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9.7.13 Pasture Land This is an area of owned/allocated land which is set aside for livestock grazing. It can be improved pasture where the farmer has planted grass, applied fertilized or applied other production increasing technologies to improve the grazing. Or it can be rough pasture.
9.7.14 Fallow This is the area of land that is normally used for crop production, but is not used for crop production during a year or a number of years. This is normally to allow for self -generation of fertility/soil structure and is often an integral part of the crop rotation system.
9.7.15 Natural Bush Land which is considered productive but is not under cultivation or used extensively for livestock production and has naturally growing shrubs and trees.
9.7.16 Investment activities
Investment activities refer to medium to long term farm development structures and projects.
This can be Irrigation structures, erosion and water harvesting structures or other permanent
or semi-permanent investment made on the land that the household owns.
9.7.17 Source of irrigation Water The main source of water from which water is obtained for irrigation.
9.7.18 Method of obtaining water
The mechanism, by which the water is extracted from the source.
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CHAPTER TEN
INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS
Industry covers the sectors of Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning and Water Supply; Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation activities . All the activities classified as industry in the International Standard of Industrial Classification (ISIC Rev. 4) are engaged in the production of non-agricultural commodities.
Industrial Statistics involves collection, compilation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of the Industrial Statistics.
10.0 Industrial Activity
This means the four major divisions of International Standard of Industrial Classification (ISIC
Rev. 4 ) of all Economic Activities: - Mining and quarrying; Manufacturing; Electricity, gas,
steam and air conditioning supply and Water supply; sewerage, waste management and
remediation activities.
10.1 Mining and Quarrying It involves the extraction, dressing and beneficiating of minerals occurring naturally as solids such as coal and ores, liquids such as crude petroleum and gases such as natural gas. It includes underground and surface mines, quarries and wells and all supplementary activities for dressing and beneficiating ores and other crude materials such as crushing, screening, washing, cleaning, grading, milling, flotation, melting, pelting, topping and other preparations needed to render the materials marketable. However, it excludes; Works performed on contract or fee basis in the preparation of mineral properties and sites Prospecting for minerals (technical Services)
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Collection, purification and distribution of water Bottling of natural spring water Crushing, grinding or otherwise tearing of certain earth, rocks and minerals not carried out in conjunction with mining and quarrying activities.
10.1.1 Building materials Includes all forms of rock, stones, gravel, sand, clay, soils, volcanic ash or cinder or other minerals being used for the construction of buildings, roads, dams, or similar works but does not include gypsum, limestone being burned for the production of lime, or materials used for the manufacture of cement.
10.1.2 Energy minerals Means a group of minerals comprising of coal, peat, uranium, thorium and other radioactive minerals.
Gold
10.1.3 Industrial minerals Means a group of minerals comprising of phosphate, kaolin, lime, gypsum, dolomite, diatomite, pozzollana, salt, beach sands, and other than metallic minerals, normally used in industries.
10.1.4 Metallic minerals Metallic minerals are minerals that contain metallic elements. They are extracted from mineral deposits, which are concentrations of metallic minerals produced by geological processes. Some metallic minerals contain valuable metals, such as copper, gold, nickel, lead, zinc or platinum.
10.1.5 Gemstones It includes Diamonds, emeralds, and other germ varieties of beryl, opal, ruby, topaz, spinel, moonstone and amethyst.
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Other germ varieties of quartz, garnet, zoisite, tanzanite, and scapolite, in rough and uncut form. Any other rough and uncut stone which maybe declared to be a gemstones by the Minister by notice in the Gazette.
10.1.6 Holder Means the person in whose name a Mineral Right is registered
10.1.7 Mine Means any place, excavation or working in or on which any operation connected with mining is carried on together with all buildings, premises, erections and appliances belonging or appertaining there to, above or vertically below the ground within horizontal boundaries of the licence, the purpose of mining, treating or preparing minerals.
10.2 Manufacturing It means physical or chemical transformation of materials, substances or components into new products, whether the work is performed by power driven machines or by hand, whether it is done in a factory or in the worker’s home and whether the products are sold at wholesale or retail. Assembling of the component parts of manufactured products is considered manufacturing except in cases where the activity is appropriately classified in construction.
The assembly and installation also repairing and manufacturing of specialized parts of machinery and equipment in mining, manufacturing, commercial and other establishments, when carried out as a specialized activity, is c lassified in the same group of manufacturing as the manufacture of the items installed. When the activities are performed as a service incidental to manufacture on trade, they should be classified with the principal activity of the establishment.
Note that: Specialized maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment is included in manufacturing. However, the repair of computers and personal and household goods and the repair of motor vehicles are not included in manufacturing. As a general rule, the activities in the manufacturing section involve the transformation of materials into new products.
10.2.1 Statistical Unit Statistical unit is an economic unit, which engages under a single control; in one or predominantly one kind of industrial activity at a single location i.e. an individual firm. The statistical unit in the ISIC comprises the Establishment, Local Unit, Kind -of-Activity Units, Enterprise, Enterprise Group, and Homogeneous Unit of Production.
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10.2.2 Establishment The establishment is defined as an enterprise or part of an enterprise that is situated in a single location and in which only a single productive activity is carried out or in which the principal productive activity accounts for most of the value added.
In other words, an establishment can be defined, ideally, as an economic unit that engages, under a single ownership or control - that is, under a single legal entity – in one, or predominantly one, kind of economic activity at a single physical location – for example, a mine, factory or workshop. This ideal concept of the establishment is applicable in many of the situations encountered in industrial inquiries, particularly in manufacturing.
10.2.3 Establishment name
This refers to the register ed name of the business or the name under which the production
unit does business. For a small unit, which does not have business name, the name of the
owner or one of the partners will do. Names should be given in full.
10.2.4 Local Unit This comprises o f all economic activities carried on at a single location under a single control.
10.2.5 Kind-of-Activity Unit (KAU) A kind-of-activity unit is an enterprise, or a part of an enterprise, which engages in only one kind of (non -ancillary) productive activit y or in which the principal productive activity accounts for most of the value added
10.2.6 Enterprise It is a multi establishment business entity comprised of all economic activities carried out under a single control. In this case both restrictions on l ocation and type of activity are relaxed.
10.2.7 The Enterprise Group An enterprise group consists of all the enterprises under the control of the same owner. When a group of owners has control of more than one enterprise, the enterprises may act in a concerted way and the transactions between them may not be driven by the same concerns as “arm’s length” transactions. The Framework for Direct Investment Relationships can be used to determine which enterprises are under control or influence of the same owne r. A multinational enterprise group consists of all the enterprises located in different economies and under the control or influence of the same owner wherever located.
