141 Concepts and Definitions
11.8.38 International Tourist Receipts Refers to receipts of a country resulting from expenditures by tourists. i.e. payments for goods and services, made by international visitors to use for themselves or give away.
11.8.39 International Tourist Expenditure Refers to the total expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at the destination. i.e. payments for goods and services, made by residents of a country visiting abroad.
11.9 International Migration Statistics
Labour migration across nations has been in existence for a long time and it is a process that
occurs due to pull and push factors including involuntary or forced migration due to wars and
political instabilities and voluntary reasons. The increased migration is a result of several factors;
wars, social instabilities economic reasons such as hardships and increased unemployment,
education reasons among others.
11.9.1 International Migration Refers to movement of people between Tanzania and other sovereign states.
11.9.2 Immigration Control System Refers to a system whereby movements of people between countries are controlled, traveling documents including passports and visas are issued to immigrating people to ensure that only legal migrants are allowed entry and stay in the country.
11.9.3 Travel Document Refers to a valid passport or an internationally recognized document containing the personal particulars, signature or finger print and clear recent photograph of the holder and which is issued by or on behalf of the Government of a member state of which the visitor is a citizen and on which endorsement may be issued and may include an approved laissers -passer of boarder pass.
11.9.4 Immigration Refers to movement from one count ry to the other for the purpose of settling or visiting. Migrants include refugees, tourists, residents and others traveling across boarders within a certain specific country.
11.9.5 Immigrant Refers to any foreign person moving, who seeks entry in anothe r country for the purpose of visiting. (or any purpose other than mentioned above).
142 Concepts and Definitions
11.9.6 New Immigrants Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and plan to stay for at least six months. Included in this category are students studying abroad but with parents in Tanzania.
11.9.7 Emigrant Refers to any foreign person moving from his/her own country abroad for purpose of settling or visiting.
11.9.8 Permanent Emigrants Refers to Tanzanian residents who leave Tanzania permanently.
11.9.9 Temporary Emigrants Refers to Tanzanian residents who leave Tanzania and intend to come back
11.9.10 Residents Refers to persons who have stayed or plan to stay in Tanzania for at least six months.
11.9.11 Returning Residents Refers to Tanzania residents returning from abroa d. Included in this category are students studying abroad or Tanzania residents coming back from holiday trips, business trips, and so on.
11.9.12 Visitor Refers to any person traveling to any place other than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose purpose of the trip is other than the exercise of an activity re - enumerated from within the place visited.
11.9.13 Visitors on Holidays Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and whose main purpose of the journey is holiday trip. Included in this group are children on school vacation in Tanzania if their parents are not residents of Tanzania.
11.9.14 Visitors on Business Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and whose main purpose of journey is business trip.
11.9.15 Visitors on Holiday, Business or in Transit Refers to persons who leave Tanzania, after a holiday trip, business trip or after an in transit stop.
143 Concepts and Definitions
11.9.16 Persons in Transit Refers to persons who enter Tanzania and either stay at the airport in transit or hold an in - transit passes valid for a period of up to one month.
11.9.17 Country of Departure Refers to the country where the recent journey started.
11.9.18 Country of Final Destination Refers to the country where the final journey will end.
11.10 Wildlife Statistics
11.10.1 Authorised Association
Refers to a community based organization whose primary objective is to conserve wildlife
resources for the benefit of local community members ordinarily residing in that area and
given the mandate by the Directors to do so on village land.
11.10.2 Biological diversity
Refers to the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia,
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they
are part; this inclu des diversity within species, between species and ecosystems (adopted
from CBD)
11.10.3 Community- Based Conservation
Refers to conservation of wildlife and wetlands resources based on the participation of the
village communities.
11.10.4 Core Protected Areas
Refers to Nation Parks, Game reserves, Ngorongoro conservation Area and wetlands
reserves.
11.10.5 Corridor
Refers to land area used by wild animals in their movements from one part of the ecosystem
to another at any given time in search of basic requirements such as water, food, space and
habitat.
11.10.6 Ecosystem
Refers to a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro -organism communities and their
non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (adopted from CBD).
