43 Concepts and Definitions 5.12 Handicap Handicap is the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical and mental unfitness (depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors) for that individual e.g. reading disability or hearing disability.
5.13 Orphan It is a child under 18 years who has lost one or both parents.
5.13.1 Maternal Orphan It is a child under age 18 years who has lost his/her mother
5.13.2 Paternal Orphan It is a child under 18 years who has lost his/her father
5.14 Doctor Patient Ratio
This is the number of people served by one doctor.
Doctor
Patients
of
Number
DPR
5.15 Nurse Patient Ratio Refers to number of patients attended by one Nurse.
5.16 Hospital Beds A bed used for patients (as in hospital) that can be adjusted, especially to raise the head end, foot end or middle as required.
Licensed Beds: The maximum number of beds for which a hospital holds a license to operate. Many hospitals do not operate all of the beds for which they are licensed.
Physically Available Beds: Beds that are licensed physically set up, and available for use. These are beds regularly maintained in the hospital for the use of patients, which furnish accommodations with supporting services (such as food, laundry, and housekeeping). These beds may or may not be staffed but are physically available.
Staffed Beds: Beds that are licensed and physically available for which staff is on hand to attend to the patient who occupies the bed. Staffed beds include those that are occupied and those that are vacant.
44 Concepts and Definitions
Un-staffed Beds: Beds that are licensed and physically available and have no current staff on hand to attend to a patient who would occupy the bed.
Occupied Beds: Beds that are licensed, physically available, staffed, and occupied by a patient.
Vacant/Available Beds: Beds that are vacant and to which patients can be transported immediately. These must include supporting space, equipment, medical material, ancillary and support services, and staff to operate under normal circumstances. These beds are licensed, p hysically available, and have staff on hand to attend to the patient who occupies the bed.
5.17 Anthropometric Measurements Anthropometric Measurements are used to assess the nutritional status of children by collecting anthropometrics data which includ es age, height and weight measurement. The nutrition status indicators are categorized in three standard indices which are:
▪ Height - for- Age (Stunting) Stunting is the outcome of failure to receive adequate nutrition over an extended period and is also affected by recurrent or chronic illness. Children whose height - for- age is below minus two standard deviations from the m edian of reference population are stunted or short for their age.
▪ Weight - for- Height (Wasting) Wasting represents the failure to receive adequate nutrition in the period immediately before the survey, and typically is the result of recent illness epi sodes especially diarrhea, or a rapid deterioration in food supplies. Children whose weight - for- height is below minus two standard deviations from the median of reference population are considered wasted or thin.
▪ Weight - for- Age (Underweight) Underweight reflects the effects of both acute and chronic under nutrition. Children whose weight -for -age is below minus two standard deviations from the median of the reference population are considered underweight.
5.18 Body Mass Index (BMI) Body Mass Ind ex (BMI) is a number calculated from a person's weight and height. BMI provides a reliable indicator of body fatness for most people and is used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems.
45 Concepts and Definitions Alternatively: Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to both adult men and women (except for pregnant women).
2 )) ( ( ) ( m Height Kg Weight BMI
BMI Categories:
Underweight = <18.5
Normal weight = 18.5-24.9
Overweight = 25-29.9
Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater
5.19 Anemia A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells or oxygen-carrying proteins. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment in the blood, the predominant protein in the red blood cells. In the routine laboratory test for hemoglobin (Hb), it is usually measured as total hemoglobin and the result is expressed as the amount of hemoglobin in grams (gm) per deciliter (dl) of whole blood a deciliter being milliliters.
The normal ranges for hemoglobin depend on the age and beginning in adolescence and the sex of the person.
The normal ranges are:
Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl
One (1) week of age: 15-20 gm/dl
One (1) month of age: 11-15gm/dl
Children: 11-13 gm/dl
Adult males: 14-18 gm/dl
Adult women: 12-16 gm/dl
Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl
Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl.
