Appendix A. 53 TABLE A.9: Income gap decomposition for the age group <25 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria 0.266 (0.249) 0.090 (0.123) 0.129 (0.091) 0.000 (0.088) 0.034 (0.087) 0.144* (0.086) 0.146* (0.079) 0.178** (0.069) 0.097 (0.063) Belgium -0.137 (0.270) -0.097 (0.333) -0.072 (0.218) -0.154 (0.193) -0.275 (0.210) -0.017 (0.208) 0.049 (0.172) -0.043 (0.148) 0.179 (0.115) Bulgaria 0.000 (.) -0.153 (0.350) -0.206 (0.260) -0.096 (0.235) -0.031 (0.205) 0.037 (0.181) -0.046 (0.158) 0.027 (0.131) 0.051 (0.128) Croatia 0.000 (.) 0.000 (.) -0.297 (0.345) -0.074 (0.213) -0.094 (0.155) -0.013 (0.146) 0.013 (0.135) 0.063 (0.127) 0.058 (0.109) Czechia -0.893 (1.166) -0.042 (0.259) 0.229 (0.185) 0.222** (0.100) 0.155* (0.079) 0.075 (0.069) 0.008 (0.062) -0.026 (0.061) -0.071 (0.055) Denmark -0.170 (0.158) 0.037 (0.120) -0.032 (0.078) 0.038 (0.075) 0.113 (0.072) 0.095 (0.061) 0.054 (0.056) 0.095* (0.052) 0.114 (0.072) Estonia -0.222 (0.491) 0.341 (0.307) 0.118 (0.266) 0.259 (0.198) 0.222 (0.138) 0.136 (0.126) 0.109 (0.127) 0.028 (0.108) 0.076 (0.102) Finland -0.130* (0.068) -0.276*** (0.078) -0.247*** (0.065) -0.202*** (0.057) -0.146*** (0.053) -0.094* (0.053) -0.037 (0.052) -0.030 (0.054) -0.039 (0.061) France -0.006 (0.157) -0.049 (0.140) -0.066 (0.112) -0.051 (0.101) -0.038 (0.097) 0.042 (0.084) 0.036 (0.063) 0.019 (0.055) -0.036 (0.059) Germany -0.036 (0.145) 0.019 (0.082) 0.028 (0.064) -0.024 (0.062) 0.004 (0.060) -0.005 (0.058) -0.044 (0.057) -0.055 (0.064) -0.029 (0.097) Greece 0.000 (.) 0.000 (.) 0.254 (0.365) 0.151 (0.259) -0.235 (0.233) -0.233 (0.199) 0.080 (0.143) 0.142 (0.123) 0.003 (0.107) Hungary -0.196 (0.367) 0.160 (0.178) 0.180 (0.144) 0.147 (0.113) 0.213** (0.105) 0.092 (0.093) -0.025 (0.084) -0.085 (0.073) -0.060 (0.068) Latvia -0.099 (0.521) 0.226 (0.308) 0.270 (0.247) 0.192 (0.198) 0.192 (0.157) 0.080 (0.133) -0.038 (0.128) -0.029 (0.128) 0.145* (0.086) Lithuania 0.229 (2.373) -0.033 (0.777) 0.095 (0.282) 0.005 (0.235) 0.206 (0.222) 0.084 (0.222) 0.464** (0.199) 0.435** (0.195) 0.535** (0.208) Netherlands 0.196* (0.119) 0.117 (0.084) 0.059 (0.068) 0.067 (0.066) 0.204*** (0.066) 0.244*** (0.072) 0.165** (0.068) 0.159** (0.066) 0.096 (0.066) Norway 0.066 (0.118) 0.161 (0.099) 0.190** (0.083) 0.201** (0.078) 0.233*** (0.080) 0.278*** (0.079) 0.252*** (0.070) 0.244*** (0.059) 0.167*** (0.051) Poland 0.000 (.) 0.000 (.) 0.536 (0.356) 0.386** (0.160) 0.249** (0.108) 0.319*** (0.104) 0.212** (0.102) 0.021 (0.091) -0.007 (0.087) Portugal 0.000 (.) -0.721** (0.360) -0.481* (0.270) -0.298 (0.205) -0.262 (0.165) -0.176 (0.129) -0.171 (0.117) -0.284** (0.115) -0.234** (0.109) Romania 0.000 (.) 