144 Concepts and Definitions
11.10.7 Farming
Refers to intensive husbandry (breeding/raising) of one or few wildlife species on relatively
small areas (less than 25 ha) whenever suitable infrastructures and services available in urban
areas, totally enclosed, and under more -or-less heavily managed cond itions that tend to
domesticate the animals, with the purpose of engaging in different forms of wildlife
utilization.
11.10.8 Game sanctuary
Refers to a place where wild animals are reared in captivity, relatively in a large area in a
natural state primarily for educational and recreational purposes.
11.10.9 General Management Plan
Refers to a tool to guide management and development programmes of PA and wetlands.
11.10.10 Habitat
Refers to the place or type of site where an organism or population nat urally occurs (adopted
from CBD)
11.10.11 High conservation value
Refers to wetland areas that provides vital values and functions described in Section 2.5 of
policy, including those with high degree of endemism, harbor endangered or rare species or
habitat which is under- represented in the Tanzania protected area networks.
11.10.12 In-situ conservation
Refers to the conservation of ecosystem and natural habitats and the maintenance and
recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings (modified fro CBD)
11.10.13 Land use
Refers to activities carried out on a given piece of land.
11.10.14 Local Communities
Means as described to it in the Local Government (District Authorities Act of 1982).
11.10.15 Local Government Authority
Means as described to it by the local Government (district Authorities) Act of 1982 as well
as by the Local Government (urban Authorities) Act of 1982.
11.10.16 Management Authority
Refers to recognized established institutions with the mandate to manage a particular PA or
piece of land or wetland.
145 Concepts and Definitions
11.10.17 Man made wetland
Refers to constructed wetlands area or terrestrial area purposely impounded with temporary
or permanent water with the aim of collecting or storing water to supply goods and services
such as electricity, fishery, water and sports
11.10.18 Migration
Refers to the movement of wild animals commonly birds and mammals over large distances
in search of basic needs.
11.10.19 Migratory route
Refers to an area, strip or zone of land used by wild animals during their migratory cycles or
seasonal movements.
11.10.20 Modified wetland
Refers to naturally occurring wetland area used for crop cultivation or transformed in the
process of or for the purpose of undertaking sports.
11.10.21 National Game
Refers to animal species declared so by the minister.
11.10. 22 Natural Resources
Refers to biological resources which include forestry, aquatic fauna and flora, bees and
wildlife.
11.10. 23 Protected Area
Refers to a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to
achieve specific conservation objectives (adopted from CBD)
11.10. 24 Protected Species
Refers to an animal or plant species protected by an international convention, or laws of
Tanzania or any other country, including a National Game.
11.10. 25 Ramsar Site
Refers to wetland area of international importance as ascribed by the Ramsar Convention on
Wetland (Iran 1971)
11.10. 26 Sustainable utilization/use
Refers to human use of wildlife and wetland resourc es in a way and at a rate that does not
lead to long term decline of the resources, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs
and aspirations of present and future generations (modified from CBD)
146 Concepts and Definitions
11.10. 27 Wetlands
Refers to areas of marsh, fen , peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or
temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salty including areas of
marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. It may also
incorporate riparian or coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and island or bodies of marine
water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands.
11.10.28 Wildlife Protected Areas
Refers to National Parks, Game Reserves, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Game controlled
Area and Wetland Reserves.
11.10.29 Wetland Reserves
Refers to any wetland area declared to be a wetlands reserve as ascribed in Article 4 of the
Convention on wetlands (Ramsar, 1971) by an order made under the wildlife Act.
11.10.30 Wetlands Resource
Refers to all resources including soils, water, fauna and flora found in wetlands whose
meaning is ascribed in this policy.
11.10.31 Wildlife Resources
Means resources as described in the meaning of wildlife.
11.10.32 Wildlife sector
Refers to wildlife division, Tanzania National parks, Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Authority, Tanzania wildlife Research Institute, college of Africa Wildlife Management,
private sector and individuals directly dealing with wildlife related matters in Tanzania.
11.10.33 Wildlife
Refers to those species of wild and indigenous animals and plants, and their constituent
habitats, including wetlands and ecosystems, to be found in Tanzania, as well as those exotic
species that have been introduced to Tanzania, an d those are temporarily maintained in
captivity or have become established in the wild.
