*** (0.064) 0.138*** (0.023) 0.084*** (0.018) 0.045*** (0.016) 0.010 (0.016) 0.001 (0.015) -0.009 (0.015) -0.023 (0.018) France 0.324*** (0.097) 0.345*** (0.060) 0.116*** (0.023) 0.064*** (0.019) 0.041** (0.020) 0.035* (0.020) 0.021 (0.020) 0.013 (0.019) 0.027 (0.022) Germany 1.125*** (0.164) 0.679*** (0.079) 0.317*** (0.038) 0.184*** (0.026) 0.128*** (0.024) 0.093*** (0.022) 0.059*** (0.020) 0.041* (0.022) 0.042* (0.025) Greece 0.097** (0.048) 0.097*** (0.029) 0.053** (0.024) 0.019 (0.018) -0.004 (0.015) -0.018 (0.013) -0.034*** (0.013) -0.035** (0.014) -0.031 (0.021) Hungary 0.381*** (0.092) 0.094** (0.042) 0.036 (0.024) -0.019 (0.024) -0.022 (0.025) -0.062*** (0.024) -0.064*** (0.022) -0.047** (0.023) -0.039* (0.024) Latvia 0.211** (0.087) 0.027 (0.046) -0.066* (0.038) -0.115*** (0.033) -0.134*** (0.032) -0.145*** (0.030) -0.124*** (0.029) -0.111*** (0.030) -0.133*** (0.038) Lithuania -0.025 (0.115) -0.142** (0.059) -0.188*** (0.050) -0.157*** (0.048) -0.178*** (0.048) -0.204*** (0.049) -0.202*** (0.054) -0.239*** (0.063) -0.116** (0.051) Netherlands 1.013*** (0.168) 0.434*** (0.063) 0.286*** (0.036) 0.182*** (0.027) 0.125*** (0.023) 0.068*** (0.021) 0.058*** (0.020) 0.060*** (0.021) 0.070*** (0.027) Norway 0.411*** (0.145) 0.239*** (0.056) 0.107*** (0.024) 0.042** (0.017) 0.030** (0.015) 0.014 (0.014) 0.007 (0.015) -0.010 (0.016) -0.006 (0.017) Poland 0.090** (0.035) 0.006 (0.021) -0.010 (0.017) -0.037** (0.016) -0.051*** (0.016) -0.062*** (0.017) -0.079*** (0.019) -0.064*** (0.017) -0.061*** (0.020) Portugal 0.150*** (0.051) 0.044*** (0.016) 0.017 (0.015) 0.002 (0.015) -0.017 (0.016) -0.060*** (0.021) -0.109*** (0.024) -0.131*** (0.023) -0.122*** (0.025) Romania -0.056 (0.067) -0.177** (0.080) -0.063** (0.027) -0.045*** (0.016) -0.064*** (0.016) -0.119*** (0.025) -0.096*** (0.019) -0.094*** (0.020) -0.109*** (0.026) Serbia -0.453*** (0.110) -0.446*** (0.086) -0.266*** (0.042) -0.189*** (0.027) -0.180*** (0.025) -0.173*** (0.026) -0.200*** (0.026) -0.157*** (0.026) -0.175*** (0.035) Slovakia 0.064 (0.042) 0.006 (0.023) -0.006 (0.015) -0.010 (0.013) -0.010 (0.012) -0.020 (0.013) -0.019 (0.014) -0.033** (0.015) -0.011 (0.019) Slovenia 0.155** (0.077) 0.130*** (0.044) 0.031 (0.019) 0.015 (0.018) -0.014 (0.016) -0.049*** (0.016) -0.084*** (0.016) -0.099*** (0.016) -0.142*** (0.021) Spain 0.229** (0.099) 0.253*** (0.059) 0.177*** (0.038) 0.121*** (0.028) 0.079*** (0.023) 0.033 (0.021) 0.023 (0.020) -0.027 (0.019) -0.055*** (0.021) Sweden 0.287** (0.146) 0.242*** (0.068) 0.150*** (0.037) 0.105*** (0.024) 0.065*** (0.019) 0.048*** (0.017) 0.019 (0.016) -0.020 (0.016) -0.053*** (0.020) UK 0.435*** (0.089) 0.354*** (0.032) 0.246*** (0.027) 0.155*** (0.023) 0.111*** (0.021) 0.083*** (0.020) 0.048*** (0.019) 0.030 (0.021) 0.013 (0.021) Unexplained Austria -0.269 (0.265) 0.409*** (0.113) 0.448*** (0.064) 0.409*** (0.046) 0.368*** (0.037) 0.357*** (0.035) 0.333*** (0.035) 0.304*** (0.036) 0.313*** (0.053) Belgium -0.067 (0.131) 0.134** (0.052) 0.141*** (0.030) 0.134*** (0.024) 0.139*** (0.022) 0.151*** (0.022) 0.164*** (0.024) 0.198*** (0.027) 0.202*** (0.032) Bulgaria 0.173 (0.192) 0.148 (0.109) 0.186*** (0.050) 0.234*** (0.045) 0.259*** (0.046) 0.367*** (0.048) 0.377*** (0.047) 0.370*** (0.050) 0.348*** (0.068) Croatia 0.381*** (0.125) 0.353*** (0.073) 0.272*** (0.036) 0.210*** (0.031) 0.196*** (0.031) 0.246*** (0.033) 0.199*** (0.037) 0.166*** (0.039) 0.165*** (0.046) Czechia 0.407*** (0.084) 0.360*** (0.037) 0.394*** (0.027) 0.375*** (0.025) 0.340*** (0.022) 0.317*** (0.021) 0.351*** (0.023) 0.437*** (0.030) 0.453*** (0.040) Denmark -0.208 (0.300) -0.321** (0.142) -0.024 (0.067) 0.141*** (0.031) 0.189*** (0.025) 0.193*** (0.024) 0.233*** (0.024) 0.248*** (0.026) 0.284*** (0.030) Estonia 0.127 (0.133) 0.240*** (0.089) 0.426*** (0.062) 0.511*** (0.051) 0.456*** (0.044) 0.406*** (0.041) 0.426*** (0.043) 0.441*** (0.047) 0.463*** (0.054) Finland 0.255* (0.143) 0.212*** (0.076) 0.370*** (0.043) 0.236*** (0.027) 0.213*** (0.022) 0.259*** (0.021) 0.269*** (0.021) 0.291*** (0.022) 0.309*** (0.028) France 0.089 (0.131) 0.049 (0.074) 0.138*** (0.030) 0.130*** (0.023) 0.154*** (0.023) 0.176*** (0.023) 0.195*** (0.024) 0.234*** (0.028) 0.234*** (0.036) Germany -0.712*** (0.200) 0.165 (0.102) 0.327*** (0.054) 0.367*** (0.038) 0.335*** (0.033) 0.313*** (0.031) 0.274*** (0.029) 0.285*** (0.030) 0.311*** (0.035) Greece 0.268*** (0.080) 0.282*** (0.046) 0.232*** (0.036) 0.233*** (0.028) 0.180*** (0.023) 0.163*** (0.022) 0.169*** (0.021) 0.192*** (0.024) 0.231*** (0.034) Hungary 0.190 (0.131) 0.307*** (0.064) 0.166*** (0.036) 0.184*** (0.031) 0.245*** (0.033) 0.314*** (0.034) 0.318*** (0.035) 0.289*** (0.039) 0.400*** (0.043) Latvia 0.531*** (0.139) 0.378*** (0.060) 0.439*** (0.046) 0.464*** (0.041) 0.463*** (0.042) 0.481*** (0.042) 0.425*** (0.043) 0.393*** (0.046) 0.451*** (0.062) Lithuania 0.649*** (0.218) 0.373*** (0.096) 0.426*** (0.067) 