62 Concepts and Definitions ▪ A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita. ) 100 log( ) 4000 log( ) 100 log( ) log( GDP GDPI
7.2.2 Life Expectancy at Birth. It is an estimate of the average number of years a new born baby would live subject to the mortality risks prevailing for the cross – section of the population at the time of its birth.
7.2.3 Literacy Rate It is the number of literate persons of a specified age group expressed as a percentage of total persons of that age group.
7.2.4 Gross Enrolment Ratio It is the total enrolment of pupils in grade or cycle or level of education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding eligible official age-group population in a given school year.
7.2.5 Gross Domestic Product Refers to the sum of the gross values added of all resident institutional units engaged in production plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies on products not included in the value of their outputs.
a) Gross Domestic Product at Market Prices
Refers to the producers’ value of the gross output of Resident Producers less the purchasers’ values of their intermediate Consumption plus import duties.
b)
Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost
Refers to the value of all goods and services produced by the Resident without including the excess of indirect taxes over subsidies.
7.2.6 Human Poverty Index (HPI) The HPI measures poverty in developing countries. It brings together in one composite index the deprivation in four basic dimensions of human life - a long and healthy life, knowledge, economic provisioning and social inclusion.
7.2.7 Probability at Birth of Not Surviving to Age 40 Is calculated as 1 minus the probability of surviving to age 40 for a given cohort. Probability of new-born infant surviving to age 40 is subject to prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates.
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7.2.8 Improved/Unimproved Water Sources Improved water source includes, piped water, public and private well (protected), spring (protected). While unimproved water source refers to public and private well (unprotected), spring (unprotected), river, dam and lake.
7.2.9 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
The GDI measures achievements in the same dimensions and 3 – 2 variables as the HDI; but
captures inequalities in achievement between women and men. The greater the gender
disparity in basic human development, the lower a country’s GDI compared with its HDI.
7.2.10 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) It measures the disparity of active participation of women and men in key areas of economic and political life as well as decision-making.
7.3 Statistical Unit This is the social entity from which the required data are collected.
7.3.1 Household Refers to people who live together and share income and also basic needs. In other words, residents of a household share the same centre of production and consume from that centre.
In other words it is referred to a s a person or group of persons who reside in the same homestead or compound but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, have same cooking arrangements, and are answera ble to the same household head except for collective household.
7.3.2 Types of households
A household may be one -person or multi-person-household. There are two types of common households used. These include;
a) One person household which is a person who lives alone in whole or part of housing unit and has independent consumption;
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b) Multi-person household is a group of two or more persons who occupy the whole or part of a housing unit and share their consumption. Usual households of this type comprise husband, wife and children. Other relatives, borders, visitors and their persons are included as members of the household if they pool their resources, share their consumption and have been living with the household for at least two weeks.
7.3.3 Private Household
Is defined as a person or group of persons who reside in the same homestead or compound
but not necessarily in the same dwelling unit, having the same cooking arrangements, and
are answerable to the same household head.
7.3.4 Collective Households
Is a group of persons residing in one dwelling or compound having no head of household.
Boarding schools, hospitals and camps are examples of collective households
7.3.5 Household Size
This is the number of persons who usually live in the household including boarders and
servants etc.
7.3.6 Average Household Size
Is the average number of persons per private household. Average household size is obtained
by dividing the total number of persons living in private households to the total number of
private households.
7.3.7 Head of Household
Is a member of the household who holds the role of decision maker in that household. Other
normally recognize this individual as their head. In most cases the household head should
take part in the economy, control the welfare of the household in general.
7.4 Marital Status
Refers to a civil status of each individual in relation to the marriage laws or customs of the
country i.e Marriage, Divorced Person, Living Together, Never Married, Separated and
Widowed
7.4.1 Divorced Persons
Are those persons who were once married but their marriages were permanently terminated
and have not remarried since then. Note that in polygamous marriages the divorce of one or
more wives does not categorize the husband as divorced if he still lives with the other wife
(wives).
7.4.2 Living Together
Refers to an act of p ersons who are not formally married but are in a consensual unions or
are living in a socially recognized stable unions.
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7.4.3 Marriage
Is an act of p ersons who are living together or separately but are formally married
irrespective of the type of marriage, which may be customary, civil or religious marriage.
7.4.4 Mean Age at First Marriage
Is defined as the average length of single life expressed in years among th ose who marry
before age 50.
7.4.5 Never Married
Means persons who have remained single all their lives excluding persons who have lived
with another person and are now living alone.
7.4.6 Separated
Is the act of persons who were once married but now are living apart. Those who live apart
because their spouses are employed far away from home or for similar reasons are
considered to be married.
7.4.7 Widowed Is the act of persons whose marriages were terminated by death and have not remarried since. Note that in polygamous marriages the death of one or more wives does not make the husband a widower if he still has other wife (wives).
7.4.8 Housing/Dwelling Unit This is all the living space occupied by one household regardless of the physical arrangement of facilities available. It may be one room or more occupied by lodgers or it may be one, two or more housing units occupied by an extended family.
7.4.9 Household Budget This comprises of household income and household expenditure both in cash and in kind.
7.4.10 Household Income This is made up of: Wages, salaries, bonuses and others Net profit from farming and non-farming activities Property income such as rent, royalties, interest and dividends Transfer payments received such as an assistance payment, pension and others Income in kind: the value of goods and services received and consumed (including imputed rental value of owner occupied dwelling or received free from other sources)
66 Concepts and Definitions
Other cash receipts such as insurance proceeds, lottery winnings an d other "windfall" gains.
7.5 Household Expenditure It consists of: The amount spent on goods and services used for living purposes
The value of goods and services received as part of pay, home produced and consumed items (including rental value of owne r occupied dwelling) or received from other sources
The amount spent for taxes, contributions, insurance premiums, lottery tickets, interest on debts and other non-consumption items.
7.6 Household Direct Expenditure (Consumption Expenditure) This refers to expenditure on goods and services incurred by the household during the reference period for direct consumption by the household. This involves foods, non -durables, semi - durables, and durable goods and services. It includes taxes and duties paid, pensions and security contributions, remittances, gifts and other transfers.