11.10.34 Wildlife Management Area
Refers to an area set aside by village Council for the purpose of conservation of wildlife and
other biological natural resources, under the wildlife Act.
11.10.35 Wise Use
Refers to sustainable utilization of wetlands for the benefit of mankind in a way compatible
with the maintenance of the natural properties of ecosystems.
147 Concepts and Definitions
11.10.36 Zoo
Refers to a place where wild animals are ke pt in captivity, normally in cages or padlocks for
recreation, research and educational purposes.
11.11 Forest
Refers to all land bearing a vegetative association dominated by trees of any size, exploitable or
not, and capable of producing wood or other products of exerting influence on the climate or
water regime or providing shelter to livestock and wildlife.
11.11.1 Forest administration Comprises Government of Tanzania administration of forestry.
11.11.2 Forest authorities
Comprise Government of Tanzania authorities of forestry.
11.11.3 Forest land
Refers to an area of land covered with trees, grass and other vegetation but dominated by
trees.
11.11.4 Forest land lease Refers to forest land or land suitable for afforestation is leased to the priv ate sector. The terms of the lease define the management principles and obligations. The management planning and plan implementation is carried out by the lessee. The lease is renewed after certain periods provided that the land is well -managed. The govern ment collects an annual lease fee.
11.11.5 Forest product
Refers to all wood and non-wood forest products.
11.11.6 Forest reserve Refers to forest area, either for production of timber and other forest produce or protective for the protection of forest s and important water catchments, controlled under the Forests Ordinance and declared by the Minister.
11.11.7 Forest resources Refers to all wood and non-wood-based resources in the forests.
11.11.8 Agro-forestry Refers to practice where agricultural crops and trees are intercropped on one farm land.
11.11.9 Central government forest reserve Refers to forest area administered and managed by the central government.
148 Concepts and Definitions
11.11.10 Concession Refers to a long -term agreement between the government and a forest i ndustry Ente rprise entrusting the latter to manage a forest reserve, industrial plantation or part thereof mainly for timber production. The forest is managed in accordance wit h the approved management plan.
The company is responsible for all harvesting a nd silviculture activities including road construction and maintenance. The government collects the agreed royalties and concession fees.
11.11.11 Executive agency Refers to an autonomous self -financing commercial agency owned by the government and created for the specific purpose of managing a forest reserve or an industrial plantation. The staff are government employees but with specific terms and conditions defined for employment by the agency.
11.11.12 Firewood Refers to includes part of trees made u p into bundles or loads or cut wood for burning, and refuse wood in general, but does not include logs or poles.
11.11.13 Game reserve Refers to a reserved area aimed for game production and conservation with a good population and diversity of wildlife an d/or critical water and/or soil resources necessary to maintain ecological integrity and support the subsistence needs of communities outside the reserve boundaries.
11.11.14 Industrial plantation Refers to an area of land planted with trees for industrial use.
11.11.15 Joint forest management Refers to involvement of local communities or non -governmental organisations in the management and conservation of forests and forest land with appropriate user rights as incentives.
11.11.16 Licence Refers to a valid licence granted by the director of forestry or any person duly authorised by him in that behalf or by a local authority.
11.11.17 Livestock Refers to cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys, mules and all other domesticated animals and their young.
149 Concepts and Definitions
11.11.18 Local authority Refers to a district council, city council, municipal council, town council, local council and village council.
11.11.19 National park Refers to area representing outstanding natural, archaeological or cultural resources of Tanzania’s heritage and/or critical water and/or soil resources necessary to maintain ecological integrity. National Parks are created and controlled through National Park Ordinance and declared by an act of Parliament.
11.11.20 National tree Refers to any tree declared by order to be a national tree or trees reserved for a specific reason.
11.11.21 Nature reserve Refers to a forest reserve legally declared for nature conservation of genetic resources and for scientific studies.
11.11.22 Owner Refers to any person having a freehold or leasehold estate (or any interest deemed under any law for the time being in force to be a freehold or leasehold estate), having a right of occupancy in respect of such land.