0.432*** (0.069) 0.427*** (0.071) 0.479*** (0.074) 0.483*** (0.086) 0.539*** (0.109) 0.445*** (0.097) Netherlands -0.364 (0.232) 0.104 (0.085) 0.140*** (0.048) 0.215*** (0.036) 0.224*** (0.030) 0.249*** (0.027) 0.250*** (0.026) 0.244*** (0.027) 0.254*** (0.034) Norway 0.316* (0.181) 0.466*** (0.075) 0.442*** (0.043) 0.330*** (0.028) 0.263*** (0.022) 0.270*** (0.020) 0.266*** (0.020) 0.317*** (0.022) 0.359*** (0.026) Poland 0.449*** (0.078) 0.164*** (0.030) 0.251*** (0.024) 0.315*** (0.023) 0.312*** (0.024) 0.345*** (0.025) 0.356*** (0.030) 0.378*** (0.031) 0.359*** (0.041) Portugal 0.164* (0.086) 0.099*** (0.027) 0.097*** (0.024) 0.187*** (0.023) 0.155*** (0.026) 0.238*** (0.030) 0.314*** (0.037) 0.257*** (0.041) 0.312*** (0.048) Romania 0.542*** (0.132) 0.119* (0.067) 0.087*** (0.029) 0.164*** (0.023) 0.087*** (0.024) 0.267*** (0.034) 0.233*** (0.033) 0.168*** (0.036) 0.182*** (0.055) Serbia 0.042 (0.158) 0.174* (0.095) 0.156*** (0.045) 0.194*** (0.033) 0.246*** (0.034) 0.189*** (0.038) 0.312*** (0.039) 0.295*** (0.040) 0.336*** (0.063) Slovakia 0.221*** (0.060) 0.266*** (0.032) 0.254*** (0.023) 0.239*** (0.022) 0.252*** (0.021) 0.254*** (0.021) 0.250*** (0.023) 0.246*** (0.027) 0.256*** (0.034) Slovenia 0.323*** (0.107) 0.411*** (0.065) 0.312*** (0.041) 0.186*** (0.027) 0.216*** (0.024) 0.239*** (0.024) 0.237*** (0.025) 0.221*** (0.027) 0.284*** (0.037) Spain 0.058 (0.153) -0.003 (0.088) 0.050 (0.051) 0.169*** (0.038) 0.175*** (0.031) 0.198*** (0.029) 0.212*** (0.029) 0.246*** (0.031) 0.188*** (0.036) Sweden 0.268 (0.189) 0.377*** (0.098) 0.305*** (0.057) 0.227*** (0.038) 0.184*** (0.027) 0.174*** (0.023) 0.204*** (0.022) 0.240*** (0.023) 0.286*** (0.033) UK 0.183 (0.115) 0.146*** (0.043) 0.125*** (0.034) 0.180*** (0.030) 0.182*** (0.027) 0.192*** (0.026) 0.186*** (0.027) 0.197*** (0.031) 0.304*** (0.036) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.
58 Appendix A. TABLE A.14: Employment income gap decomposition for the age group 45- 65 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria 0.805*** (0.254) 0.561*** (0.110) 0.317*** (0.052) 0.289*** (0.038) 0.237*** (0.034) 0.185*** (0.035) 0.197*** (0.035) 0.185*** (0.037) 0.230*** (0.035) Belgium 0.418*** (0.101) 0.147*** (0.042) 0.099*** (0.029) 0.086*** (0.025) 0.075*** (0.022) 0.054** (0.021) 0.037 (0.022) 0.043* (0.026) 0.095*** (0.031) Bulgaria -0.098 (0.079) -0.090** (0.045) -0.029 (0.021) -0.009 (0.022) -0.008 (0.023) -0.041* (0.024) -0.061** (0.025) -0.114*** (0.030) -0.140*** (0.040) Croatia 0.083 (0.083) 0.002 (0.039) -0.013 (0.025) -0.020 (0.024) -0.025 (0.024) -0.052** (0.025) -0.053** (0.023) -0.049** (0.022) -0.032 (0.025) Czechia 0.420*** (0.086) 0.147*** (0.033) 0.078*** (0.024) 0.044** (0.020) 0.017 (0.019) 0.013 (0.019) 0.014 (0.018) 0.018 (0.017) 0.002 (0.032) Denmark 1.664*** (0.496) 0.163*** (0.034) 0.096*** (0.019) 0.047*** (0.016) 0.019 (0.016) 0.014 (0.015) -0.010 (0.016) -0.016 (0.016) -0.004 (0.020) Estonia 0.003 (0.127) 0.038 (0.056) -0.022 (0.043) -0.023 (0.039) -0.039 (0.038) -0.045 (0.039) -0.083* (0.043) -0.105** (0.052) -0.116 (0.081) Finland 0.120 (0.147) 0.020 (0.070) 0.038 (0.033) 0.051*** (0.020) 0.035** (0.017) 0.027* (0.016) 0.022 (0.014) 0.013 (0.012) 0.008 (0.014) France 0.550*** (0.172) 0.360*** (0.045) 0.186*** (0.024) 0.159*** (0.020) 0.125*** (0.020) 0.121*** (0.020) 0.096*** (0.019) 0.121*** (0.022) 0.167*** (0.035) Germany 1.387*** (0.138) 0.507*** (0.043) 0.316*** (0.029) 0.229*** (0.022) 0.176*** (0.019) 0.172*** (0.017) 0.162*** (0.017) 0.173*** (0.018) 0.240*** (0.025) Greece 0.105** (0.043) 0.136*** (0.028) 0.095*** (0.023) 0.053*** (0.017) 0.036** (0.015) 0.021 (0.014) 0.017 (0.015) 0.038** (0.015) 0.043* (0.026) Hungary 0.816*** (0.159) 0.378*** (0.072) 0.138*** (0.033) 0.071*** (0.025) 0.015 (0.023) -0.017 (0.024) -0.035 (0.023) -0.049** (0.022) -0.044* (0.024) Latvia -0.135 (0.103) -0.069 (0.049) -0.069* (0.040) -0.001 (0.040) -0.013 (0.035) -0.036 (0.033) -0.061* (0.032) -0.125*** (0.035) -0.149*** (0.044) Lithuania 0.065 (0.114) -0.016 (0.041) -0.020 (0.036) 0.025 (0.038) -0.035 (0.038) -0.042 (0.036) -0.058 (0.039) -0.054 (0.043) -0.054 (0.049) Netherlands 1.482*** (0.169) 0.613*** (0.050) 0.402*** (0.028) 0.285*** (0.022) 0.235*** (0.019) 0.221*** (0.017) 0.216*** (0.018) 0.197*** (0.020) 0.220*** (0.023) Norway 0.580*** (0.163) 0.192*** (0.032) 0.124*** (0.021) 0.100*** (0.018) 0.101*** (0.016) 0.096*** (0.016) 0.080*** (0.016) 0.051*** (0.015) 0.036* (0.018) Poland 0.019 (0.074) 0.017 (0.028) 0.005 (0.022) -0.023 (0.021) -0.033 (0.020) -0.027 (0.020) -0.038* (0.021) -0.076*** (0.024) -0.106*** (0.029) Portugal 0.202*** (0.067) 0.075*** (0.028) 0.071*** (0.026) 0.064*** (0.025) 0.042 (0.026) 0.002 (0.028) -0.029 (0.030) -0.027 (0.032) -0.035 (0.036) Romania 0.033 (0.078) -0.002 (0.096) 0.038 (0.030) 0.023 (0.019) 0.005 (0.019) -0.014 (0.022) -0.037* (0.019) -0.043** (0.021) -0.068** (0.031) Serbia -0.126 (0.093) -0.329*** (0.108) -0.346*** (0.080) -0.198*** (0.043) -0.181*** (0.034) -0.167*** (0.031) -0.147*** (0.030) -0.103*** (0.030) -0.087** (0.034) Slovakia 0.128*** (0.047) 0.085*** (0.027) 0.073*** (0.019) 0.056*** (0.017) 0.040*** (0.015) 0.039*** (0.015) 0.043*** (0.016) 0.039* (0.021) 0.043* (0.024) Slovenia 0.060 (0.135) -0.062 (0.087) -0.053 (0.038) -0.030 (0.025) -0.033 (0.021) -0.060*** (0.018) -0.085*** (0.018) -0.098*** (0.020) -0.086*** (0.022) Spain 0.634*** (0.133) 0.378*** (0.053) 0.293*** (0.039) 0.211*** (0.026) 0.121*** (0.022) 0.089*** (0.020) 0.077*** (0.019) 0.043*** (0.017) 0.038** (0.016) Sweden 0.280* (0.165) 0.181*** (0.055) 0.099*** (0.021) 0.077*** (0.017) 0.050*** (0.016) 0.035** (0.015) 0.018 (0.016) 0.009 (0.019) 0.004 (0.021) UK 0.413*** (0.088) 0.431*** (0.055) 0.276*** (0.034) 0.186*** (0.026) 0.159*** (0.024) 0.145*** (0.025) 0.094*** (0.024) 0.109*** (0.027) 0.182*** (0.043) Unexplained Austria 0.056 (0.295) 0.157 (0.123) 0.331*** (0.062) 0.279*** (0.046) 0.251*** (0.041) 0.284*** (0.041) 0.237*** (0.040) 0.230*** (0.041) 0.189*** (0.038) Belgium -0.057 (0.129) 0.245*** (0.054) 0.277*** (0.038) 0.246*** (0.033) 0.213*** (0.030) 0.184*** (0.029) 0.188*** (0.030) 0.228*** (0.033) 0.221*** (0.041) Bulgaria -0.121 (0.127) 0.045 (0.062) 0.022 (0.030) 0.065** (0.032) 0.100*** (0.033) 0.168*** (0.033) 0.223*** (0.036) 0.320*** (0.043) 0.391*** (0.066) Croatia 0.096 (0.112) 0.123*** (0.047) 0.186*** (0.033) 0.195*** (0.030) 0.251*** (0.031) 0.267*** (0.033) 0.243*** (0.035) 0.160*** (0.036) 0.137*** (0.043) Czechia 0.057 (0.113) 0.271*** (0.041) 0.293*** (0.031) 0.276*** (0.026) 0.260*** (0.024) 0.250*** (0.024) 0.259*** (0.023) 0.260*** (0.024) 0.386*** (0.044) Denmark -1.357** (0.642) 0.046 (0.050) 0.068*** (0.026) 0.117*** (0.021) 0.154*** (0.020) 0.190*** (0.019) 0.248*** (0.021) 0.299*** (0.024) 0.351*** (0.036) Estonia -0.184 (0.175) -0.010 (0.073) 0.211*** (0.055) 0.227*** (0.052) 0.255*** (0.051) 0.313*** (0.054) 0.313*** (0.060) 0.396*** (0.074) 0.464*** (0.116) Finland -0.442** (0.176) -0.055 (0.081) 0.071* (0.037) 0.129*** (0.023) 0.164*** (0.020) 0.194*** (0.019) 0.238*** (0.018) 0.254*** (0.020) 0.264*** (0.025) France 0.059 (0.225) 0.259*** (0.064) 0.224*** (0.038) 0.152*** (0.027) 0.183*** (0.026) 0.202*** (0.026) 0.225*** (0.027) 0.218*** (0.028) 0.280*** (0.040) Germany -0.367** (0.166) 0.476*** (0.068) 0.452*** (0.040) 0.416*** (0.030) 0.406*** (0.026) 0.349*** (0.024) 