How do e-ink screens work, and why do they use so little power?

E-ink displays function through millions of tiny microcapsules, each about the diameter of a human hair, filled with charged black and white pigment particles suspended in clear fluid[1]. When an electric field is applied, these particles move to the top of the capsule to become visible, creating text or images[1]. Because the system is bistable, it only consumes power when the ink moves to change the image, making it highly energy efficient for static content[1].
Refresh is slower because it relies on physical particle movement rather than backlighting[4]. Ghosting occurs when particles fail to fully realign during an update, leaving faint traces of previous content[2].
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