7.7 Household Indirect Expenditure (Domestic Non- Consumption Expenditure) This refers particularly to transfers such as direct taxes, interest, legal aid charges, fees, fines and penalties, contributions during funerals, mosques, schools and churches as well as gifts received and other transfer.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
CRIME, JUSTICE AND SECURITY STATISTICS
8.0 Introduction Crime, Justice and Security Statistics covers statistics f rom Tanzania Police Force, Judiciary of Tanzania, Tanzania Prison Services, Probation and Prosecution. It is to be noted that the criminal justice system is very complex, involving Police, Prosecution, Judiciary, Prison and probation as well as social economic situation in which crimes occur.
The following points should be taken into consideration when dealing with criminal justice and security statistics:
(a) When comparing figures it should be realized that police and judiciary figures are based on offences but prison figures are based on offenders, and that many offenders are sentenced for more than one offence.
(b) Offences can sometimes be reclassified during the court process, usually downwards through prosecution to final court sentence. This is usually du e to evidence not being as robust as at first thought.
8.1 Police Statistics The Tanzania Police Force has its origin in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977, Cap. 2 R.E. 2002 and is constituted under section 3 of the Police Force and Auxiliary Police Services Act, Cap 322 R.E. 2002 for the preservation of peace, the maintenance of law and order, the prevention and detection of crime, the apprehension and guarding of offenders and the protection of property in Tanzania.
The Police Force usually compiles annual reports that include two types of statistics. These are crime statistics and administrative statistics. Administrative statistics include equipment, human and financial resources. Whereas crime statistics include all criminal c ases that are regularly reported in all police stations in the country. The Tanzania Police Statistics is responsible for collecting, analyzing, storing and disseminating criminal offences and road traffic offences statistics. There are different types of offences which are major and minor criminal offences and major and minor road traffic incidents. Criminal offences are divided into three categories; offences against person, offences against property and offences against public tranquility.
8.1.1 Criminal offences Are defined as offences that are punishable by laws.
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8.1.1.1 Major Criminal Offences Are those offences, which Police give priority due to the seriousness of events committed such as murder, robbery, illicit drugs etc
8.1.1.2 Minor Criminal offences Are those offences, which Police identify, that if committed the results can not cause serious consequence but can annoy or do some minor harm to an individual, e.g. common assault, abusive language, gambling etc.
8.1.2 Road traffic offences Includes road accidents, road accidents causing deaths, and road accidents causing injuries and damages of vessels.
8.1.2.1 Major traffic incidents Are those incidents after occurring in roads they result in causing deaths, injuries and damages to properties.
8.1.2.2 Minor traffic incidents Are those incidents when committed may or may not bring direct major effects, example of these incidents include wrong parking, driving without license, overspeeding and passing no entry. in these circumstances an offender can be fined by notifications or given warning.
8.1.3 Accidents
An un -intended event that involves property damage or personal injury or loss of life
(deaths) as a result of motor vehicle in motion or any other moving object
8.1.4 Vehicle A machine or implement of any kind drawn or propelled along roads whether by animal, mechanical, electrical or any other motive power.
8.1.5 Motor Vehicle Means any propelled vehicle intended or adapted for use in roads
8.1.6 Offence
Is an act or omission forbidden by law.
8.1.7 Offences against person Are offences which affect the personality of a person and his/her life. These offences include murder, rape, unnatural offence, child theft and child dissertation.
69 Concepts and Definitions
8.1.8 Offences against property Are offences associated with any kind of property which is either under individual ownership, company ownership or public ownership. It includes stealing of arms, armed robbery, robbery with violence, burglary, theft, motorcycle theft, motor vehicle theft, counterfeit notes, stock th eft, theft in banks, theft in public corporations, theft in co - operatives, theft in local Government, theft in Central government, theft in political parties, arson, fire accidents, and frauds.
8.1.9 Offences against public tranquility Are offences against society’s ethics such as drug abuse, bhang, khat ( mirungi), Government trophies, corruption, smuggling, illicit liquor (moshi), etc.
8.1.10 Murder
Is the death caused by of another person by any unlawful act or omission.
Murder may be lawful and therefore not punishable.
8.1.11 Robbery Is stealing of anything, and, at or imm ediately before or imm ediately after the time of stealing it, the robber uses or threatens to use actual violence to any person or property in order to obtain or retain stolen or prevent or overcome resistance to it being stolen or retained.
8.1.12 Rape
The action of having unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman or a girl without her consent, or
with her consent if the consent is obtained by force or by means of threats or intimida tion of
any kind.
8.1.13 Theft The process of stealing or fraudulently taking something from somebody without his/her consent.
8.1.14 Burglary The act of breaking into or entering in any building, tent or vessels used as human dwelling, with intent to commit any offence.
8.1.15 Investigation Is an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities thoroughly and systematically .It is the process of trying to find out details or facts about something in order to discover who or what caused it or how it happened.
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8.1.16 Under Investigation Simply means the state of being investigated and the result of the matter investigated not yet completed.
8.1.17 Accused Person Is the one charged with an offense the defendant in criminal case.
8.1.18 Closed cases Are cases which are after police investigation, it is revealed that there is no evidence to prove it. The case is closed by the officer in charge of that police station.
8.1.19 Suspected person
Any person who is alleged to commit a crime.
8.1.20 Arrested The detainment or restraint of a person or a thing for the purposes of determining legal rights as regard a thing , or suspicion of criminal activity as regard a person.
8.1.21 Statement Is an explanation given by either witness, Accused, Suspect, or compl ainant the explanation will either testify, or reject or support the fact in issue before either Police officer, Magistrate, probation officer or any other person with an authority to determine the matter brought before him/her and whether the matter is civil or criminal.
8.1.22 Refugee Is a person who run s out of his/her country for fear or persecution due to ethnic crashes, Political issues, Religio us conflicts, and that fear endanger his/her life and cause to seek asylum in another country.