0.288*** (0.023) 0.255*** (0.023) 0.224*** (0.027) Greece 0.583*** (0.081) 0.373*** (0.050) 0.358*** (0.040) 0.252*** (0.033) 0.139*** (0.024) 0.151*** (0.023) 0.182*** (0.023) 0.170*** (0.025) 0.261*** (0.042) Hungary 0.831*** (0.160) -0.007 (0.090) 0.104** (0.044) 0.071** (0.029) 0.163*** (0.028) 0.183*** (0.032) 0.196*** (0.034) 0.157*** (0.033) 0.176*** (0.040) Latvia 0.058 (0.125) 0.113* (0.058) 0.131*** (0.045) 0.111** (0.044) 0.164*** (0.042) 0.178*** (0.040) 0.160*** (0.042) 0.235*** (0.048) 0.336*** (0.065) Lithuania 0.011 (0.154) 0.058 (0.050) 0.143*** (0.046) 0.086* (0.050) 0.163*** (0.051) 0.159*** (0.051) 0.157*** (0.056) 0.207*** (0.063) 0.204** (0.080) Netherlands -0.562*** (0.218) 0.300*** (0.067) 0.406*** (0.040) 0.429*** (0.030) 0.425*** (0.025) 0.413*** (0.023) 0.383*** (0.024) 0.374*** (0.026) 0.335*** (0.028) Norway 0.039 (0.221) 0.318*** (0.044) 0.254*** (0.029) 0.233*** (0.023) 0.195*** (0.019) 0.206*** (0.019) 0.259*** (0.019) 0.352*** (0.020) 0.405*** (0.028) Poland 0.093 (0.102) 0.038 (0.036) 0.124*** (0.029) 0.161*** (0.028) 0.187*** (0.027) 0.151*** (0.028) 0.179*** (0.029) 0.225*** (0.035) 0.232*** (0.046) Portugal 0.086 (0.089) 0.093*** (0.033) 0.154*** (0.030) 0.238*** (0.029) 0.326*** (0.031) 0.419*** (0.034) 0.388*** (0.041) 0.278*** (0.043) 0.360*** (0.054) Romania 0.496*** (0.105) -0.041 (0.076) 0.020 (0.032) 0.141*** (0.024) 0.078*** (0.024) 0.187*** (0.028) 0.195*** (0.031) 0.129*** (0.033) 0.125** (0.053) Serbia 0.081 (0.133) 0.035 (0.161) -0.049 (0.072) 0.142*** (0.043) 0.146*** (0.039) 0.221*** (0.038) 0.195*** (0.043) 0.179*** (0.048) 0.329*** (0.053) Slovakia 0.293** (0.136) 0.166*** (0.039) 0.185*** (0.027) 0.181*** (0.024) 0.184*** (0.023) 0.150*** (0.023) 0.148*** (0.024) 0.221*** (0.030) 0.282*** (0.036) Slovenia 0.489*** (0.172) 0.024 (0.114) -0.012 (0.044) 0.050* (0.029) 0.091*** (0.025) 0.108*** (0.025) 0.073*** (0.026) 0.089*** (0.027) 0.168*** (0.034) Spain 0.029 (0.183) 0.157** (0.077) 0.178*** (0.052) 0.208*** (0.036) 0.251*** (0.031) 0.215*** (0.030) 0.189*** (0.028) 0.178*** (0.027) 0.167*** (0.029) Sweden -0.040 (0.218) 0.093 (0.073) 0.111*** (0.029) 0.118*** (0.021) 0.145*** (0.019) 0.171*** (0.019) 0.195*** (0.021) 0.213*** (0.025) 0.266*** (0.032) UK -0.109 (0.140) -0.005 (0.079) 0.163*** (0.049) 0.243*** (0.038) 0.261*** (0.035) 0.288*** (0.036) 0.330*** (0.036) 0.294*** (0.040) 0.362*** (0.057) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.