Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 140 Environmental Changes Changes in Quality Subcomponent 1.3: Environmental Quality Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality 1.3.2.a: Nutrients and chlorophyll 1.3.2.a.1: Concentration level of nitrogen 1.3.2.a.2: Concentration level of phosphorous 1.3.2.a.3: Concentration level of chlorophyll A 1.3.2.b: Organic matter 1.3.2.b.1: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 1.3.2.b.2: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1.3.2.c: Pathogens 1.3.2.c.1: Concentration levels of faecal coliforms 1.3.2.d: Metals (e.g., mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, cadmium) 1.3.2.d.1: Concentration levels in sediment and freshwater 1.3.2.d.2: Concentration levels in freshwater organisms 1.3.2.e: Organic contaminants (e.g., PCBs, DDT, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols, and radioactive waste) 1.3.2.e.1: Concentration levels in sediment and freshwater 1.3.2.e.2: Concentration levels in freshwater organisms 1.3.2.f: Physical and chemical characteristics 1.3.2.f.1: pH/acidity/alkalinity 1.3.2.f.2: Temperature 1.3.2.f.3: Total suspended solids (TSS) 1.3.2.f.4: Salinity 1.3.2.f.5: Dissolved oxygen (DO) Topic 1.3.3: Marine water quality 1.3.3.a: Nutrients and chlorophyll 1.3.3.a.1: Concentration level of nitrogen 1.3.3.a.2: Concentration level of phosphorous 1.3.3.a.3: Concentration level of chlorophyll A 1.3.3.b: Organic matter 1.3.3.b.1: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 1.3.3.b.2: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 1.3.3.c: Pathogens 1.3.3.c.1: Concentration levels of faecal coliforms in recreational marine waters 1.3.3.d: Metals (e.g., mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, cadmium) 1.3.3.d.1: Concentration levels in sediment and marine water 1.3.3.d.2: Concentration levels in marine organisms 1.3.3.e: Organic contaminants (e.g., PCBs, DDT, pesticides, furans, dioxins, phenols, and radioactive waste) 1.3.3.e.1: Concentration levels in sediment and marine water 1.3.3.e.2: Concentration levels in marine organisms 1.3.3.f: Physical and chemical characteristics 1.3.3.f.1: pH/acidity/alkalinity 1.3.3.f.2: Temperature 1.3.3.f.3: Total suspended solids (TSS) 1.3.3.f.4: Salinity 1.3.3.f.5: Dissolved oxygen (DO) 1.3.3.f.6: Density 1.3.3.g: Coral bleaching 1.3.3.g.1: Area affected by coral bleaching 1.3.3.i: Red tide 1.3.3.i.1: Occurrence 1.3.3.i.2: Impacted area 1.3.3.i.3: Duration Topic 1.3.4: Soil pollution 1.3.4.a: Sites affected by pollution 1.3.4.a.1: Contaminated sites 1.3.4.a.2: Potentially contaminated sites 1.3.4.a.3: Remediated sites 1.3.4.a.4: Other sites
141 Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 141 Changes in Quantity Subcomponent 1.1: Physical Conditions Topic 1.1.4: Soil characteristics 1.1.4.b: Soil degradation 1.1.4.b.1: Area affected by soil erosion 1.1.4.b.2: Area affected by desertification 1.1.4.b.3: Area affected by salinization 1.1.4.b.4: Area affected by waterlogging 1.1.4.b.5: Area affected by acidification 1.1.4.b.6: Area affected by compaction 1.1.4.c: Nutrient content of soil, measured in levels of: 1.1.4.c.1: Nitrogen (N) 1.1.4.c.2: Phosphorous (P) 1.1.4.c.5: Potassium (K) Subcomponent 2.3: Land Topic 2.3.1: Land use 2.3.1.a: Area under land use categories Changes in Physical Conditions and Disruption of Ecological Functions Subcomponent 1.2: Land Cover, Ecosystems and Biodiversity Topic 1.2.2: Ecosystems and biodiversity 1.2.2.c: Biodiversity 1.2.3.c.1: Known flora and fauna species 1.2.3.c.2: Endemic flora and fauna species 1.2.3.c.3: Invasive alien flora and fauna species 1.2.3.c.4: Species population 1.2.3.c.5: Habitat fragmentation Human Settlements and Environmental Health Subcomponent 5.1: Human Settlements Topic 5.1.1: Urban and rural population 5.1.1.b: Population living in rural areas 5.1.1.d: Total rural area Subcomponent 5.2: Environmental Health Topic 5.2.5: Toxic substance- and nuclear radiation- related diseases and conditions 5.2.5.a: Toxic substance– and nuclear radiation–related diseases and conditions [agrochemical-related only] 5.2.5.a.1: Incidence 5.2.5.a.2: Prevalence Extreme Events and Disasters Subcomponent 4.1: Natural Extreme Events and Disasters Topic 4.1.2: Impact of natural extreme events and disasters 4.1.2.b: Economic losses due to natural extreme events and disasters (e.g., damage to buildings, transportation networks, loss of revenue for businesses, utility disruption) [adjacent to agriculture] 4.1.2.c: Physical losses/damages due to natural extreme events and disasters (e.g., area and amount of crops, livestock, aquaculture, biomass) [adjacent to agriculture] 4.1.2.d: Effects of natural extreme events and disasters on integrity of ecosystems 4.1.2.d.1: Area affected by natural disasters [adjacent to agriculture] 4.1.2.d.2: Loss of vegetation cover [adjacent to agriculture] 4.1.2.d.3: Area of watershed affected 4.1.2.d.4: Other Subcomponent 4.2: Technological Disasters Topic 4.2.2: Impact of techno logical disasters 4.2.2.b: Economic losses due to technological disasters (e.g., damage to buildings, transportation networks, loss of revenue for businesses, utility disruption) [adjacent to agriculture] 4.2.2.c: Physical losses/damages due to technological disasters (e.g., area and amount of crops, livestock, aquaculture, biomass) [adjacent to agriculture] 4.2.2.d: Effects of technological disasters on integrity of ecosystems 4.2.2.d.1: Area affected by technological disasters [adjacent to agriculture] 4.2.2.d.2: Loss of vegetation cover [adjacent to agriculture] 4.2.2.d.3: Area of watershed affected 4.2.2.d.4: Other (e.g., for oil spills: volume of oil released into the environment, impact on ecosystem)