8.1.23 Offences committed by Refugees Are those act s or omission forbidden by law for the refugee in camps.eg in Tanzania offences committed in camps at Kigoma, Rukwa ect.
8.1.24 Cyber Crimes. These are criminal offences committed through the use of computers, mobil e phones and all other electronic equipment capable of storing data in a computerized network. Offences facilitated by cyber technology include theft, fraud, murder, threats, harassment, abusive language and distributing information endangering national security.
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8.1.25 Terrorism It is an act of violence committed by a person or group of person that they consider themselves to be victimized by some notable wrong historically, this action could seriously damage the country, organization or individual to lead to significantly stabilize or destroy the fundamental political, economic or structure of the country or international organization or attacks on a person's life which may cause death or injury.
8.1.26 Juvenile Offences Juvenile Offences, is participation in illegal behavior by minors (people under 18).
8.1.27 Gender-based Violence Gender-based violence are actions that directed against a person on the basis of gender or sex. These actions affect a person physically, psychologically and emotionally wh ich can negatively affect health, security, survival, development and a person’s dignity.
8.1.28 Handling of Cases The Handling of cases in general involves receiving of reported cases, investigation of the cases and taking authorized cases to court.
8.1.29 Money Laundering Means engagement of a person or persons, direct or indirectly in conversion, transfer, concealment, disguising, use or acquisition of money or property known to be of illicit origin and in which such engagement intends to avoid the leg al consequence of such action and includes offences
8.2 The Judiciary of Tanzania
The Judiciary of Tanzania is one of the three pillars of a democratic state. This pillar is charged
with the function of administration of justice with equity and compassi on according to the laws
of the land in the state as provided for under Article 4 (2), 107A (1) and 107B of the
Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. Article 107A of the Constitution of the United
Republic of Tanzania of 1977 states that; The Judiciary shall be the authority with final decision
in dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania. Article 107B of the constitution
further states that “In exercising the powers of dispensing justice, all courts shall have freedom
and shall be required only to observe the provisions of the Constitution and those of the laws of
the land’’
The vision of the Judiciary, the final impact of all collective efforts is to realize: ‘Timely and accessible Justice for all”. The mission is to administer Justice for all through timely provision of quality, fair, transparent and impartial decisions.
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8.2.1 Types of Courts in Judiciary of Tanzania
There are five (5) types of courts constituting the Judiciary of Tanzania. On top of the
hierarchy, there is Court of Appeal of Tanzania; followed by the High Court of Tanzania;
then the Resident Magistrates Court; the District Court and finally the Primary Court. Each
of these courts has its own territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction. The Chief Justice has
power to establish courts in different areas of the country wherever need arises.
8.2.1.1 The Court of Appeal of Tanzania
The Court of Appeal of Tanzania was established by Article 117(1) of the Constitution of
the United Republic of Tanzania and Act No.15/19 79 known as the Appellate Jurisdiction
Act. Currently, this court is the final appellate body of the whole court system under
Judiciary of Tanzania and ranks first in hierarchy.
8.2.1.2 The High Court of Tanzania
The High Court of Tanzania ranks second i n hierarchy. The High Court was first
established by Article 17 (1) of the Tanganyika Order-in-Council, 1920, the High Court now
derives its establishment from Article 108 (1) of the 1977 Union Constitution as the High
Court of The United Republic of Tanzania
The High Court of Tanzania had embarked upon reforms so as to speed up disposal of cases. One of these transformations is the introduction of specialized divisions of the High Court commonly known as Divisions of the High Court. These specialized d ivisions are Commercial, Labour and Land Divisions of the High Court of Tanzania.
8.2.1.2.1 Commercial Division
This was established under Rule 5A of the High Court Registries Rules 1985 as amended by
GN. No.141 of 1999 (High Court Registries Rules of 1 985 have been replaced by GN.
No.96/2005). The objective is to adjudicate on commercial disputes efficiently, effectively
and timely, in order to provide a positive climate for investment and economic development.
8.2.1.2.2 Labour Division
The Labour Division was established by Rule 5E of the High Court Registries Rules 1985 as
amended by GN No.63 of 2001) of the High Court of Tanzania. The objective is to
adjudicate on labour and employment disputes between employees and employers within the
pecuniary j urisdiction of the High Court efficiently, effectively and timely, in order to
enhance and protect industrial harmony.
8.2.1.2.3 Land Division
The Land Division was also established by Rule 5E of the High Court Registries Rules 1985
as amended by GN No.6 3 of 2001 with the objective to adjudicate land disputes by hearing
and deciding cases without undue delays.
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8.2.1.2.4 High Court Registries Apart from those divisions of the High Court which have their own registries, there is the Main registry of the Hig h Court and other 14 District Registries sometimes called zones of the High Court. Every High Court Centre in fourteen (14) High Court District Registries act as a sub -registry of the Court of Appeal. Those 14 District Registries of the High Court are situated in Arusha, Bukoba, Dar Es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Moshi, Mtwara, Mwanza, Songea, Sumbawanga, Shinyanga, Tabora, and Tanga.It is the plan of the Judiciary of Tanzania to have District Registries in each and every Region of Tanzania mainland.
8.2.1.3 The Resident Magistrates Courts
Resident Magistrate’s Courts are established by Section 5 of the Magistrate’s Courts Act of
1984 with the objective of adjudicating on civil and criminal matters subject to the
provisions of any law for the time bein g in force over an administrative region comprising
of several districts.
8.2.1.4 The District Courts
The District Courts are established by Section 4 of the Magistrates Court Act of 1984. Their
objective is to adjudicate on civil and criminal matters s ubject to the provisions of any law
for the time being in force within the District in which it is established.
8.2.1.5 The Primary Courts
This is the lowest level according to courts hierarchy, established by Section 3 of The
Magistrates Court Act of 19 84. It is a court which exercises jurisdiction within the whole
district in which it is established and therefore may, for purpose of improving equitable
access to justice, be held at any place within the local limits of its territorial jurisdiction.