0.005 (0.547) -0.045 (0.373) 0.207 (0.350) -0.135 (0.310) 0.187 (0.240) 0.129 (0.242) 0.288 (0.214) 0.113 (0.193) Serbia -0.109** (0.054) -0.174*** (0.067) -0.206** (0.098) -0.174 (0.122) -0.268* (0.161) -0.002 (0.335) -0.287 (0.318) -0.115 (0.176) -0.003 (0.122) Slovakia -0.058 (0.564) 0.375 (0.321) 0.253 (0.329) 0.166 (0.110) 0.058 (0.082) -0.023 (0.076) 0.041 (0.069) 0.045 (0.071) 0.059 (0.051) Slovenia 0.746*** (0.253) 0.639*** (0.155) 0.482*** (0.133) 0.631*** (0.129) 0.512*** (0.122) 0.385*** (0.099) 0.357*** (0.080) 0.283*** (0.066) 0.249*** (0.077) Spain -0.035 (0.042) -0.279 (1.114) -0.041 (0.347) 0.021 (0.182) 0.083 (0.147) 0.061 (0.128) 0.046 (0.119) 0.009 (0.120) 0.162 (0.108) Sweden -0.050 (0.160) -0.112 (0.111) -0.108 (0.093) -0.072 (0.091) -0.014 (0.083) 0.031 (0.079) 0.092 (0.080) 0.143* (0.079) 0.165** (0.072) UK -0.118 (0.410) 0.116 (0.151) 0.131 (0.105) 0.189*** (0.072) 0.133** (0.056) 0.144*** (0.049) 0.141*** (0.046) 0.114** (0.046) 0.072* (0.041) Unexplained Austria 0.897** (0.447) 0.480** (0.245) 0.268* (0.147) 0.193 (0.120) 0.183 (0.114) 0.042 (0.105) -0.066 (0.093) -0.002 (0.082) 0.015 (0.079) Belgium 0.069 (0.584) 0.104 (0.476) 0.254 (0.305) 0.278 (0.241) 0.281 (0.246) 0.146 (0.240) 0.421** (0.195) 0.443** (0.190) 0.028 (0.169) Bulgaria -0.088*** (0.000) 0.749 (0.501) 0.683** (0.344) 0.497 (0.306) 0.726*** (0.275) 0.462* (0.252) 0.495** (0.238) 0.248 (0.199) 0.153 (0.213) Croatia -0.164 (.) 0.342 (0.749) 1.423** (0.556) 0.497 (0.315) 0.413* (0.221) 0.347* (0.194) 0.147 (0.181) 0.029 (0.173) 0.004 (0.158) Czechia 1.765 (1.486) 0.905** (0.358) 0.466** (0.231) 0.542*** (0.140) 0.492*** (0.115) 0.430*** (0.096) 0.421*** (0.086) 0.426*** (0.083) 0.390*** (0.084) Denmark 0.091 (0.208) -0.107 (0.148) 0.186* (0.107) 0.109 (0.113) 0.038 (0.118) 0.108 (0.103) 0.071 (0.092) 0.020 (0.062) 0.134 (0.084) Estonia 0.048 (0.840) -0.808** (0.389) -0.474* (0.276) -0.269 (0.228) -0.111 (0.166) -0.005 (0.153) 0.019 (0.163) 0.197 (0.145) 0.200 (0.143) Finland -0.402*** (0.124) -0.172* (0.101) -0.080 (0.079) 0.037 (0.069) 0.072 (0.069) 0.064 (0.073) 0.035 (0.069) 0.055 (0.076) 0.124 (0.089) France 0.013 (0.274) 0.171 (0.204) 0.121 (0.157) 0.172 (0.133) 0.195 (0.120) 0.097 (0.111) 0.134 (0.092) 0.081 (0.086) 0.072 (0.102) Germany -0.211 (0.187) 0.018 (0.113) -0.059 (0.097) -0.004 (0.089) -0.001 (0.084) 0.015 (0.080) 0.058 (0.077) 0.065 (0.083) 0.105 (0.127) Greece -0.086 (.) -0.173 (.) -0.965* (0.585) -0.921** (0.375) -0.572* (0.301) -0.297 (0.232) -0.347* (0.177) -0.186 (0.162) 0.059 (0.151) Hungary 0.324 (0.435) 0.148 (0.249) 0.146 (0.187) 0.267* (0.148) 0.152 (0.140) 0.269** (0.133) 0.375*** (0.127) 0.325*** (0.124) 0.216* (0.113) Latvia 1.069 (0.951) -0.220 (0.411) -0.231 (0.284) 0.079 (0.205) 0.113 (0.168) 0.073 (0.153) 0.297* (0.158) 0.264 (0.169) -0.081 (0.128) Lithuania -5.894* (3.243) -0.079 (0.878) 0.181 (0.340) 0.144 (0.257) 0.046 (0.249) 0.181 (0.252) -0.006 (0.212) -0.154 (0.200) -0.193 (0.198) Netherlands -0.603*** (0.221) -0.181 (0.130) -0.044 (0.107) 0.025 (0.110) -0.076 (0.098) -0.088 (0.102) -0.051 (0.098) -0.006 (0.085) 0.135 (0.087) Norway -0.151 (0.228) -0.180 (0.160) -0.186* (0.112) -0.045 (0.100) -0.044 (0.092) -0.027 (0.088) 0.143* (0.077) 0.183** (0.072) 0.210*** (0.066) Poland -0.237 (.) -1.674** (0.710) 0.329 (0.453) 0.554** (0.249) 0.367** (0.162) 0.158 (0.148) 0.137 (0.143) 0.239* (0.131) 0.235* (0.122) Portugal 0.145 (.) 0.867 (0.584) 0.447 (0.384) 0.259 (0.253) 0.222 (0.186) 0.248 (0.173) 0.198 (0.165) 0.406** (0.164) 0.427*** (0.154) Romania 0.046*** (0.000) -0.033 (0.615) 0.296 (0.424) 0.222 (0.418) 0.562 (0.376) 0.099 (0.219) 0.696*** (0.237) 0.321 (0.258) 0.093 (0.248) Serbia 0.075 (0.081) 0.241** (0.096) 0.316** (0.128) 0.241 (0.163) 0.420** (0.212) 0.224 (0.424) 0.500 (0.387) 0.220 (0.221) 0.084 (0.165) Slovakia 0.146 (1.544) -0.199 (0.414) 0.348 (0.359) 0.633*** (0.183) 0.388*** (0.131) 0.312*** (0.110) 0.200* (0.104) 0.149 (0.102) 0.051 (0.081) Slovenia -0.763* (0.400) -0.175 (0.249) -0.108 (0.197) -0.257 (0.167) 0.010 (0.156) 0.199 (0.132) 0.203* (0.112) 0.119 (0.106) 0.070 (0.107) Spain -0.148*** (0.036) 0.879 (1.601) 0.498 (0.601) 0.109 (0.289) 0.085 (0.237) -0.024 (0.210) -0.146 (0.188) 0.093 (0.168) -0.050 (0.140) Sweden -0.157 (0.249) 0.172 (0.180) -0.123 (0.127) -0.123 (0.116) -0.154 (0.100) -0.127 (0.093) -0.031 (0.088) -0.004 (0.087) -0.094 (0.084) UK 0.341 (0.557) 0.183 (0.200) 0.044 (0.130) 0.034 (0.091) 0.047 (0.066) -0.023 (0.058) 0.029 (0.052) 0.140*** (0.052) 0.201*** (0.055) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.
54 Appendix A. TABLE A.10: Income gap decomposition for the age group 25-44 Country Quantile: 10th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th Explained Austria 0.684*** (0.161) 0.885*** (0.095) 0.535*** (0.047) 0.287*** (0.031) 0.201*** (0.027) 0.160*** (0.025) 0.125*** (0.024) 0.078*** (0.025) 0.071* (0.038) Belgium 0.664*** (0.133) 0.501*** (0.074) 0.256*** (0.035) 0.143*** (0.023) 0.083*** (0.019) 0.046*** (0.018) 