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10.2.8 The homogeneous unit of production
The distinguishing feature of a unit of h omogeneous production is a unique activity which is
identified by its inputs, a particular process of production and its outputs. The products
which constitute the inputs and outputs are themselves distinguished not only by their
physical characteristics and the extent to which they are processed but also by the technique
of production used: they can be identified by reference to a classification of products
10.2.9 Activity of the Establishment Is the description of the economic task /activity of an establi shment as its registered activity or activity defined in the foundation regulation or document.
10.2.10 Principal Activity/Main activity
Refers to main economic activity of an economic entity that contributes most to the value
added of the entity, or act ivity of which its value added exceeds that of any other activity of
the entity.
10.2.11 Auxiliary Activity Refers to minor or less important kind of activity in terms of value added contribution as compared to the principal activity.
10.2.12 Persons Engaged Refers to all persons who during a specified period, worked in or for the establishment i.e. they were attached to it. It includes working proprietors, unpaid family workers and employees (operatives, managerial and professional staff). It includes ev en those who during the specified period were temporary absent from work eg. on sick leave, casual leave or vacation leave. It excludes persons on military leave, pension and other forms of unlimited leave.
10.2.12.1 Operatives These are persons who are d irectly engaged in the production or related activities of the establishment and who receive pay, in cash or in kind, at regular intervals . Therefore, Operative skilled are persons with specialized skills, for example are persons engaged in fabricating, processing or assembling, fitters, packers, repairmen, record -keeping personnel, foremen and inspectors.
10.2.12.2 Other Employees This includes all paid up workers of the establishment other than operatives. They include all personnel in production manage ment above the working foremen. These are administrative, technical and clerical personnel as well as salaried managers/directors, laboratory and
101 Concepts and Definitions
research workers, clerks, typists, watchmen, bookkeepers, administrative supervisors, salesmen and the like.
10.2.12.3 Working Proprietors These are owners of the establishment who are actively engaged in the work of the establishment. It excludes silent or inactive partners as well as members of a proprietor’s family. The owners are considered to be active only if they work one third or more of the reference period. This category is not applicable to incorporated or similar enterprises where ownership is represented by equity shares. All working cooperative members are regarded as employees.
10.2.12.4 Unpaid Workers These are all persons working in the establishment without regular pay that is, without an agreed amount to be paid for work done. They include members of religious institutions, prisoners, servicemen and militia members and persons living in the hous ehold of any of the proprietors i.e. owners of the enterprise and working in the establishment without regular pay. All these persons however should have worked for the establishment for at least one third of the working time normal to the establishment. T his category is not applicable to any incorporated or similar enterprise where ownership is represented by equity shares.
10.2.12.5 Total Persons Engaged This is the total labour force and is the sum of all those persons working with or without pay, full or part time, temporary or permanent.
10.2.13 Labour Costs Refers to gross wages/salary, overtime payments, reimbursement of travel expenses, payments in kinds, employer’s contributions to social security schemes, training expenses to employees and other labour costs related to employees.
10.2.13.1 Gross Wages It includes all payments, in cash to operatives in connection with work done. It includes all cash payments made for bonuses, commissions, overtime, cost -of-living allowances and payments made during periods of vacation, sick leave, maternity or casual leave. It includes taxes and social security contributions and the like paid by the employee but deducted by the employer. Lay-off payments and compensation for unemployment are included if made by the employer. Social insurance and pension contributions and the like payable by the employer are excluded but treated as a separate part of compensation to employees.
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10.2.13.2 Gross Salaries These refer to cash payments paid to other employees in connect ion with work done. This term includes bonuses, commissions, overtime, vocation pay, sick leave, maternity and casual leave payments.
10.2.13.3 Benefits in Kind These are payments made, in kind other than cash to employees. It is the net cost to the employer of those goods and services (which are clearly and primarily of benefit to the employees as consumers) furnished to employees free of charge or at markedly reduced cost. They include food, beverages, tobacco, housing, clothing (not uniforms) and medica l expenses. Excluded are costs relating to recreational facilities.
10.2.13.4 Social Security Schemes These are the employers’ contribution to the social security schemes and pension funds e.g. the National Social Security Fund (NSSF), Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) and other funds of this nature organized by the establishment concerned.
10.2.14 Output This is the final product produced by the alternative combinations of input.
10.2.14.1 Principal Products These are goods made by the establishment during the reference year for which the quantities are given in standard units e.g. kilogrammes, square metres, litres etc. The goods are valued at ex-factory prices i.e. sales price less indirect taxes. Goods made for the establishment by other establishments fr om materials supplied by the establishment are also considered to be part of the establishment’s products.
10.2.14.2 Receipts for Industrial Services Rendered This is the amount charged for work done for others or for services of an industrial nature rendered to others: For example, contract or commission work done for other establishments on their material or repair and maintenance work on machinery and equipment. The value reported should be the total cost charged for the work or service performed.
10.2.14.3 Receipts for Non-Industrial Services This is the amount charged for services of non-industrial nature rendered to others. These are services such as management, research and development, data processing, legal fees, accountancy and the like.
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10.2.14.4 Sales of Goods as Purchased This is the sales value, ex -establishment, of all goods that are sold without any transformation i.e, in the same condition as purchased . These goods are not subjected to any further manufacturing process and are normally known as trade goods.
10.2.14.5 Fixed Assets (or Capital Goods) Produced for Own account This is the value of new fixed assets (buildings, machinery etc), addition and improvements to existing fixed assets made by the establishment’s own labour and materia ls for its own use. It includes value of installations, extensions and major repairs.
10.2.14.6 Gross Output
This is equal to the sum of the following:
Value of Principal Products
Receipts for Industrial Services Rendered
Receipts for Non-industrial Services
Sales Value of Goods Shipped as Received
Value of Fixed Assets Produced for Own-account
Value of Increase on work in progress
10.2.15 Inputs These are factors of production used to produce a given level of output. Inputs can either be labour, capital, raw materials and Land.
10.2.15.1 Increase in Work-in-progress This is the value of work -in-progress at the end of the year less the corresponding value at the beginning of the year. It refers to the value of all materials, which have partially bee n processed by the establishment, but which are not usually sold, shipped, or turned over to other establishments without further processing.
10.2.15.2 Raw Materials and Components This is the value of raw materials, components and parts that are physical ly incorporated in the products of the establishment. Also, included are all auxiliary materials such as lubricants, water, packaging materials, small tools, parts, materials for repair and maintenance provided that working life is less than one year. and office supplies. Only materials consumed should be considered here. Excluded are materials used in own account construction of fixed assets as well as materials supplied by other establishments under contract manufacture.