In this regard the Judiciary of Tanzania among other things has responsibilities of monitoring the performance of court system in delivering justice through, collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting on various case statistics. The following are vari ous terms used in regard to case statistics;
8.2.1.6 Filed Cases
Refers to number of cases registered in court.
8.2.1.7 Pending cases Refers to number of outstanding cases in court.
8.2.1.8 Case load Refers to total number of outstanding cases includin g number of cases filed during the period under consideration.
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8.2.1.9 Disposed/Decided Cases
Refers to number of finalized cases.
8.2.1.10 Case Backlog Refers to number of cases which has been outstanding (pending) in court for more than two years.
8.2.1.11 Clearance rate This is the percentage of the number of decided cases over number of filed cases in a particular period of time.
8.2.1.12 Disposal rate This is the percentage of decided cases calculated as the ratio of decided cases and total number of cases (filed cases plus pending cases) in particular period of time.
8.2.1.13 Civil (proceedings) Case Means proceedings brought for the purpose of enforcing or declaring right or for recovery of money or property.
8.2.1.14 Criminal Case Refers to proceedings brought to court for the purpose of enforcing the law against Criminal offenses.
8.2.1.15 Conviction The judgment of a jury or judge that a person is guilty. The state of being found or proved guilty.
8.2.1.16 Appeal Is the process of taking a case to a higher court with power to act on the decision of the court that has made complained of.
8.2.1.17 Jurisdiction Is a power of a court or other body to hear and decide a case or make an order.
8.2.1.18 Acquittal The decision by a judge that a person accused of a crime is not guilty.
8.3 Prison
Is a building designated by law for the confinement of persons held while awaiting trial, and or
persons sentenced after conviction.
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8.3.1 Prisoner Is any person, whether convicted or not, under detention in any prison. Individuals are prisoners if they are in any kind of penal institution such as prison, jail, or juvenile offenders facility, and their ability to leave the institution is restricted.
8.3.2 Adult prisoner Means any prisoner of the apparent age of eighteen years or more.
8.3.3 Appellant prisoner Means any convicted criminal prisoner who is detained in a prison as a result of a conviction which is the subject matter of an appeal which has been entered or lodged but the decisions in regard to which has not been given.
8.3.4 Civil prisoner Means a debtor, a person ordered to be detained in custody under the provisions of the Mental Disease Act or a detainee under the Preventive Detention Act.
8.3.5 Criminal prisoner Means any person dully comm itted to custody under a writ, warrant or order of any court or authority exercising criminal jurisdiction or by order of court-martial or a special Tribunal.
8.3.6 Convicted criminal prisoner Means any criminal prisoner under sentence of a court or court martial or a special Tribunal and includes a person detained in prison under the Criminal Procedure Act.
8.3.7 Unconvicted prisoner Means any person on remand or awaiting trial or, in cases of juveniles awaiting admission to an approved school, or any pe rson detained for safe custody under the Immigration Act, or the Preventive Detention Act, or any written law repealing and replacing any of the said Acts and includes person detained for safe custody.
8.3.8 Young prisoner Means a person between the apparent ages of sixteen and twenty- one years.
8.3.9 Camp Means a small prison established for specific undertaking(S) which caters for few or certain types of prisoners having not more than twelve months to serve before release.
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8.3.10 Central Prison Means a large maximum -security prison which caters for all types of prisoners serving any lengths of sentences and is controlled by an Officer of or above the rank of Senior Superintendent.
8.3.11 Child Means a person under the age of twelve years.
8.3.12 Community Service Means a rehabilitation programme administered under the Community Service Act,2002.
8.3.13 District prison
Means a maximum-security prison which is a reception center for remandees in a district and
caters for prisoners serving sentences of up to ten years. It is controlled by prisons Officer of
a rank of or above an Assistant Superintendent.
8.3.14 Farm Prison Means a large, open prison situated in rural area specialized in one or more agricultural activities and catering for certain types of prisoners who have not more than ten years to serve before release.
8.3.15 Incorrigible Means a prisoner who is a persistent offender and has developed a habit of demonstrating a character that is incompatible with good order and security in prison.
8.3.16 Juvenile Means any prisoner under the age of eighteen years.
8.3.17 National Parole Board Means the National Parole Board established under Section 3 of the parole Boards Act No.25/94.
8.3.18 Parole Means the conditional release of a convicted prisoner from prison before the expiration of his sentence.
8.3.19 Parole Board includes the National Parole Board and the Regional Parole Boards.
8.3.20 Prison for Women Means a prison which deals with the security and rehabilitation of women prisoners.
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8.3.21 Prison for Young Offenders Means a prison which deals only with the security and training of young offenders of all classes.
8.3.22 Recidivist Prison Means a maximum-security prison which has been selected as a center for the detention and rehabilitation of habitual offenders.
8.3.23 Regional Prisons Officer Means a Senior Prisons Officer who has been appointed to be in charge of all matters connected with the Service in a Region by the Principal Commissioner.
8.3.24 Regional Parole Board Means the Regional Parole Board established under Section 3 of the Parole Boards Act, No.25/94
8.3.25 Visiting Justice Means a person appointed to be a Visiting Justice under Section 100 of the Prisons Act 1967.
78 Concepts and Definitions
PART THREE: PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENT SECTOR
CHAPTER NINE
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
9.0 Agricultural Statistics Is the aggregate of numerical information of different fields of agriculture and its economy. These include food and cash crops, livestock, and livestock products, poultry and poultry products, fisheries and forestry.
Agricultural statistics is classified under two major headings namely, Basic Agricultural Statistics and Current Agricultural Statistics.
9.1 Basic Agricultural Statistics
These are statistics deal ing with enduring characteristics of agriculture such as agricultural
holdings, their numbers, form of land tenure, land utilization, agricultural population,
agricultural implements and machinery. These statistics are enduring characteristics in that they
do not change so frequently. Basic Statistics are mainly collected through censuses at a
periodicity of 5 – 10 years.