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013) 142 Responses Subcomponent 6.1: Environmental Protection and Resource Management Expenditure Topic 6.1.1: Government environ mental protection and resource management expenditure 6.1.1.a: Government environmental protection and resource management expenditure [only in agriculture] 6.1.1.a.1: Annual government environmental protection expenditure 6.1.1.a.2: Annual government resource management expenditure Topic 6.1.2: Corporate, non-profit institution and household environmental protection and resource management expenditure 6.1.2.a: Private sector environmental protection and resource management expenditure [only in agriculture] 6.1.2.a.1: Annual corporate environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.2: Annual corporate resource management expenditure 6.1.2.a.3: Annual non-profit institution environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.4: Annual non-profit institution resource management expenditure 6.1.2.a.5: Annual household environmental protection expenditure 6.1.2.a.6: Annual household resource management expenditure Subcomponent 6.2: Environmental Governance and Regulation Topic 6.2.2: Environmental regu lation and instruments 6.2.2.a: Direct regulation [related to agriculture] 6.2.2.a.1: List of regulated pollutants and description (e.g., by year of adoption and maximum allowable levels) 6.2.2.a.2: Description (e.g., name, year established) of licensing system to ensure compliance with environmental standards for businesses or other new facilities 6.2.2.a.3: Number of applications for licences received and approved per year 6.2.2.a.4: List of quotas for biological resource extraction 6.2.2.a.5: Budget and number of staff dedicated to enforcement of environmental regulations 6.2.2.b: Economic instruments [related to agriculture] 6.2.2.b.1: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of green/environmental taxes 6.2.2.b.2: List and description (e.g., year of establishment) of environmentally relevant subsidies 6.2.2.b.3: List of eco-labelling and environmental certification programmes 6.2.2.b.4: Emission permits traded Topic 6.2.3: Participation in MEAs and environmental conventions 6.2.3.a: Participation in MEAs and other global environmental conventions 6.2.3.a.1: List and description (e.g., country’s year of participationa) of MEAs and other global environmental conventions [related to agriculture only; desertification and POPs] Subcomponent 6.4: Environmental Information and Awareness Topic 6.4.2: Environmental education 6.4.2.a: Environmental education [related to food/health from agriculture, and/or organic and sustainable agriculture] 6.4.2.a.1: Allocation of resources by central and local authorities for environmental education 6.4.2.a.2: Number and description of environmental education programmes in schools 6.4.2.a.3: Number of students pursuing environment-related higher education (e.g., science, management, education, engineering) Topic 6.4.3: Environmental perception and awareness 6.4.3.a: Public environmental perception and awareness [related to food/health from agriculture, and/or organic and sustainable agriculture] 6.4.3.a.1: Knowledge and attitudes about environmental issues or concerns 6.4.3.a.2: Knowledge and attitudes about environmental policies Topic 6.4.4: Environmental engagement 6.4.4.a: Environmental engagement [related to food/health from agriculture, and/or organic and sustainable agriculture] 6.4.4.a.1: Existence of pro-environmental NGOs [number of NGOs and their respective human and financial resources] 6.4.4.a.2: Number of pro-environmental activities 6.4.4.a.3: Number of pro-environmental programmes a Participation means that the country or area has become party to the agreements under the treaty or convention, which is achieved through various means, depending on the country’s circumstances, namely: accession, acceptance, approval, formal confirmation, ratification and succession. Countries or areas that have signed but not become party to the agreements under a given convention or treaty are not considered to be participating. Additional indicators commonly used in Agriculture and the Environment 5.67. AEIs are indicators able to describe and assess state and trends in the environmental performance of agriculture to furnish useful indications to scientists and policymakers about the state of the environment, about the effects of different policies, as well as about the efficiency in the use of budgets in terms of environmental outcomes.115 5.68. Ideally, AEIs are robust, timely, simple and relevant to stakeholders involved in agri culture. The most used indicator framework subdivides AEIs into to five categories within the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model developed by the European 115 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013), “Agri- Environmental Indicators”, available from http://faostat. fao.org/site/674/default.aspx (accessed 4 August 2017).