Any person falling in the above specified groups, whose hemoglobin is below the respectively specified group will be termed to have Anemia.
5.20 Low Birth Weight Low Birth Weight refers to infants who weigh less than 2.5 kg at birth.
46 Concepts and Definitions
5.21 Arm Circumference Refers as a Public Health Index of Protein -Calories Malnutrition of early childhood. Arm circumference indicators of nutritional status are such as simple arm circumference, arm circumference-for-age and arm circumference-for- height.
5.22 Outpatient attendance ratio. Refers to total number of OPD attendance in a year divided by total population in a year.
5.23 Proportion of births attended in health facility Refers to number of deliveries conducted in health facilities divided by projected number of births.
5.24 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Refers to number of deliveries conducted by skilled health personnel divided by projected number of births
5.25 Pharmacist patient ratio
Refers to number of people served by one pharmacist
5.26 Nurse midwife patient ratio
Refers to number of people (pregnant women) served by one nurse midwife.
5.27 Contraceptive prevalence rate. Refers to number of contraceptive active users excluding condom or including condom divided by number of women of child bearing age.
5.28 Surveillance
Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually
of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting them.
5.29 Curative Services Curative care refers to treatment and therapies provided to a patient with an intent to improve symptoms and cure the patient's medical problem. Antibiotics, chemotherapy, a cast for a broken limb -- these are examples of curative care.
5.30 Preventive Services Routine health care that includes check-ups, patient counseling and screenings to prevent illness, disease and other health-related problems
47 Concepts and Definitions
5.31 Folk Education Folk Education are skills provided to adult especially in rural area for capacity building to rural area community to obtain skills for self employment, income generation and ability to tackle immediately problems appeared in their environment.
5.32 Gender Is the participating between men and women, their roles, access to and control over resources, division of labor, interests and needs.
5.33 Gender Based Violence (GBV) Are all forms physical, sexual and psychological violence directed against a woman simply because she is a woman or violence that affects women disproportionately.
5.34 Violence Against Children (VAC) Are all forms physical, sexual and psychological violence directed against Children.
5.35 Influential People People whose actions and opinions strongly convince the course of events
5.36 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal
of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical
reasons.
5.37 Adoption Is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents, and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, along with affiliation, from the biological parent or parents.
5.38 Most Vulnerable Children
Are children under the age of 18 years falling under extreme condition characterized by sev ere
deprivation as to endanger their health; well being and long term development like those who
live in a house with chronically ill parent; Maternal Orphan, Paternal Orphan; Stigmatized;
marginalized or discriminated; child without both parents; abandone d child; child forced to
work; child in harassment situation; children living institutional care; children born in prison,
48 Concepts and Definitions
children with Disabilities; early childhood bearing; street children and those living in child headed households.
5.39 Matrimonial Problems: Problems related to marriages.
5.40 Gerontology:
Is the Study of Social problems for the older Persons/People.
5.41 People with Disabilities:
Can be defined as Persons with physical, intellectual, sensory or mental impairment and whose
functional capacity is limited by encountering attitudinal, environmental and institutional
barriers.
5.42 Rehabilitation:
Means Combined efforts in the domain of health, education, vocational training, psychology,
public awareness and work including commun ity based rehabilitation intended to raise
functional level of a person with disability so as to enable him, take part in the normal life of the
community.
5.43 Settlements A public building established for the purpose of providing welfare requirements o f the needy persons with disabilities.
5.44 Social Protection Means family or community Support structures, and interventions by state or non state actors that support individuals, households and communities to prevent manage, overcome the risks threatening their security and well-being.
5.45 Social Support Means a support or assistance given to a person with disability in order to help that person to cope with his situation in a given environment.
5.46 Psychosocial Support Is an approach to victims of disaster, catastrophe or violence to foster resilience of communities and individuals. It aims at easing resumption of normal life; facilitate effected people
49 Concepts and Definitions
participation to their convalescence and preventing pathological consequences or potentially
traumatic situations.