9.2 Current Agricultural Statistics These statistics provide information on the more dynamic aspects of agriculture. These activities include areas under crops, production of crops, yields of crops, livestock and their products and prices. These statistics change more often than the Basic Agricultural Statistics. Current Statistics are collected more frequently (i.e., annually, semi-annually or quarterly).
79 Concepts and Definitions
9.2.1 Area Statistics Concepts and definitions of area in agricultural statistics depend on the use to be made of that area. An insight into the basic structure of agriculture can be obtained if the total area of the country is broken d own according to classification known as land utilization. The purpose of this classification is to show what part of the total land in a given country can be used for different types of agricultural production.
9.2.2 Land Use This provides a classificati on of the holding according to the activity, which is directly related to the land, makes use of its resources or has an impact upon it.
The major categories of land utilization include land under temporary and permanent crops, land under pastures, wood and forests and all other land not elsewhere classified.
9.2.3 Arable land This is land used in most years for growing temporary crops including the land lying fallow or has not been sown due to unforeseen circumstances. Arable land does not include land under permanent crops or land under protective cover. Arable land is not meant to indicate that the land is potentially cultivatable.
Arable land is subdivided into the following categories: land under temporary crops, land under temporary meadows and past ure, land under temporary market or kitchen gardens, land under fallow and all other arable land. These categories are further defined as:
a) Land under Temporary Crops This is land in the open air, used for crops with less than one year growing cycle which must be newly sown or planted for further production after harvest. Some crops that remain in the field for more than one year may also be considered as temporary crops: asparagus, strawberries, pineapples, bananas and sugar cane, for example, may be g rown as annual crops in some areas. Such crops should be classified either as temporary or permanent crops according to the custom in the country. Vegetables, flowers , bulbs and kitchen gardens should also be included in this category.
b) Land under Temporary Meadows and Pasture This is land temporarily cultivated with herbaceous forage crops for mowing or pasture. A period of less than five years should be considered as temporary to avoid practical difficulties when differentiating between temporary and permanent meadows.
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c) Land Temporarily Fallow This is land put under prolonged rest before re-cultivation. Land remaining fallow for too long may acquire characteristics requiring it to be reclassified, as permanent meadows and pastures (if used for grazi ng) or woodland forest under fallow (if overgrown with trees that could be used as timber, firewood, etc.), or all other land (if it becomes wasteland). Land is not considered temporarily fallow unless it has been or is intended to be kept at rest for at least one agricultural year. Land temporarily fallow should be distinguished from land abandoned by shifting cultivation; the former is part of the holding whereas the latter is not. Fallow land temporarily used for grazing should be classified as fallow if the land is normally used for cultivating temporary crops.
d) All Other Arable Land This includes all rotation land not put to the uses mentioned under 9.2.3.(a-c) during the reference year. For example, arable land temporarily damaged by floods and lan d prepared for cultivation but not sown due to unforeseen circumstances.
9.2.4 Land under Permanent Crops This is land planted with long - term crops, which do not have to be replanted for several years. This includes land under trees and shrubs producin g flowers (i.e., roses and jasmine) and nurseries (except those for forest trees which should be classified under woodland or forest). Permanent meadows and pastures are excluded from land under permanent crops. A nursery is a piece of land where young plants are cultivated for transplanting and/or sale.
9.2.5 Land under Permanent Meadows and Pasture This includes land used permanently (for five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage crops, through cultivation or naturally (wild prairies or grazing land) . Permanent meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be recorded under this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most important use of the area.
9.2.6 Wood and Forest This is woodland and tracts of timber (natural or p lanted), constituting part of the holding which has or will have value as wood, timber or other forest products or for protection. Forest tree nurseries should be included in this category.
9.2.7 Forest Products All materials obtained from forest, include all wood and non-wood forest products.
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9.2.8 Wood Products All forest products that have fibrous substance making up the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs including timber, firewood and poles.
9.2.9 Non-Wood Forest Product All goods for commercial , industrial or subsistence use derived from forests and their biomass, which can be sustainably extracted from forest ecosystem in quantities and ways that do not downgrade the plant communities’ basic reproductive functions. Therefore, non - wood forest product – any natural resource from the forest except timber, include medicines, honey, fodder, food and fruits, vegetables, shade, craft materials, gums and resinous.
9.2.10 All Other Land This is all other land on the holding, not elsewhere specified, whe ther or not potentially productive. It covers unused and undeveloped land potentially productive for agriculture but not yet developed (i.e., land that can be brought into production with little more effort) or land on holding not elsewhere specified (such as roads, parks, and land under buildings,).
9.2.11 Land Tenure
Land tenure refers to arrangements or rights under which the holder holds or uses land (Land
Act (No 4 & 5) of 1999)
A holding may be operated under one or more tenure forms.
a) Land Owned This refers to the land for which the holder possesses title of ownership and has the right to determine the nature and extent of its use . It excludes the area owned but rented to others.
b) Land Rented from Others This refers to the land area rente d or leased by the holder from other persons, usually for a limited time period. It includes land rented for an agreed sum of money or a share of produce or land rented in exchange for services and land operated under other rental arrangements such as area granted rent-free.
9.2.12 Soil Degradation Refers to a process by which one or more of the potential ecological functions of the soil are harmed. Two categories of soil degradation processes are recognized, one that relates to displacement of soil materi al (i.e., soil erosion by water, wind, etc) and another that is associated with soil deterioration (i.e., loss of nutrients or organic matter).
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9.2.13 Irrigation Refers to the artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential for a plant growth. Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall.
9.2.14 Drainage Refers to the removal of excess water from land surface and/or the upper soil layer to make the non-productive wetland productive.
9.2.15 Planted Area It is the total area where a crop has been planted.
9.2.16 Harvested Area Refers to the total area in acres that the household got most of its production from. This is equal to the area planted minus the area that was not harve sted due to pests, wild animals, drought and the like.
9.2.17 Field It is a continuous piece of land cultivated as one by a holder, even if planted with different crops. An individual holding may consist of one or more such fields.
9.2.18 Plot Refers to a portion of a field planted with one specific crop. For example, maize or sorghum, or a crop mixture, for example maize/beans mixture.