11.11.23 Tenure Refers to holding of land or other property through arrangements such as leasehold, freehold, customary ownership, and other such forms of holding.
11.11.24 Traditional forest
Refers to a forest reserve governed under customary law.
11.11.25 Tree Refers to palms, bamboos, canes, shrubs, bushes, plants, poles, climbers, seedlings, saplings, and the re-growth thereof, all ages and all kinds and any part.
11.11.26 Village forest reserve Refers to a forest which is owned and managed by the village government.
150 Concepts and Definitions
11.12 Foreign Private Investments
11.12.1 Balance of Payments (BOP) Is a statistical statement designed to provide, for a specific period of time, a systematic record of an economy`s transactions with the rest of the world. BOP refers to transactions between residents and non - residents for a period of time, usually one year. It is a statistical statement that brings together inflows and outflows of transactions classified under appropriate components, in two accounts – the current account and capital and financial accounts. BOP d ata are therefore concerned with transactions between residents and non - residents and NOT with the currency of transaction. Typically, a transaction in foreign currency between two residents of any country would not be considered a BOP transaction.
11.12.2 Resident, Non-Resident and Country of Residence Residency is a particularly important attribute of an institutional unit in the Balance of Payments because the identification of a transaction between residents and non -residents underpins the system. A re sident is any individual, enterprise, or other organization ordinarily residing in Tanzania. In other words, its centre of economic activity is in Tanzania. All other entities are regarded as non -residents. For statistical purposes, an individual who lives in Tanzania for more than a year is considered to be a resident, regardless of the individual’s citizenship or nationality. An enterprise incorporated in Tanzania is considered a resident of Tanzania irrespective of the domicile of the owners of the enter prise. A branch of a foreign company operating in Tanzania for more than a year is treated as a resident of Tanzania.
11.12.3 Flows Flow is a change and it takes place during a period of time. Private Capital Inflows can be seen as an increase in internat ional indebtedness (liabilities) to a country’s private sector during a specified period of time. This constitutes foreign investment in an enterprise. Capital Outflows can similarly be seen as an increase in country’s Investment (Assets) abroad. This also implies Investments abroad by a domestic enterprise.
11.12.4 Categories Flows falls under three major categories namely, transactions, holding gains or loses and other changes in Assets. Transactions are economic exchange involving two economic entities (e.g. a foreign and a local enterprise). It may be worth noting that all transactions are flows but not all flows are transactions. Holding gains and loses (also known as valuation changes or capital gain/loses) are those types of flows that involve chang e in stock position that is due to price changes of an asset, but not a result of economic interactions. These are types of flows which are not transactions thus not recorded in BOP.
151 Concepts and Definitions
11.12.5 Stocks Stock refers to position at a point in time (e.g end of ye ar position). Stocks can be divided into assets and liabilities.
11.12.6 International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Is a standardized way of dis -aggregating economic activities for international data comparison purposes. For the current censu s, this has been modified with further dis - aggregation to better cover activities in Tanzania and remains consisted with international norms.
11.12.7 Estimated- Market value
Market values or market prices are used for valuing transactions. This is the amo unt of
money that a willing buyer pays to acquire something from a willing seller, when such an
exchange is done between independent parties and on the basis of commercial considerations
only. This is the best measure of economic value. The actual price at which transactions are
recorded in the books of the transactors will be the market price – or a close approximation
thereof. However, these transactions may be between related companies – which could
impact on the commercial consideration of market valu es. Related companies in different
countries may charge transfer prices to each other (different to what they would have
charged independent parties) so as to shift profits between enterprises and countries, and
minimize taxes. Market values are usually di fficult to estimate. The Preferred techniques of
calculating market values (particular to equity) include stock exchange valuations of listed
companies, auditor’s estimates of market values, a recent purchase or sale between directors
of the company, Direc tor’s estimate, Financial Manager’s estimate, and accountant’s
estimate.
11.12.8 Asset An asset is anything owned, whether in possession or by right to take possession, by a person or a group acting together.