0.019 (0.019) -0.002 (0.021) -0.012 (0.023) Bulgaria -0.022 (0.176) 0.117 (0.107) 0.116** (0.049) 0.014 (0.038) -0.039 (0.035) -0.078** (0.034) -0.069** (0.032) -0.077** (0.030) -0.080*** (0.030) Croatia 0.755 (0.854) 0.280** (0.121) 0.175*** (0.056) 0.086*** (0.028) 0.022 (0.024) -0.018 (0.023) -0.017 (0.024) -0.052** (0.025) -0.041* (0.024) Czechia 0.776*** (0.125) 0.299*** (0.042) 0.130*** (0.027) 0.054** (0.021) 0.013 (0.018) 0.005 (0.017) -0.017 (0.018) -0.034 (0.022) -0.033 (0.025) Denmark 0.215*** (0.072) 0.149*** (0.052) 0.221*** (0.061) 0.081** (0.035) 0.009 (0.024) -0.027 (0.020) -0.058*** (0.018) -0.058*** (0.019) -0.045** (0.019) Estonia 0.239* (0.127) 0.272*** (0.082) 0.176*** (0.065) 0.020 (0.046) 0.017 (0.037) -0.047 (0.033) -0.071** (0.031) -0.075** (0.030) -0.114*** (0.032) Finland 0.093** (0.041) 0.251*** (0.053) 0.135*** (0.029) 0.057*** (0.020) 0.011 (0.017) -0.009 (0.015) -0.014 (0.015) -0.024 (0.015) -0.031* (0.018) France 0.326*** (0.078) 0.246*** (0.044) 0.113*** (0.023) 0.072*** (0.021) 0.049** (0.020) 0.027 (0.018) 0.023 (0.019) 0.007 (0.018) 0.017 (0.022) Germany 0.506*** (0.078) 0.737*** (0.082) 0.544*** (0.058) 0.233*** (0.032) 0.157*** (0.025) 0.115*** (0.023) 0.078*** (0.020) 0.050** (0.021) 0.040* (0.023) Greece -0.000 (0.001) 1.218*** (0.156) 0.551*** (0.061) 0.346*** (0.035) 0.176*** (0.025) 0.076*** (0.020) 0.017 (0.017) -0.001 (0.018) -0.006 (0.021) Hungary 0.727*** (0.153) 0.322*** (0.060) 0.134*** (0.030) 0.046* (0.027) 0.033 (0.027) -0.006 (0.025) -0.059** (0.025) -0.057** (0.025) -0.055** (0.022) Latvia 0.645*** (0.196) 0.209*** (0.059) 0.006 (0.044) -0.054 (0.036) -0.095*** (0.034) -0.139*** (0.032) -0.126*** (0.030) -0.121*** (0.030) -0.141*** (0.038) Lithuania 0.241 (0.200) 0.063 (0.078) -0.040 (0.056) -0.079 (0.050) -0.087* (0.047) -0.121*** (0.045) -0.151*** (0.049) -0.180*** (0.060) -0.100** (0.048) Netherlands 0.678*** (0.110) 0.412*** (0.047) 0.334*** (0.032) 0.214*** (0.026) 0.141*** (0.022) 0.079*** (0.020) 0.052*** (0.020) 0.060*** (0.021) 0.046* (0.028) Norway 0.317*** (0.054) 0.173*** (0.040) 0.102*** (0.025) 0.035** (0.017) 0.017 (0.015) 0.004 (0.014) -0.006 (0.015) -0.019 (0.016) -0.015 (0.018) Poland 0.453** (0.221) 0.276*** (0.043) 0.141*** (0.027) 0.075*** (0.021) 0.009 (0.020) -0.005 (0.019) -0.015 (0.019) -0.026 (0.019) -0.017 (0.020) Portugal 0.124 (0.269) 0.161** (0.074) 0.041* (0.021) 0.015 (0.017) -0.006 (0.017) -0.047** (0.018) -0.089*** (0.021) -0.138*** (0.023) -0.153*** (0.026) Romania 2.610*** (0.303) 1.067*** (0.145) 0.549*** (0.063) 