9.3 Crop Statistics Concepts and definitions of crop in agriculture statistics depend on the planting pattern of th e crops. The cropping patterns are divided into six categories as follows; mixed cropping, successive cropping, associated cropping, shifting cultivation, continuous planting and/or harvesting and pure stand.
9.3.1 Mixed Cropping Refers to two or more per manent or temporary crops grown simultaneously on the same field/plot. The crops can either be randomly planted together or they can be planted in a particular pattern e.g., intercropping (one row of maize and one row of beans).
9.3.2 Successive Cropping Refers to where the same crop or different crops are grown and harvested successively on the same land several times during the agricultural year.
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9.3.3 Associated Cropping Refers to a situation where both temporary and permanent crops are grown simultaneously in the same field, each crop is referred as an associated crop.
9.3.4 Shifting Cultivation Refers to a land utilization method whereby a particular piece of land is cultivated for some years and then abandoned for a period sufficient for it to restor e its fertility by natural vegetation growth before being re -cultivated. The distinguishing characteristic of shifting cultivation is that neither organic nor non-organic fertilizers are used to retain soil fertility.
9.3.5 Continuous Planting and/or Harvesting Refers to an operation of planting/harvesting, which is repeated in intervals of time. These repetitions could be once a year, two or three times a year.
9.3.6 Pure Stand Refers to a single crop cultivated in a field/plot at any one time.
9.3.7 Inter-planted Crops Crops planted between rows of another crop (e.g. maize or beans between sisal rows, or groundnuts between maize or sorghum rows).
It is desirable to assign the inter-planted crop area to individual crops in proportion to the area occupied by each crop. Yields of some mixed crops may be as large as when grown alone (for example, sweet potatoes, and maize, maize and peas or beans), but the total of area equivalents assigned to individual crops should be equal to the total area under the mix ture, even when favorable interactions, in the case of special mixtures, may result in increased yields.
9.3.8 Planted and Harvested Area (Current Year Production) It is important to distinguish clearly between the planted area and the harvested area particularly in respect of the long -duration crops like cassava, yam, plantains, etc. Three situations may arise in the case of such crops:
a. Planted and harvested wholly or substantially in the same agricultural year; b. Planted in the previous year and harvested wholly or substantially in the current year, and c. Planted in the current year, but to be harvested wholly or substantially in the next year.
These three situations should be normally recorded separately or distinctly, and the production for the current year should be related only to the harvested areas (a) and (b).
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If in the above example, in the year next to the year of planting only cassava and yam are found in the field, then in the year, this field should be treated under cassava -yam mixture only.
9.3.9 Temporary Crops Crops that mature within one or more rain seasons e.g. beans and maize, but are destroyed after harvesting.
9.3.10 Perennial Crops Plants that need not to be replanted after each harvest e.g. bananas, sugar canes, etc.
9.3.11 Permanent Crops Crops which are not re -planted but are continuously harvested, e.g. mangoes, coffee, etc. They are crops whose maturity exceeds one season.
9.3.12 Cash Crops
Crops grown specifically for sale. Examples of traditional cash crops grown in Tanzania
Mainland include: coffee, cotton , tea, sisal, tobacco, pyrethrum and cashewnuts. Non -
traditional cash crops includes low -value food staples (maize, beans and other cereals),
spices and high -value industrial crops (vanilla, ginger a nd chilies) and Oil seeds,
horticultural crops (flowers, vegetables, pineapples).
Prices for major cash crops are set in commodity markets with global scope, with some local variation (termed as "b asis") based on freight costs and local supply and demand balance. A consequence of this is that a nation, r egion, or individual producer relying on such a crop may suffer low prices should a bumper crop elsewhere lead to excess supply on the global markets.
9.3.13 Food Crops
Food crop i s a term used to refer to crops that are mainly grown for food consumption.
However, many of these crops have in the recent years been sold for cash in export
markets, e.g. Maize, Simsim, Beans, Soya Beans, etc. Other main food crops are: sorghum,
wheat, millets, cassava, potatoes (Sweet & irish potatoes), banana, pulses (beans, cowpeas,
pigeon peas, chick peas, bambaranuts, etc), Horticultural crops (onions, tomatoes, cabbages,
etc), Fruits (mangoes, oranges, pawpaws, guavas, etc.)
9.4 Fertilizers and Pesticides These are inputs, which are added to the soil or applied to the plants to increase nutrients to the soil and or control and eliminate crop diseases/pests.
85 Concepts and Definitions
9.4.1 Fertilizers These are inorganic or organic substances, which are applied to soil , irrigation water or hydroponics medium, to supply plants with the necessary nutrients. These include, inorganic fertilizers and organic substances.
a) Inoganic or Chemical Fertilizers Fertilizer materials derived from minerals, atmospheric gases, water , and inert materials. It can be natural or synthetic products of chemical reactions. These are classified into two types namely: NPK and Ammonium Phosphates.
b) Organic Sources These are materials of organic origin, either natural or processed, used as s ource of plant nutrients. They contain at least 5 percent of one or a combination of the three primary nutrients (N; P2O5; K2O). These include farm yard manure, compost, green manure and seaweeds.
(i) Farm yard Manure This refers to farm feaces and urine mixed with litter mainly straw, to absorb the urine or animal manure which is a mixture of soil and excreta of animals with litter used for their bedding.
(ii) Composite Consists of organic materials of animal, plant or human origin partially decomposed through fermentation.
(iii) Green manure This is a crop, such as sand hemp mustard, etc., grown specifically to be ploughed back into the soil to provide humus. Green manure crops are often planted before the rains.
(iv) Mineral Fertilizer Are fertilizers, which are obtained through an industrial process.
9.4.2 Pesticides These are used for mitigation, controlling or eliminating pests troublesome to crops or livestock. These include insecticides, fungicides, fumigants, herbicides, rodenticides and vari ous other materials mostly synthetic chemical produced in concentrated form but diluted for application with various substances such as water, talc, clays, and kerosene. Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides
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9.4.3 Herbicides Chemicals used to control undesirable or noxious plant growth, genera lly called weeds, in areas dedicated to crop production or in non-crop areas where plant growth is unwanted.