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10.2.15.3 Material for Own-account Construction of Fixed Assets This is the value of materials used in own account construction of fixed assets e.g. buildings, machinery, installations, extensions, improvements and major repairs.
10.2.15.4 Value of Fuel and Lubricants This is the value o f all fuels and lubricants consumed by the establishment in the production process (excluding gasoline and other fuels for vehicles) except those reported as materials under 10.10.2.
10.2.15.5 Cost of Electricity Purchased This is the total cost of electricity purchased by the establishment during the reference year.
10.2.15.6 Transport Costs They include costs for own and hired transport.
10.2.15.7 Cost of Industrial Services Received These are the payments made by the establishment for contract and com mission work done by others during the reference year on materials supplied and controlled by the establishment. It also covers the total cost to the establishment for repair and maintenance services on buildings and other fixed assets of the establishment provided by others during the reference year.
10.2.15.8 Cost of Non-industrial Services Received This is the cost of all non -industrial services rendered by other establishments to the establishment. They involve activities pertaining to economic activit ies other than mining, manufacturing and production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
10.2.15.9 Production Costs Includes all the costs that are involved in acquiring or making a product
10.2.16 Value Added
It is the measure of the additio nal value created by a process of Production in the economy
for the reference period.
10.2.16.1 Gross Value Added This represents the difference between Gross Output and Production Costs. Gross value added is equal to gross output less the value of the in termediate consumption/production cost. The sum of the value added of all domestic producers gives the contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Gross value ad ded may be at factor
105 Concepts and Definitions
cost, basic prices or at producers’ prices depending on the treatmen t of taxes on production and subsidies. Value added at basic prices is obtained as the difference between gross output and intermediate consumption whereby output is valued at basic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers’ prices.
10.2.16.2 Net Value Added It is the difference between Gross Value Added and Depreciation.
10.2.17 Value of Stocks or Inventory
It is the total opening and total closing Balance Values of the following items:
Materials, Fuels and Stores
Work-in-Progress
Finished Goods Produced.
10.2.17.1 Value of Materials, Fuel and Stores It is the value of materials, fuel and stores in stock at the beginning and end of the reference year.
10.2.17.2 Work-in-Progress Refers to semi-finished products. It includes goods that have partially been processed but not ready for shipment.. Work-in-progress on own-account construction of fixed assets should be excluded and treated as part of the fixed capital formation.
10.2.17.3 Finished Goods Produced Refers to all goods made by an establis hment which are ready for sale or shipment as of the reference dates . Included, are finished goods processed and held by other establishments from raw materials supplied and controlled by the respondent establishment. Excluded are finished goods held by th e respondent establishment but made from materials owned and supplied by other establishments.
10.2.18 Fixed Assets
Refers to assets used repeatedly, or continuously, in processes of production for more than
one year. They consist of both tangible fixed assets (dwellings, other buildings and
structures, machinery and equipment cultivated assets) and intangible fixed assets (mineral
exploration, computer software and other intangible fixed assets). Inventories and valuables
that are not used repeatedly in production are not counted as fixed assets. Neither do natural
assets that are not produced.
10.2.18.1 Land Land refers to all land used for buildings, shed, etc. within the premises where the establishment’s economic activity is carried out.
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10.2.18.2 Land Improvements Includes fencing, drainage system, sewage and water system, roads, rail siding, communication lines and the like.
10.2.18.3 Buildings and other construction works This category includes factories, offices and warehouses, elevators and ot her equipment, which form part of the buildings as well as any land improvements. The value of land before improvement should not to be included here.
10.2.18.4 Machinery and other equipment This item includes all industrial machinery and other equipment such as construction machinery, cranes, fork-lift equipment and the like; power generating machinery; computers and other data -processing equipment; metalworking machinery; mining machinery; office machinery, equipment and furniture; and similar machinery and equipment and major renovations and alterations to these.
10.2.18.5 Transport Equipment Includes trucks, cars, trailers, aircrafts, animal carts and wagons. but only those connected with the industrial activity.
10.2.18.6 Disposals Disposal means sa le, retirement, exchange or transfers of fixed assets.. Disposals to others should be valued ex -establishment excluding discounts and direct taxes but including subsidies received.
10.2.18.7 Depreciation It represents the estimated allowance for wear and tear of fixed assets during the reference year. It refers to annual and not cumulative depreciation.
10.2.19 Sales and Related Items
10.2.19.1 Sales of Own Goods It represents the total sales in the reference year from own production whether or not the goods sold were produced in the reference year. The value shown should be the actual amount charged to customers on delivery. Excluded are indirect taxes, rebates, discounts and duty drawbacks.
10.2.19.2 Indirect Taxes These are taxes paid when buying good s e.g. Value Added Tax (VAT), excise duty, stamp duty and the like.
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10.2.19.3 Discount Reduction to a basic price of goods or services. Are the amount of money which may be taken off the full price.
10.2.19.4 Rebates The amount of money by which a debt, tax may be reduced. For instance there is often a rebate if the account is settled before a given date.
10.2.19.5 Duty Drawback The amount paid back to the establishment as duty surcharge. Is the refund of custom duties and fees paid on imported merchand ise that is either re -exported or destroyed under custom supervision.
10.2.20 Other Income
10.2.20.1 Profits from Sale of Fixed Assets This is the difference between the sale value and the book value of the fixed assets sold.
10.2.20.2 Royalties in Industrial Sector The amount paid to the establishment by others on the use of the establishment’s patents, trademark or copyright
10.2.20.3 Dividends The amount received by types of shares held by the establishment.
10.2.20.4. Interest The amount received by the establishment on loan given to others.
10.2.20.5 Subsidies Amount given to the establishment (as aid or support) by the government proportioned on production, sales or exports.
10.2.21 Total Income It is the sum of all incomes received by the estab lishment. It includes sales of own goods, sales of trade goods, receipts on industrial and other services rendered to others and other receipts received by the establishment.
10.2.22 Others
10.2.22.1 Installed Capacity of Production It is the ability or efficiency of a machine to produce. It represents the maximum production, which could be achieved (as specified by manufacturers) if all combinations of production such as labour, availability of raw materials, power, maintenance and repair, remain normal.
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10.2.22.2 Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Manufacturing Sector It is the measure of the average change in the selling prices (ex -factory) received by manufacturing establishments. In Tanzania, PPI is being measured by surveying establishments each engaging an average of 50 or more person.
