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Five jaw-dropping facts from the ocean’s deepest trenches

The hadal zone reaches about 11,000 meters, under pressure more than 1,000 times surface levels.

[1][2]

Mariana forearc has at least 19 active serpentinite mud volcanoes venting cold, hyperalkaline fluids with pH up to 12.6.

[3][4]

Excess trench sediments may help trigger great earthquakes, and 13 of 19 huge events fit that pattern.

[5]

The hadal snailfish survives by losing its swim bladder and making TMAO to stabilize proteins under pressure.

[6][7]

Deep trench seep fields host the deepest, most extensive chemosynthetic communities yet reported, reaching 9,533 meters across about 2,500 kilometers.

[8]