0.187*** (0.027) 0.110*** (0.023) 0.060*** (0.022) 0.019 (0.022) -0.011 (0.021) -0.015 (0.023) Serbia 0.058 (0.037) 0.051 (0.059) 0.177 (0.141) 0.098 (0.111) 0.018 (0.048) -0.057 (0.036) -0.074** (0.032) -0.107*** (0.030) -0.067*** (0.025) Slovakia 0.708*** (0.177) 0.301*** (0.046) 0.106*** (0.023) 0.050*** (0.017) 0.018 (0.015) 0.002 (0.014) -0.008 (0.015) -0.015 (0.015) -0.009 (0.022) Slovenia 0.425*** (0.080) 0.281*** (0.071) 0.086*** (0.023) 0.041** (0.019) 0.014 (0.017) -0.027* (0.016) -0.068*** (0.016) -0.091*** (0.016) -0.116*** (0.019) Spain 0.482*** (0.107) 0.335*** (0.057) 0.313*** (0.042) 0.219*** (0.031) 0.143*** (0.023) 0.092*** (0.021) 0.063*** (0.021) -0.004 (0.019) -0.036* (0.020) Sweden 0.158* (0.090) 0.146** (0.066) 0.115*** (0.038) 0.106*** (0.025) 0.073*** (0.020) 0.055*** (0.018) 0.014 (0.017) -0.026 (0.017) -0.050*** (0.019) UK 0.825*** (0.119) 0.478*** (0.058) 0.360*** (0.028) 0.265*** (0.023) 0.201*** (0.022) 0.151*** (0.021) 0.099*** (0.019) 0.074*** (0.021) 0.044** (0.021) Unexplained Austria 0.286 (0.198) 0.026 (0.114) 0.276*** (0.059) 0.442*** (0.042) 0.393*** (0.037) 0.371*** (0.033) 0.361*** (0.032) 0.342*** (0.033) 0.361*** (0.047) Belgium 0.166 (0.180) -0.004 (0.082) 0.165*** (0.042) 0.163*** (0.029) 0.156*** (0.023) 0.158*** (0.022) 0.171*** (0.022) 0.210*** (0.026) 0.237*** (0.033) Bulgaria 0.441* (0.238) 0.219 (0.153) 0.202*** (0.067) 0.165*** (0.048) 0.220*** (0.043) 0.310*** (0.043) 0.340*** (0.044) 0.360*** (0.047) 0.333*** (0.055) Croatia 2.917*** (1.112) 0.662*** (0.181) 0.597*** (0.085) 0.462*** (0.050) 0.322*** (0.036) 0.261*** (0.035) 0.287*** (0.037) 0.254*** (0.041) 0.179*** (0.043) Czechia 0.165 (0.139) 0.606*** (0.060) 0.532*** (0.039) 0.492*** (0.029) 0.465*** (0.025) 0.410*** (0.023) 0.429*** (0.024) 0.445*** (0.029) 0.503*** (0.037) Denmark -0.385*** (0.124) -0.279*** (0.078) -0.302*** (0.064) -0.007 (0.035) 0.115*** (0.025) 0.158*** (0.023) 0.191*** (0.024) 0.239*** (0.026) 0.274*** (0.030) Estonia 0.015 (0.162) -0.037 (0.086) 0.236*** (0.069) 0.439*** (0.052) 0.422*** (0.045) 0.454*** (0.041) 0.475*** (0.042) 0.457*** (0.043) 0.536*** (0.054) Finland 0.043 (0.059) -0.071 (0.062) 0.142*** (0.033) 0.193*** (0.024) 0.229*** (0.020) 0.246*** (0.019) 0.262*** (0.019) 0.299*** (0.021) 0.298*** (0.028) France 0.166* (0.100) 0.109** (0.052) 0.147*** (0.029) 0.127*** (0.022) 0.155*** (0.022) 0.184*** (0.022) 0.189*** (0.023) 0.224*** (0.024) 0.229*** (0.035) Germany -0.000 (0.112) -0.242** (0.097) 0.057 (0.067) 0.337*** (0.040) 0.334*** (0.032) 0.341*** (0.029) 0.317*** (0.028) 