10.2.22.3 Other payments beneficial to employees
This is the payment by the employer on accounts incurred by the employees such as medical
bills, school fees, and telephone accounts and so on. If these are for the em ployees just
because of their employment, they must be counted as part of their earnings.
10.2.22.4 Revenue Revenue is a business term for the amount of money that a company/business receives from its activities in a given period, mostly from sales of products and/or services to customers. Gross revenue: Gross revenue is the money generated by all of the company's operations, before deductions for expenses.
10.2.22.5 Sales
The exchange of goods or services for an amount of money or its equivalent; the a ct of
selling. These include sales of bought goods for resale, sales of accommodation and sales of
food and drinks.
10.2.22.6 Other operating income This includes agency fees, commission receivable, rent receivable and other incomes. Non-operating income: This includes interest receivable, share dividend receivable, subsidies and incentives from government and other non-operating incomes.
10.2.22.7 Purchases Ownership of a security or other asset in exchange for money or value, which include purchase of goods for resale and for other purposes.
10.2.22.8 Purchase of goods for resale
To achieve its goals of making profits, a trading business buys goods to sell after adding
some mark-up to cover costs and make the profit. Traders may buy and sell goods wit hout
changing them in any way; or they may merely unpack them from large bulky containers and
sell them in small packets or small quantities.
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10.2.22.9 Running expenses and other costs
These include costs for fuel used to run the business, vehicle registration and business license
fees, depreciation, electricity, water charges, bank charges, interests, insurance, postage and
telephone, advertisement, rents paid, repair, production tax and other costs of this nature.
10.2.22.10 Inventory
It includes opening stock and closing stock at the start and at the end of the reference period.
It represents the value of trading goods held. Those values may change for the following
reasons:
i. The real level or quantity of goods has changed over time;
ii. The ty pe of goods carried has changed from low value goods to high value goods or vice versa; and
iii. The prices of goods have changed a lot over the period.
10.2.22.11 Investment expenditure
This includes items of expenditure for the establishment e.g. cost of housing, other buildings,
vehicles, machinery and other equipments and office equipments.
10.2.22.12 Additions This is the value assigned to fixed assets acquired by the establishment during the reference period. It also includes all the costs actually incurred in their acquisition and installation.
10.2.22.13 Intermediate or production costs
Intermediate consumption/production costs of industries covers durable and non -durable
goods and services used up in production, including repairs and mainten ance of the capital
stock, research and direct outlays in the financing of capital formation such as transfer costs
involved in purchases of land and intangible assets. The consumption of materials and
supplies is the total cost of purchases adjusted by change in stocks of raw materials.
10.2.22.14 Inventory of working capital
Value of stocks of materials and stores, finished products and work in progress at the
beginning and at the end of the accounting year.
10.2.22.15 Expenditure on fixed assets and depreciation
Capital expenditure on land, buildings and structures, machinery/equipment, vehicles and
other fixed assets during the accounting year. Depreciations and disposals made on the
respective fixed assets.
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10.2.22.16 Basic price
The basic price is the amount receivable by the producer exclusive of taxes on products and
inclusive of subsidies on products. It includes taxes on production.
10.2.22.17 Purchasers’ price
The purchasers’ price is the amount payable by the purchaser exclusive of dedu ctible taxes
on products (e.g. deductible value added tax).
10.2.22.18 Inputs/purchases
Value of raw, packaging and chemical materials consumed, cost of re -sales, ser vices
received and other costs.
10.2.22.19 Gross operating surplus
Gross operating su rplus is defined as the excess of value added over the cost of workers’
compensation.
10.2.22.20 Expenditure on fixed assets
This is the sum of the cost of new or old capital equipment acquired and value of assets
produced on own account construction. Improvements and major alterations to existing fixed
assets are also included
10.2.22.21 Gross additions to fixed assets
This is the expenditure on fixed assets (additions) less total disposals of fixed assets
10.3 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Economic activities included under this section are the activity of providing electric power,
natural gas, steam, hot water and the like through a permanent infrastructure (network) of lines,
mains and pipes. The dimension of the network i s not decisive; also included are the distribution
of electricity, gas, steam, hot water and the like in industrial parks or residential buildings. This
section therefore includes the operation of electric and gas utilities, which generate, control and
distribute electric power or gas. Also included is the provision of steam and air -conditioning
supply. This section excludes the operation of water and sewerage utilities, (typically long -
distance) and transport of gas through pipelines.
10.4 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
This section includes activities related to the management (including collection, treatment and
disposal) of various forms of waste, such as solid or non -solid industrial or household waste, as
well as contaminated sites. The output of the waste or sewage treatment process can either be
111 Concepts and Definitions
disposed of or become an input into other production processes. Activities of water supply are also grouped in this section, since they are often carried out in connecti on with, or by units also engaged in, the treatment of sewerage. 10.4.1 Water Harmonized Indicators, relevant definitions and descriptions at the Ministry of Water as have been compiled in this section
MKUKUTA GOAL: To ensure access to clean, affordable a nd safe water, sanitation, decent shelter and a safe and sustainable environment.
10.4.2 Safe Water Water drawn from improved sources which include piped water, protected well and springs that have been enclosed to prevent contamination.
According to National Water Policy of 1991, safe water should be available within a radius of 400 meters from each home.
10.4.3 Piped Water Water provided within a housing unit by pipe from community -wide systems or from individual installation such as pressure tanks and pumps.
10.4.4 Housing Unit Housing units with piped water means water supply inside the housing unit or outside the housing unit but within 100 meters from the door.
10.4.5 Access to safe water Access to adequate amount of safe drinking water located wi thin a convenient distance from a user’s dwelling. It is important to note that the concepts of that access, adequate amount, safe and convenient distance vary from country to country.
According to MMMPI of 2006, access implies duration of 30 minutes to g o, collect and return from fetching water.
10.4.6 Water Pollution Presence in water of harmful and objectionable material obtained from sewers, industrial wastes and rain water run-off in sufficient concentration to make is unfit for use.
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10.4.7 Rural Water Supply Services Coverage Access to clean and safe water in the community by household within four hundred meters to a water source.
10.4.8 Percentage of people with access to improved water source Percentage of number of people in the district or regio n with access to clean and safe water to the total district or region population. the population served with water within 400m to a water sources in which time taken to fetch some water should not exceed 30 minutes(go, wait, collect water and return home).
10.4.9 Percentage of functional water points (improved water source) This is the ratio of the number of functional water points built in the rural and peri urban areas to the total number of water points in the rural and peri urban areas. It is expressed in to percentage.
