Current challenges in international relations include escalating geopolitical tensions, particularly due to Russia's aggressive stance, which has prompted a reevaluation of collective security frameworks established post-1945. As the war in Ukraine continues, the implications for international governance and security structures are profound, leading to heightened rhetoric regarding nuclear capabilities and deterrence strategies [2][6]. 

Additionally, the U.S.-China relationship is marked by intensifying confrontations, compounded by issues such as trade disputes, technological competition, and climate change. These factors contribute to rising uncertainties within global alliances and the shifting nature of diplomacy, which must adapt to an increasingly multipolar world [3][4].

What are the current challenges in international relations?

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