5.47 Older Persons:
According to the National Ageing Policy 2003 An older person is a person with 60 years and
above.
5.48 Technical Devices:
Assistive Devices are those assistance be a person or equipment that supports a person w ith
disability to work in same pace as a non disabled person e.g Sign Language interpreter; Wheel
Chairs, Visual Aids (Glasses, Braille and White Cane).
5.49 Civil Registration Is defined as the continuous, permanent and compulsory recording of the occur rence and characteristics of vital events and as provided through decree of regulation in accordance with the legal requirement of each country.
5.50 Insolvency Is the condition of having more debt (liabilities) than total assets, which might be availab le to pay them .In other way it can be defined as the inability to pay for debts upon the date when they become due in ordinary course of business; the condition of an individual whose assets and property are inadequate to pay individual’s debt.
5.51 Vital Statistics Vital statistics are information systematically collected and compiled in numerical form, relating to or derived from vital events, that is deaths, births, marriage and divorces.
5.52 Trustee
Is a legal term, which refers to any person who holds property, authority or position of trust or
responsibility for the benefit of another. It can also be defined as
An individual person or member board given control or power of administration of property in
trust with legal obligation to administer it solely for the purposes specified.
5.53 Marriage
Is an act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship of husband and wife is constituted.
The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognized by
50 Concepts and Definitions
the laws of each country (United Nation, 2001) . In other ways marriage is simply defined as legally or formally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in relationship, it is the intimate union and equal partnership between man and woman.
5.54 Birth
Is the emergence of a baby from the body of its mother, the start of life as physically separate
being.
5.55 Death Is a permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live birth has taken place (post natal cessation of vital functi ons without capacity of resuscitation). This definition therefore excludes fetal death.
5.56 Divorce Is referred to a final legal dissolution of a marriage that is separation of husband and wife, which confers on the parties the right to remarriage unde r civil, religious and/or other provisions, according to the laws of each country.
5.57 Vital Event
A Vital event refers to the live birth, death, foetal death, marriage, divorce, adoption,
legitimating, recognition of parenthood, annulment of marriage or legal separation.
5.58 HIV incidence
In general, HIV incidence is expressed as the estimated number of persons newly infected with
HIV during a specified time period (e.g., a year), or as a rate calculated by dividing the estimated
number of persons newly infected with HIV during a specified time period by the number of
persons at risk for HIV infection.
It is important to understand the difference between HIV incidence and new diagnoses of HIV infection. HIV incidence refers to persons newly infect ed with HIV, whereas individuals newly diagnosed with HIV may have been infected years before being diagnosed.
5.59 HIV prevalence
The number of persons living with HIV disease at a given time regardless of the time of
infection, whether the person has received a diagnosis (aware of infection), or the stage of HIV
disease. Although prevalence does not indicate how long a person has had a disease.
51 Concepts and Definitions
CHAPTER SIX
LABOUR AND PRICE STATISTICS
6.0 Labour Statistics These statistics are concerned with economic activity of the population and are collected through censuses, household based surveys such as labour force surveys, establishment surveys and administrative records.
6.1 Economic Activities Covers all market production and certain ty pes of non-market productions, including production and processing of primary products for own consumption, own account construction (owner occupied dwellings) and other production of fixed assets for own use. It does not cover unpaid production of service s for own consumption, such as housework and care of other household members as defined by the SNA of 1993 and revised in 2008.
6.1.1 Economically Active Population Comprise all persons above a specified age (usually 15 years or above) who were either workings or actively looking for work and available. They include both the employed and unemployed persons.
There are two approaches used to measure the economically active population namely currently and usually economically active population. The currently economically active population, also referred to as the labour force, is measured in terms of a short reference period such as one week or one day . The usually economically active population is measured in terms of a longer reference period, such as a yea r. In Tanzania, the twelve calendar months preceding day of the survey interview was used as the reference period.