10.4.10 Number of water points built The number of water points built in the rural areas to supply clean and safe water services to the group of people within 400m with time of 30 minutes (go, collect, return to be taken into consideration).
10.4.11 Percentage of people with access to improved sanitation facilities The ratio of the number of people with adequate sanitation facilities in the district (region) to the total population in the district (region).
10.4.12 Percentage of wate r points with actively functioning water and sanitation committees It is defined as the number of water points built in rural areas to supply clean and safe water services with actively functioning water and sanitation committees to the total number water points built in rural areas.
10.4.13 Percentage of water and sanitation committees with women holding key positions Is the ratio of the number of water committees with women holding key positions in rural and peri urban areas to the total number of existi ng water committees in rural and peri urban areas.
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10.4.14 Number of people sensitized and trained on sanitation It is defined as the number of people sensitized and tra ined on water and sanitation in the rural and peri urban areas.
10.4.15 Water Samples It is a portion of water taken at a source of water point for test water quality whether complies with national and international standards for human conception.
10.4.16 Total number of samples tested It is defined as the number of products of sampling stations and number of weeks in a year(52), for chemical tests the number of weeks in a year(52), for chemical tests the number of samples tested will be the number of sampling station times two.
10.4.17 Percentage samples meet quality standards It is the ration of samples taken and tested that meet current quality standards to total number of samples taken and tested. It is the measure of the quality of water delivered to customers. (Standards: 99.4% - 100%).
10.4.18 Water quality Test Water sample are c ollected from the borehole and be taken and to Water Laboratory for Physical, bacteriological and Chemical analysis in order access its suitability for human consumption.
10.4.19 Total number of samples tested It is defined as the number of products of sa mpling stations and number of weeks in a year(52), for chemical tests the number of samples tested will be the number of sampling station times two.
Note that, Chemical tests are conducted twice in a year while others are conducted once in every week .The recommended chemical tests to be tested are, Iron (Fe), Fluoride (F), Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Manganese (Mn), Nitrite Nitrogen, Nitrate Nitrogen, Hardness (CaCO3), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl), Potassium others if applicable.
10.4.20 Hydrogeological survey Activities carried out in order to determine potential sites for underground water exploitation.
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10.4.21 Reconnaissance survey The expert visit the site in order to identify areas for detailed survey, the geomo phological condition, hydrogeology of the area, accessibility of the drilling equipments to the site and historical background of the area in groundwater bases.
10.4.22 Detailed survey The survey is done to identify areas for obtaining data which will be i nterpreted to determine the type of the rock, depth to drill and the possibility of underground water potential zones. The equipments for the survey are resistivity meter, Magnetometer/Electromagnetic, GPS and Geological compass.
10.4.23 Population coverage (%) It is the ration of population served to total population.
10.4.24 Proportion of water produced to meet demand. Is the ratio of water produced to water demand.
10.4.25 Revenue collection efficiency% Is the ratio of the amount of revenue collect ed in the current financial year to the amount of revenue of water billed. It is recommended to be greater than ^%%
10.4.26 Unit cost of produced water Is the Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs with depreciation (without investment costs and debt servicing) divided by Total water production.
10.4.27 Percentage of unaccounted for water (UFW) Is the ratio of water distributed less consumption to volume of water distribut ed lost unknowingly as from the water produced. This indicator is the measure of le akage and other system losses. It is taken to include leakage and theft, but also un -metered provision of public water such as fire hydrants, etc. It should be less than 20%.
10.4.28 Area coverage(%) Is the ratio of area with network to total service area.
10.4.29 Percentage of water coverage with kiosks. Population served with kiosks over total population times 100.
10.4.30 Water service coverage (pop)(%) Population served with domestic connections plus population served with kiosks over total population times 100.
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10.4.31 Water coverage with domestic connections.(%) Population served with kiosks/Total population times 100.
10.4.32 Billable water Is water available for distribution less water used in the treatment process.
10.4.33 Billing efficiency (%) Is defined as the volume of water billed to the customers divided by the volume of water estimated to be distributed. It measures the percentage of water billed over water produced. This ratio is dependent on waters losses as well as metering accuracy. It is recommended to be greater than (80%).
10.4.34 Daily water distribution per capita served It an indicator that describes the average daily volume of water distributed per person with either direct access to a domestic connection or to a water kiosk. It does not describe the actual consumption of these customer groups as part of the distributed volume is e.g. consumed by other customer groups or lost through leakages.
10.4.35 Disconnection ratio
It is the percentage of connections (without kiosks) that are currently reported to be
disconnected.
10.4.36 Non Revenue Water (NRW) It is the amount of water that provider produces (or purchases from other entities) minus the amount that is sold to consumers, presented as a percentage of water produced or as an amount per length of the distribution system. NRW can be the result of physical (leaks, overflow) and commercial (illegal connections, collection of revenue) losses. The recommended value is less than 20%.
10.4.37 Pollute
Means directly or indirectly to alter the physical thermal, chemical, biological or radioactive
properties of water so as to render such water less fit for any beneficial purpose for which it
is or may reasonably be used or cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially
hazardous to public health, safety welfare or to animals, birds, fish or aquatic life, or
organism or to plant and "pollution" has corresponding meaning.
10.4.38 Public tap Means any fountain, standpipe, tap, trough, valve or other appliance or structure erected, provided or maintained by or on behalf of (water supply and sanitation authority or a
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community owned water sup pIy organisation) the purpose of supplying water to its consumers
10.4.39 Population coverage (%) It is the proportion of population served w ith water to the total population living in the service area.
10.4.40 Population with Direct Access to Domestic Connection Is the number of people with direct access to domestic connection. Direct access might comprise all people living on a plot, which is connected to a network and does not include people from neighbourhood premises.
10.4.41 Population with Access to Kiosk Is the number of people served at a kiosk connection. The kiosk should be owned by the provider
10.4.42 Water point Means a single source of water, which may be a well, a borehole, a tap or a public tap.
10.4.43 Water supply Means the provision of appropriate facilities and services for the sourcing, treatment and distribution of potable water.
10.4.44 Waterworks Includes all gathering grounds, off-takes, reservoirs, dams, weirs, tanks, cisterns, tunnels, filter beds, conduits, aqueducts, mains, pipes, meters, fountains, sluices, valves, hydrants, pumps, prime movers and all other structures and appliances used or constructed for the storage, conveyance, supply, measurement or regulation of water, which are used or have been constructed by or on behalf of a water supply and sanitation authority or a community owned water supply organization.
10.4.45 Waterworks area Means any area of land or of water delineated by the Minister as an area connected with the supply of any waterworks.