143Applications of the FDES to cross-cutting environmental issues 143
Environment Agency (EEA 1999) and built on the PSR model (OECD 1993). The AEI dataset
available within FAOSTAT has been produced in line with the AEI frameworks developed by
OECD and EUROSTAT in the last 20 years. Each indicator is described by different data series.
Table 5.1
Agri-Environmental Indicators available within FAOSTAT 116
Domain Subdomain Indicator
Air and Climate
Change Ammonia emissions Ammonia (NH3) emissions from agriculture as a percent-
age of total NH3 emissions
Energy
Energy use in agriculture and
forestry
Agriculture and forestry energy use as a percentage of
total energy use
Bioenergy production Bioenergy production as a percentage of total renew -
able energy production
Fertilizers
Consumption
Nitrogen consumption Nitrogen nutrient use on arable and permanent crop
area (N metric tons/1000 ha)
Phosphate consumption Phosphate nutrient use on arable and permanent crop
area (P2O5 metric tons/1000 ha)
Nitrogen and phosphate Nitrogen and Phosphate nutrient use on arable and
permanent crop area (N+P2O5 metric tons/1000 ha)
Land
Agricultural area Agricultural area as a percentage of land area
Agricultural area use change Changes in agricultural area (percentage per year)
Area equipped for irrigation Area equipped for irrigation as a percentage of agricul-
tural area
Conservation agriculture Conservation agriculture area (>30 per cent group cover)
as a percentage of agricultural area
Cropping patterns
Permanent crops area as a percentage of agricultural
area
Permanent meadows and pastures area as a percentage
of agricultural area
Arable land area as a percentage of agricultural area
Organic agricultural area Organic area as a percentage of agricultural area
Protected land area Protected terrestrial area as a percentage of land area
Livestock
Livestock density Livestock total per hectare of agricultural area (livestock
total number/ha)
Cattle and buffalo Cattle and buffalo as a percentage of total livestock
Pigs Pigs as a percentage of total livestock
Sheep and goats Sheep and goats as a percentage of total livestock
Poultry birds Poultry birds as a percentage of total livestock
Pesticides Pesticide use Pesticide use on arable and permanent crop area (metric
tons/1000 ha)
Soil
Soil Erosion—GLASOD Average soil erosion expressed in GLASOD erosion
degree
Land degradation—GLASOD Average land degradation expressed in GLASOD erosion
degree
Carbon in topsoil Average carbon content in the topsoil as a percentage
in weight
Water Water use in agriculture Water withdrawal for agricultural use as a percentage of
total water withdrawal
116 Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations (2014), “Agri-
Environmental Indicators
available within FAOSTAT”,
available from http://faostat3
.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to
/download/E/*/E (accessed
4 August 2017).
145
Annex A
The Basic Set of Environment Statistics
A.1.
The tables containing the complete Basic Set include additional columns which provide
further guidance. The fourth column in this table provides illustrations of possible tempo
ral, spatial and subject-based disaggregation of the statistics. These are not mutually exclusive
and may overlap. The fifth column refers to existing available methodological guidance from
international sources that offer concepts, descriptions, specifications, lists, classifications and
statistical methodologies for the given topic of the FDES.
Basic Set Legend
1. The first level in the tables, preceded by a lower-case letter, is the statistics group/
category; in some cases where there are no statistics below the first level, this level may also
describe a specific statistic.
2. The second level in the tables, preceded by a number, identifies specific statistics.
3. Bold text is Tier 1 (Core Set) statistics; regular text is Tier 2 statistics; and italicized
text is Tier 3 statistics.