9.4.4 Insecticides
Natural or synthetic substances which kill insects. Natural insecticides (i.e. those produced
from plant extracts) are less har mful to the environment than synthetic insecticides (that are
chemically based), which, though effective, are often persistent and kill not only insects but
also larger animals when they get into the food chain. Insecticides are used in a number of
ways, including spraying and dusting, or in granular forms as seed dressings.
9.4.5 Fungicides
Chemicals used to kill fungi or restrict their growth. Fungicides are available as sprays or
dusts for use on crops.
9.5 Livestock Statistics This refers to statis tics on animals and fowls kept in the holding (irrespective of ownership) and their products.
9.5.1 Livestock Refers to all tamed animals kept in households or large-scale farms.
9.5.2 Indigenous Livestock Refers to livestock commonly reared naturally in the villages, without special attention. Such livestock are neither fed by special feed nor special housing.
9.5.3 Improved Livestock Refers to livestock, which are bred specifically for producing meat and milk. These may be cross - bred or pure bred.
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9.5.4 Poultry These are fowls commonly kept in households or Large Scale Farms (such as chicken, ducks, and guinea fowls.).
9.5.5 Improved Poultry These are fowls commonly kept in households or Large Scale Farms (such as chicken, ducks, and guinea fowls.) specifically for producing meat and eggs. These may be cross - bred or pure bred.
9.5.6 Indigenous Poultry Refers to fowls commonly kept in the households, without special attention. Such poultry are neither fed by special feed nor special housing.
9.5.7 Farming Household (Agriculture Household) Refers to a household where one or more persons are holder(s). In peasant farming there will normally be a one-to -one correspondence between the farming household and the holding.
9.5.8 Flock
Is a grouping of livestock (sheep, poultry).
9.5.9 Herd
Is a group of single species of animal (cattle, swine, sheep and goat)
9.5.10 Litter Is multiple off springs produced at one birth by a multifarious mammal also called brood.
9.5.11 Animal Means any vertebrates or invertebrate other than a human being.
9.5.12 Artificial Insemination Is the technique of collecting semen from male animals, processing it and inserting it via pipette into the female reproductive tract.
9.5.13 Crossbreeding
Means mating animals of two or more different breeds, strains or lines.
9.5.14 Diary Means any premises used for the production, processing or manufacturing of milk into milk products for sale.
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9.5.15 Embryo Transfer
Is the technique of removing an embryo from one fem ale (donor) and inserting it into the
reproductive track of another female (recipient).
9.5.16 Exotic Breed Means ‘foreign’ Livestock species that originate from foreign countries being introduced in the country.
9.5.17 Local Breed
Means a breed that is adapted to a specific habitat and that has been shaped, often over
centuries, by the cultural preferences of a particular community or ethnic group.
9.5.18 Veterinary Medicines
Veterinary medicines include pharmaceuticals, chemical and biological used f or treating,
preventing and diagnosing diseases of animals for promoting productivity.
9.5.19 Range Land
Is an extensive area that is not cultivated, and contains forages which can sustain animals.
Range development consists of pasture improvement, water development and conservation.
9.5.20 Semen
Means the male sperm and fluids produced in the testicles and other glands of the male
reproductive system.
9.5.21 Zoonosis Means diseases that can be transmitted from animals to human beings and vice versa.
9.5.22 Birth Rate
The number of animals born alive as a percentage of number of females actually
reproducing.
9.5.23 Take-off Rate
The percentage of all animals of the species which are taken from the national herd during
the year for slaughter in the country or in other countries.
9.5.24 Primary Products
Those products coming directly from slaughtered animals, including meat, offal, raw fats,
fresh hides and skins.
9.5.25 Processed Products These are derived from the processing of primary product s and include sausages, lard and salted hides.
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9.5.26 Chicken Chick is a newly hatched or a very young chicken. Broilers is a chicken that is 6 to13 weeks of age used for meat production. Pullet is a young domestic hen, usually one that is less than one year old. Hen is an adult female chicken. Cockerel is an adult male chicken.
9.5.27 Cattle Calf is a sexually immature young cattle. Heifer is a young female cattle which has not yet had a calf. Cow is a mature female cattle. Steer is a castrated male cattle. Bull is a sexually mature male cattle.
9.5.28 Goat Kid is a young goat. Wether is a castrated male goat. Doe is a female goat. Buck is a sexually mature male goat.
9.5.29 Pig Barrowis a young, castrated male pig. Boar is a sexually mature male pig. Gilt is a young female pig. Hog is a mature pig. Sow is a mature female pig.
9.5.30 Sheep Ewe is a female sheep. Lamb is a sheep less than one year in age. Ram is a male sheep. Wether is a castrated male sheep.
9.5.31 Rabbit Kit is a young rabbit. Doe is a female rabbit. Buck is a male rabbit.
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9.6 Fisheries
9.6.1 Fish Farming
Is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mar culture. Fish
farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food
(Fisheries).
9.6.2 Aquaculture Means the practice of breeding and raising aquatic organisms in a controlled aqu atic environment.
9.6.3 Brackish Water or Briny Water Is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of sea water with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.
9.6.4 Fisheries According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, and purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing featur es. The definition often includes a combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.
9.6.5 Aquaculture Products Means all fishery products born and raised in controlled conditions untill placed on a market.
9.6.6 Artisanal Fisheries Means a category of fisheries that is of small scale using relatively small amount of capital.
9.6.7 Beach Management Unit Means a group of stakeholders in a fishing community whose main function is management, conservation and protection of fish in their locality in collaboration with the government.
9.6.8 Cage Culture Means the practice of breeding and raising aquatic organisms in structures made of net webbings, weld mesh or any other material placed in a water body.