10.4.46 Water for domestic purposes It is the use of water solely for the purpose of meeting household and domestic needs and excludes any commercial activities
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10.4.47 Water Point Mapping It is the process of locating water infrastructure and collecting related information using any available technology, the information that is collected is later on subjected to different uses.
10.4.48 Water Point Mapping System It is an integration of hardware, software, methodologies, data, processes and users dedicated to collecting, storing, processing and analyzing water related information and giving feedback for public use.
10.4.49 Sanitation Means the provision of appropriate facilities and services for the collection and disposal of human excreta and wastewater.
10.4.50 Sanitation works Means sewers, drains, pipes, ducts or channels, whether open or closed, used for the drainage of human excreta or waste water from buildings or land and on-site systems for the reception of human excreta and wastewaters , w h i c h do not connect to a sewer.
10.4.51 Sewer Means any pipe or conduit other than a drain used, or for use, for the conveyance of sewage.
10.4.52 Private Sewer It includes a privately constructed pipe, conduit; underground gutter or channel, other than a building sewer, which may be connected to a private sewerage installation for the conveyance of sewage or trade waste; or for other private purposes and not being part of a public sewerage system vested in or constructed by a water authority potable.
10.4.53 Private Sewerage Installation Includes privately constructed latrine, septic tank or other sewerage system and all fittings connected thereto but does not include a building sewer.
10.4.54 Sewerage coverage (%) Is the number of domestic connections times average household size or best estimate over total population times 100.
10.4.55 Sewerage Main rehabilitation (%) Is the Length of sewer mains rehabilitated during the year per total sewer mains length.
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10.4.56 Sewerage services connection rehabilitation (%) Is the number of sewer connections replaced or renovated during the year per total number of sewer connections.
10.4.57 Total Collection It is a total collection from water and sewerage services including billing of water sales, sewerage, meter rent and other operating income. Collections from non -billing related items, which mean other income, are not considered.
10.4.58 Trade waste agreement Means an agreement between a water authority and any person for the discharge of waste into a sewer or storage or treatment of waste by the water authority, and shall include such terms, manner and periods as the water authority may decide or. as may be prescribed.
10.4.59 Treatment of collected Wastewater (%) Is the maximum daily volume of sewerage treated in a treatment plants during the assessment period per maximum daily capacity of the existing treatment plants.
10.4.60 Wastewater quality compliance (%) Is the percentage of the sewerage effluent samples that pass all allowable quality tests as per Tanzanian sewage quality standards.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
TRADE, TRANSPORT, TOURISM AND INTERNATIONAL
MIGRATION STATISTICS
11.0 Trade Statistics Trade Statistics are compiled according to International Standards and United Nations recommendations, regard to methodology, concepts and definitions and standard classifications..
The main sources of external trade data are Customs Administratio n. Customs Data are captured electronically using Tanzania Customs Integrated System called TANCIS.. Customs Data is then processed using Excel and Access programs to produce necessary statistical tables for the country’s foreign trade.
11.1 Distributive Trade
Distributive Trade refers to wholesale and retail trade, which can be defined as an activity
comprising purchase of goods and their disposal by way of sale without intermediate physical
transformation of goods. Distributive trade is an important e conomic activity providing
employment to a significant part of the population and contributing greatly to the GDP.
11.1.1 Wholesale Trade Wholesale trade is the r esale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, business-to-business trade (for example, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users) or to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies.
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Wholesalers can be thoug ht of as “middle men” who supply goods to industrial or business customers, such as retailers, restaurants, manufacturers, or construction companies
11.1.2 Retail Trade Retail trade is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilization, by shops, department stores, stalls, e -commerce retailers, mail - order houses, hawkers and peddlers, consumer cooperatives, auction houses etc. The main characteristic of retailers is that they sell goods primarily to consumers or households.
11.2 Trade Establishment A trade establishment is an economic unit engaged in wholesale or retail trade of goods within the national territory under a single ownership or control, i.e. unde r a single legal entity at a single fixed location. In other words, a trade establishment is that establishment having three characteristics: economic activity (trading), legal status (registered one) and fixed location (housed in fixed structure).
11.3 Foreign Trade Statistics Foreign trade statistics generally refer to the flow of goods between the statistical territory of the country and the rest of the world, with the exception of goods in transit. Statistical territory refers to customs territory, th e area in which the customs law of a country applies full control over entry and exit of goods.
11.3.1 Imports Refers to an inflow of goods into a statistical territory (country).
a) Direct Imports Refers to goods entered at the time of importation for c onsumption or for warehousing in Tanzania.
b) Imports for Home Use Refers to imports declared directly for national use from abroad and from national free zones, free ports and warehouses.
11.3.2 Exports Refers to outflows of goods from a statistical territory (country) a) Domestic Exports
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The term domestic export refers to exportation of goods produced or grown in a country or goods having undergone substantial transformation in the exporting State.
b) Re-exports Refers to goods exported in the same co ndition as imported or after undergoing minor operations, which leave them not substantially changed.
11.3.3 Gross Weight It refers to actual weight of goods including packaging.
11.3.4 Net Weight Refers to actual weight of goods excluding packaging.
11.3.5 Packaging Refers to any cases, boxes, containers, wrappings and covering materials including related accessories and supports.
11.3.6 Standard Measurement Unit This is the quantity unit of measurement. For example, the net weight in kilograms.
11.3.7 Supplementary Unit It is a unit of measurement of quantity other than Kilogram.
11.3.8 Country of Consignment Refers to the country from which the goods were initially dispatched to the importing state. The term Country of Consignment in the case of exports means the country to which goods are dispatched by the exporting country, without (as far as it is known at the time of exportation) being subject to any commercial transactions or other operations which change the legal status of the goods taking place in any intermediate country.
11.3.9 Country of Origin Refers to the country from which goods originate. This is the country from where goods were grown, produced or manufactured according to the laid down rules of origin.
11.3.10 Country of Destination The term Country of Consignment in the case of exports means the country to which goods are dispatched by the exporting country, without (as far as it is known at the time of exportation) being subject to any commercial transactions or other operations w hich change the legal status of the goods taking place in any intermediate country. It is the final known country to which exported goods were dispatched.
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11.3.11 Country of Last Consignment It is the last country where the goods were loaded.
11.3.12 Country of First Destination It is the country where the mode of transport, from the border of another country changes.