11.12.9 Net asset value This is the difference between assets and liabilities
11.12.10 Book values This is the sum of equity capital + reinvested earnings + other reserves
11.12.11 Regional Classifications: A way to define geographical distribution of economic activities, enterprises and subsidiari es in Tanzania. e.g. Dar es Salaam, Arusha, Mwanza, Mbeya, Tanga e.t.c.
152 Concepts and Definitions
11.12.12 Related Companies Related companies with a direct investment enterprise (10% of ordinary shares) are subsidiaries (a non -resident owner owns more than 50% of the shares) and a ssociates (50% or less). Branches (unincorporated enterprises wholly owned by non-residents).
11.12.13 Equity These are shares in a company, and equivalent ownership interest in unincorporated enterprises. Direct equity Investment denotes ownership of 10% or more of the ordinary shares, voting power, or equivalent in an enterprise, by someone resident in another economy.
11.12.14 Non-equity All other financial instruments including loans, trade credit and supplier credit (for goods and services), bonds, d ebentures, notes, money market instruments, shareholder and inter - company loans, arrears of debt or interest, and deposits.
11.12.15 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) This is defined as a case where a resident entity in one economy (creditor) acquires lasti ng interest in an enterprise in another economy (recipient) with significant degree of influence. Usually FDI is in the questionnaire of ownership of means of production like factories or equity share including equity purchase, reinvested earnings and inte r-company loans and debt transactions. FDI in the census questionnaire is obtained by summing up: new equity investment plus reinvested earnings plus the sum of {shareholder and inter -company loan (long term) + shareholder and inter-company borrowing (short-term) + supplier’s credit from related company (short term)}.
11.12.16 Shareholder and inter-company loans/borrowing This is the borrowing or lending of funds (among related companies) between the direct investor (non-resident) and the direct investment enterprise (resident). These transactions can create or dissolve investment as well as maintain, expand or contract it.
11.12.17 Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) are purely financial assets, which include, Foreign Portfolio Equity Investment (FPEI), Investments in Bonds, Money market instruments and Financial derivatives other than the items included in the definition of foreign direct investment.
153 Concepts and Definitions
11.12.18 Foreign Portfolio Equity Investment (FPEI) This is defined as a case where a shareholder owns less than 10% of equities in an enterprise. Foreign Direct Equity Investment (FDEI): Is the case of 10% or more of equity share in an enterprise.
11.12.19 Voting (Powers) Rights
This relates to the objective of obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another
economy. In the case of direct investment, a 10% or more ownership of the ordinary shares
or voting rights in an enterprise is considered sufficient to empower the direct investor to
have a significa nt influence over the key policies and management of the direct investment
enterprise.
11.12.20 Dividends These are income on equity. They are the distributed earnings allocated to shares and other forms of participation in the equity of incorporated priv ate enterprise, cooperatives and public corporation.
11.12.21 Reinvested (or retained) earnings (profits) These are the direct investor’s share (calculated as a proportion of direct equity held) of that part of the earnings (after tax on earnings) that ar e not distributed as dividends by the direct investment enterprise, together with the earnings of branches that are not remitted to the direct investor. This is a component of FDI.
11.12.22 Supplier’s Credits
These include trade credits. On one hand they are claims from the direct extension of credit
by suppliers of goods and services to buyers, while on the other hand they are reliabilities of
buyers of goods and services. In addition this concept include advance payments for work in
progress, or to be undertaken, associated with such transactions. Most are short term.
154 Concepts and Definitions
CHAPTER TWELVE
ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS
12.0 Environment Environment is a complex set of physical, geographic al, biological, social, cultural and political conditions that cataract with individual or organism and that ultimately determines its form and nature of its survival.
12.1 Environment Statistics Environment Statistics refers to statistics that describe the state and trend of the environment al resources and /or components (air, weather, climate, biodiversity, water, scenery, land and/or soils).
- 1.1 Afforestation This is deliberate establishment of forests by planting or seedling in an area of non -forest land.
12.1.2 Reforestation
Refers to re-establishment of forests
12.1.2 Air Pollution The presence of contaminant in the air that do not disperse properly and harmful environmental effects.
12.1.3 Catchments area Area from which various sources of water drains into river systems, lakes and seas/ocean.