0.317*** (0.028) 0.348*** (0.031) Greece -0.230*** (0.002) 0.141 (0.184) 1.091*** (0.101) 0.795*** (0.068) 0.557*** (0.042) 0.395*** (0.030) 0.317*** (0.027) 0.256*** (0.028) 0.224*** (0.029) Hungary -0.226 (0.180) 0.257*** (0.074) 0.298*** (0.047) 0.248*** (0.036) 0.253*** (0.034) 0.304*** (0.033) 0.371*** (0.034) 0.364*** (0.037) 0.411*** (0.041) Latvia -0.320 (0.237) 0.330*** (0.072) 0.390*** (0.050) 0.453*** (0.043) 0.406*** (0.041) 0.465*** (0.042) 0.448*** (0.042) 0.406*** (0.044) 0.462*** (0.061) Lithuania 0.347 (0.273) 0.498*** (0.112) 0.316*** (0.066) 0.422*** (0.059) 0.427*** (0.063) 0.441*** (0.066) 0.496*** (0.074) 0.547*** (0.099) 0.494*** (0.098) Netherlands 0.282 (0.185) 0.138* (0.072) 0.094** (0.042) 0.190*** (0.032) 0.245*** (0.027) 0.284*** (0.025) 0.284*** (0.025) 0.282*** (0.026) 0.301*** (0.036) Norway -0.148* (0.084) 0.086* (0.045) 0.182*** (0.028) 0.224*** (0.021) 0.214*** (0.018) 0.211*** (0.017) 0.255*** (0.018) 0.307*** (0.021) 0.343*** (0.027) Poland 5.688*** (0.271) 1.440*** (0.131) 0.628*** (0.063) 0.304*** (0.029) 0.350*** (0.027) 0.363*** (0.026) 0.370*** (0.027) 0.409*** (0.030) 0.383*** (0.036) Portugal 0.389 (0.364) 0.179 (0.109) 0.123*** (0.032) 0.117*** (0.024) 0.183*** (0.024) 0.197*** (0.027) 0.259*** (0.033) 0.273*** (0.040) 0.306*** (0.048) Romania -0.698* (0.364) 0.906*** (0.172) 1.332*** (0.117) 0.983*** (0.132) 0.161*** (0.039) 0.158*** (0.038) 0.284*** (0.038) 0.187*** (0.039) 0.265*** (0.043) Serbia 0.042 (0.062) 0.186** (0.083) 0.551*** (0.177) 0.783*** (0.156) 0.427*** (0.080) 0.204*** (0.048) 0.220*** (0.046) 0.258*** (0.046) 0.204*** (0.046) Slovakia -0.096 (0.209) 0.590*** (0.085) 0.325*** (0.034) 0.295*** (0.025) 0.296*** (0.023) 0.251*** (0.022) 0.291*** (0.023) 0.274*** (0.025) 0.298*** (0.033) Slovenia 0.228** (0.114) 0.252*** (0.086) 0.360*** (0.045) 0.183*** (0.025) 0.184*** (0.022) 0.221*** (0.022) 0.232*** (0.023) 0.234*** (0.025) 0.264*** (0.034) Spain 2.262*** (0.416) 0.405*** (0.106) 0.175*** (0.061) 0.208*** (0.042) 0.250*** (0.032) 0.207*** (0.028) 0.228*** (0.028) 0.253*** (0.029) 0.187*** (0.034) Sweden -0.107 (0.122) 0.061 (0.077) 0.142*** (0.045) 0.130*** (0.031) 0.132*** (0.024) 0.152*** (0.021) 0.185*** (0.021) 0.233*** (0.022) 0.263*** (0.030) UK 0.633*** (0.211) 0.208** (0.084) 0.124*** (0.040) 0.143*** (0.029) 0.138*** (0.026) 0.176*** (0.024) 0.222*** (0.024) 0.235*** (0.028) 0.306*** (0.033) Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01 Standard errors in parenthesis. Source: author’s calculations from EU-SILC 2016 data.