11.3.13 Value of Imports It refers to the value of imported goods as determined by Cost, Insurance and Freight charges (CIF). It should be noted that C.I.F is a term of the contract of sale of goods being shipped where the seller pays the cost of the insurance and transport of the goods to the destination
11.3.14 Statistical Value of Exports Refers to the value of exported goods as determined by Free On Bo ard valuation system (FOB). FOB type value includes the transaction value of the goods and the value of services performed to deliver goods to the boarder of exporting country.
11.3.15 Cost Refers to the authenticated invoice value.
11.3.16 Freight Refers to charges for transportation of goods from the country of consignment to the country of destination.
11.3.17 Insurance Refers to charges for safeguarding against losses on goods being transported from the country of consignment to the country of destination.
11.4 Transport Statistics Transport is a critical input to the d evelopment of the eco nomy. All national development programs hinge around efficient and effective transport infrastructure and services. The concepts and definitions presented under t his section relates to al l modes of transport and communications. It includes transport on roa d, air, marine and railway as well as posts and telecommunication services.
11.4.1 Road Transport Statistics Road transport include all transport of Goods and Passengers by road In Tanzania road is classified (according to Roads Acts 2007) as Trunk roads, Regional roads (which are under management of TANROADS), District roads, Urban roads and feeder or collector roads which are managed by local government authorities und er PMORALG. The road is either paved or unpaved.
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11.4.1.1 Motorcycle Two-wheeled road motor vehicle with or without side -car, including motor scooter, or three wheeled road motor vehicle not exceeding 400 kg (900 lb) unladed weight. All such vehicles with a cylinder capacity of 50 cc or over are included, as are those under 50 cc which do not meet the definition of moped.
11.4.1.2 Passenger Car Road motor vehicle, other than a motor cycle, intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons (including the driver). The term "passenger car" therefore covers micro cars (need no permit to be driven), taxis and hired passenger cars, provided that they have fewer than ten seats. This category may also include pick-ups.
11.4.1.3 Light or Semi-Commercial Vehicles All vehicles used for goods transport mainly Gross weight of maximum 3,500 kgs e.g. Pick - ups.
11.4.1.4 Commercial Vehicle Trucks All vehicles used commercially for goods transport having gross weight of over 3,500 kgs e.g. lorries.
11.4.1.5 Special Vehicle This category includes passenger ca r transporter, Fire fighting vehicles, Ambulance, Breakdown vehicle, Cesspool emptier, and Refuse collector, Tankers, Bulk Transporter, Log Transporter, Concrete transporter/mixer, Mobile workshop, Mobile Library, Mobile shop, Mobile Bank and Motor caravan.
11.4.1.6 Other Vehicles Include, Forklift, Mobile crane, container crane, Bulldozer, grader, loader, excavator, steamroller, asphalt layer etc.
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11.4.1.7 Commercial Motor Vehicles (CMV) All vehicles used for business purposes (i.e. Transportation of Pass engers from one point to another).
11.4.2 Road Network Length. Road Network Length is the measure of a distance in kilometers (km) of roads as stipulated in the Road Act 2007 and any subsequent amendment. Paved roads are the length of all roads that are s urfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agent with concrete or cobblestones. Unpaved roads are all roads surfaced with gravel or earth material.
Condition of Paved Road Network
Good Condition Road in a good conditions include paved roads, largely free of defects requiring only routine maintanance and perhaps surface treatment.
Fair Condition Roads in fair condition include roads with minor defects and weakened structural resistance, they require resurfacing of the pav ement but without the need to demolish the existing pavement.
Poor Condition Roads in poor condition include roads with major defects and weakened structural resistance, they require rehabilitation of the pavement which involves demolishing the existing pavement.
Condition of Unpaved Road Network
Good Condition Road in a good conditions includes unpaved roads, largely free of defects requiring only routine maintenance and localized repair.
Fair Condition Roads in fair condition include roads with mino r defects which they require grading and additional new gravel plus drainage repair in some places.
Poor Condition Roads in poor condition include roads with major defects like pot holes, loss of camber and gravel materials, they require rehabilitation w hich involves reshaping of the road, and additional new gravel and drainage repair in some places.
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11.5 Aviation Statistics / Air transport Aviation industry is a worldwide monitored transport system , which involves movement by an aircraft, existing of aerodromes and ground handling.
11.5.1 Aerodrome Refers to a defined area on land or on water (including any buildings, Installation and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and movement of aircraft.
11.5.2 Domestic Traffic Refers to traffic on flights whose origin and destination terminal are both in the state in which the aircraft is registered.
11.5.3 International Traffic It is defined as traffic on flights of national or foreign aircraft whos e origin or destination is located in the territory of a state other than the United Republic of Tanzania.
11.5.4 Aircraft Movements Refers to the total sum of every landing and every take-off.
11.5.5 Private Movements Refers to landing and take -off by a ircraft operating for private purpose and solely for the benefit of the owner.
11.5.6 Charter Movements Refer to landing and take -off by aircraft operating for hire or reward but not according to published schedule.
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11.5.7 Commercial Movements Refers to landing and take -off of aircraft engaged in commercial flights. They include both scheduled and non -scheduled (charter, hire and not according to published timetable) commercial flights.
11.5.8 Non-commercial Movements Refers to landing and take -off by aircraft operating solely for the benefit of the owner or for the purpose of positioning. This includes flights made by the Government and military aircraft and unscheduled return flights by aircraft to their point of departure for safety reasons.
11.5.9 Scheduled Flights Refers to flights performed for remuneration according to published timetables and which are available to the public at fixed rates.
11.5.10 Non-Scheduled Flights Refers to flight performed on an irregular basis.
11.5.11 Passengers Embarked and Disembarked Refers to passengers who are commencing or completing their journeys but excluding t ransit passengers.
11.5.12 Transit Passengers Refers to passengers who are continuing their journey in the same or different aircraft without checking out. Transit passengers are counted once.
11.5.13 Freight and Mail Refers to freight and mail loaded or off -loaded by all aircraft which served an airport excluding aircraft fuel, stores and cargo remaining in the aircraft. Commercial freight excludes diplomatic freight/mail, post office, mail and excess luggage.
11.5.14 Revenue Passengers Refers to passengers paying full fares.
11.5.15 Passenger Load Factor Is equal to (Passenger-km performed)/(Passenger-km available) x 100
11.5.16 Weight Load Factor Is equal to (Tone-km performed)/(Tone-km available) x 100.
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11.5.17 Aircraft Movement Is an arrival or departures of an aircraft. Normally one arrival and one departure shall be counted as two movements
11.6 Shipping Statistics
11.6.1 International Sea-borne Traffic A person or consignment of goods is said to have moved in International Sea borne traffic if after having been loaded in a port of foreign country, it made a voyage to a port in another country and was unloaded there.