9.6.9 Capture Fisheries Means fishing practices in natural and man-made communally owned water bodies.
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9.6.10 Coastal Areas Means the area from the baseline of Territorial Sea landward side to 60 meters as prescribed by the Land Act, No. 4 of 1999 the land adjacent to natural or man -made water bodies or water mark.
9.6.11 Critical Habitat Means a habitat that is essential for maintaining the integrity of an ecosystem, species or assemblages of species.
9.6.12 Deep Sea Is the lowest layer in the o cean, existing below the thermo cline and above the seabed, at a depth of 1800 meters or more. Little or no light penetrates this part of the ocean and most of the organisms that live there rely for subsistence on falling organic matter produced in the photic zone.
9.6.13 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Means an area beyond 12 nautical miles up to 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres) off the coast. Within this area, nations claim and exercise so sovereign rights and exclusive fishery management authority over all fish and all Continental Shelf fishery resources.
9.6.14 Fish Means all forms of aquatic or amphibious life including finfish, dolphin, whale, dugong, shell fish, turtles and includes spat, brood, fry, spawn, ova and young of all such fish, but does not include any aquatic or amphibious animal which the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act, 2008, apply or young of any such animal.
9.6.15 Landing Site Means designated areas along the beach where fishers land and sell their catch.
9.6.16 Fish Market Means an establishment where fish or fishery products are displayed for sale.
9.6.17 Fisher Means an individual who takes part in fishing conducted from the fishing vessel, a platform whether fixed or floating or from the shore.
9.6.18 Fisher Folk Means a person or group of people involved in aquaculture, fishing, net mending, boat building, fishing vessels repair, fish trading and fish processing.
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9.6.19 Fisheries Establishment Means any premise or vessel where fish or fish products are prepa red, processed, frozen, packaged or stored, but does not include auction and wholesale markets.
9.6.20 Fisheries Industry Is a term used to describe activities involving all aspects of fisheries development.
9.6.21 Fisheries Support Services Means activities that support fisheries industry. These include training, research, extension, credit, aquatic health, input manufacturers and delivery system, processing, storage and transport.
9.6.22 Fishing Means collecting, capturing, gathering, snaring or trapping of fish or aquatic flora.
9.6.23 Fishing Community Means a group of people sharing same interests in fisheries.
9.6.24 Fresh Water Aquaculture Means the practice of aquaculture in fresh water environment.
9.6.25 Large Scale Fish Farmer Means a perso n or group of people involved in breeding or raising aquatic organism in an area exceeding one hectare.
9.6.26 Marine Water Aquaculture/ Mari Culture Means the practice of aquaculture in the marine water environment.
9.6.27 Marine Parks Means a legally d esignated area of marine or fresh water and its overlaying interland which is managed for the purpose of sustainable resources utilization.
9.6.28 Fresh Water Is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ponds, lakes, rivers and streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes sea water and brackish water.
9.6.29 Marine Water Is most frequently associated with seas and oceans, it may thus reflect water that contains high salt concentration like as in seas and oceans. Marine portrays a deeper sense; much deeper than sea. Marine environment comprises water, fishes, plants, and other organisms that thrive in the depths of the water.
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9.7 Other Agricultural Statistics
9.7.1 Agricultural Holding Refers to an economic unit of agricultural production under single management. It consists of all livestock kept and all land used for agricultural production without regard to title.
9.7.2 Type of Agriculture Holdings
Crops only: A holding is referred to be a crops only holding if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 square Meter. This also applies to all households owning or have kept livestock whose number does not qualify such household to be an agricultural holding (No cattle, less than 5 goats/sheep/pigs, less than 50 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits)
Livestock only: A holding is referred to be a Livestock only holding if it has exercised Livestock husbandry only during t he reference agricultural year. The number of livestock has to be at least 1 head of cattle, 5 goats/sheep/pigs or 50 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits. This also applies to all households owning or have cultivated a piece of land less than 25 square meter, which does not qualify such household be an agricultural holding.
Both crops and livestock: A holding is referred to be a both crops and livestock if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 square meter and if such households is owning or have kept livestock whose number qualify such household be an agricultural holding.
Livestock pastoralism: This refers to a household which practices livestock production as its major income generating activity and a means of subsistence, but moves from one place to another searching for water and pasture for the livestock. This movement usually involves long distances and in many cases the whole household unit moves with the livestock and they have no permanent place of residence.
9.7.3 Holder Is a per son who exercises management control over the agricultural holding operation and who takes major decisions regarding resource utilization or disbursement.
9.7.4 Agricultural Production Refers to growing and harvesting of different types of crops. It also includes keeping of livestock and poultry.
94 Concepts and Definitions 9.7.5 Agricultural Year This is a twelve months cycle in which production of annual crops takes place. For Tanzania Mainland, the agricultural year commences on the 1st of October and ends on the 30th of September of the following year.
9.7.6 Large Scale Farms
These are farms with at least 20 hectares of cultivated land or 50 herds of cattle or 100
goats/sheep/pigs or 1,000 chickens. In addition to this, they should fulfill all of the four listed
conditions:
Greater part of the produce should go to the market
Operation of farm should be continuous
There should be an application of machinery/implements on the farm
Should have at least one permanent employee.
9.7.7 Small Scale Farms These are farms, with at least 25 square metres of planted land and /or one herd of cattle, 5 goats/sheep/pigs, 50 chicken/ducks/guinea fowls/rabbits. These do not qualify to any of the criterion of Large Scale Farms given.
9.7.8 Operator Is an individual or organization that exercises management control over the agricultural operation and who takes major decisions regarding resource utilization or funding/disbursements.
9.7.9 Long rainy (Masika) Season Refers to long rain season covering months of February through May, same year.
9.7.10 Short rainy (Vuli) Season Refers to short rain season covering months of October through January of following year.
9.7.11 Hunting and Gathering Refers to use of non-farmed resources from uncultivated land for food and/or sale (i.e., killing wild animals, collecting mushrooms, berries, wild honey, and roots.)
9.7.12 Bee Keeping Refers to rearing of bees in man-made hives, normally done for harvesting of honey and other bee products. Honey gathering (wild honey) is different as no rearing activities take place.