11.6.2 Container Traffic
Number of TEU (Twenty -foot Equivalent container Unit) passing through the port in
specified period of time.
11.6.3 Average Import full Container Dwell time
The average time between arrival and departure of the full import container in the te rminal.
it is measured in days.
11.6.4 Berth Occupancy (%) Is the proportion of time berth terminal is occupied by ship(s), indicating the level of demand for port services over a particular time interval (hours, days, weeks, months, years). It is measured in percentage.
11.6.5 Modal Split
Proportion of container delivery by mode (Rail or Road) in specific period (days, weeks,
months, year).
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11.6.6 Ship turn around time
The ship turn-round time is the duration of the vessel's stay in port and is calc ulated from the
time of arrival at outer anchorage to the time of departure.
11.6.7 Piracy Piracy is attacks by individuals or groups who robs or plunders at sea without a commission from a recognized sovereign Nation. They usually targets other ships but have also attacks targets on shore.
11.6.8 Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) Refers to space measurements, one cubic metre being regarded as equal to one tone. It is the capacity of the entire space within the frames and ceiling of the hall together with t hose closed-in spaces above deck available for cargo stores, passenger or crew.
11.6.9 Net Registered Tonnage (NRT) Refers to what remains of the ‘gross registered tonnage’ after deducting the spaces occupied by propelling machinery, fuel and other stores , crew quarters, master cabin and spaces. It represents the spaces available for cargo and passengers. Both Gross and Net registered tonnage are measurement of cubic capacity and not weight.
11.6.10 Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) This measures in weight (tones ) the amount of cargo that a ship can carry when a vessel is down to its local line. The weight of cargo is gross weight because it includes the packing of goods. A vessel is said to have entered a port with cargo if it touches at the port and unload goods. A vessel is said to have cleared a port if it leaves the port after having loaded goods.
11.6.11 International Sea-borne Traffic A person or consignment of goods is said to have moved in International Sea borne traffic if after having been loaded in a p ort of foreign country, it made a voyage to a port in Tanzania and was unloaded there.
11.6.12 Coastwise Traffic Refers to traffic by sea between the ports of Tanzania. Every arrival or departure with cargo in coastwise traffic is counted no matter how ma ny ports are touched during a voyage. If a ship making international voyage stops to unload or load goods in commercial coastwise traffic the resulting arrivals or departure is counted as such.
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11.7 Railway Statistics
11.7.1 Train
One or more railway vehicles hauled by one or more locomotives or railcars, or one railcar
travelling alone, running under a given number or sp ecific designation from an initial fixed
point to a terminal fixed point. . For the purpose of these statistics, we shall take it to mean a
locomotive with the accompanying wagons for goods trains; or passenger coaches and the
accompanying brake/luggage van and restaurant car; for passenger trains.
11.7.2 Working Train A train which is required to stop in a block section for such purposes as shunting at a siding loading or unloading or track maintenance.
11.7.3 Passenger Train A train primarily intended for conveyance of passengers.
11.7.4 Goods Train
Any train other than a departmental train on which less than four units of loaded passenger
stock are conveyed. Goods include luggage animals (alive or dead) and all other moveable
property of any description.
11.7.5 Block Train A goods train carrying freight traffic from origin to destination without loading or unloading while on transit.
11.7.6 Mixed Train Is a train primarily intended for the carriage of goods, but conveying four or more units of loaded passenger stock.
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11.7.7 Train Kilometers Unit of measure representing the movement of a train over one kilometre. The distance to be covered is the distance actually run.
11.7.8 Tonne kilometers Unit of measure representing the movement of one tonne avail able in a wagon when performing services for which it is primarily intended over one kilometre. The distance to be considered is that actually run. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded.
11.7.9 Passenger kilometers Sometimes termed as passenge r journeys. It is total kilometers train passengers cover from the point of boarding to destination i.e. No. of passengers * kilometers covered.
11.7.10 Wagon Kilometers Unit of measure representing any movement of a wagon loaded or empty over a distance of one kilometre. The distance to be considered is that actually run. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded. All wagon journeys are included irrespective of the ownership of the wagon.
11.7.11 Gross Tonnes Unit of measure representing the move ment over a distance of one kilometre of one tonne of railway vehicle including the weight of tractive vehicle. Included are weights of: tractive unit, hauled railway vehicle and its load. Passengers and their luggage are excluded. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded.
11.7.12 Net Tonnes Unit of measure representing the movement over a distance of one kilometre of one tonne of hauled vehicles (and railcars) and contents. The weight of railcars is included, whereas the weight of locomotives is excluded. Passengers and their luggage are excluded. Shunting and other similar movements are excluded. Refers to weight in tones of the consignment alone.
11.7.13 Locomotive Reliability Is the distance in kilometers a locomotive travels before it fails i.e. kilometers per failure.
11.7.14 Locomotive Utilization It is the distance a locomotive covers per day it is in use i.e. kilometers per day in use.
11.7.15 Loaded Ratio (%) It is the ratio of loaded wagon kilometers to total wagon kilometers covered i n a certain period i.e. loaded wagon kilometers/total wagon kilometers * 100.
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11.7.16 Load Coefficient (%) It is the ratio between net tonne-kilometers to gross tonne-kilometers covered in a given time i.e. net tonne-kilometers/gross tonnekilometers * 100
11.7.17 Railway Network Density Is the ratio of the total length of the railway network, excluding sidings, to total area. It is expressed in km/1000 sq. kms.
11.8 Tourism Statistics
In the system of the National Accounts 1 10103 (SNA 103), tourism is not one economic activity but appears, and is counted for, in different economic activities, namely, agriculture (in the hunting sub-division); trade, hotels and restaurants; transport and communication; financial and business services (in the bus iness services sub -division); and public administration and other services (education, health and other services). Consequently it has been difficult to quantify tourism as a single economic activity. Tourism satellite Account (TSA) is a new statistical framework proposed by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) aimed at enhancing analysis of the impact of the tourism sector in national economies.
Tourism Economy includes Tourism Sector (indirect effects) and Tourism Industry (direct effects) as follows:
Tourism Sector: Consists of a set of institutional units whose principal economic activity is a tourism characteristic activity, e.g. transport, retail, laundry, security, etc. The sum of the value added generated by all industries in response to tourism consumption.
Tourism Industry: All establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism characteristic activity, i.e. the sum of all tourism characteristic activities, e.g. accommodation establishments, tour operators, travel agencies. A group o f establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism characteristic activity.