Philosophy
Discusses major philosophical theories, thinkers, and the application of philosophy in contemporary issues.
What does Philosophy impart to man BUT UNDISCOVERED WONDERS? Let HER SOAR Even to her proudest height — to where she caught The soul of Newton and of Socrates — She but extends the scope of wild amaze And Admiration.
Henry Kirke White
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The difference between knowledge and justified true belief after Gettier revolves around the inadequacy of the traditional tripartite analysis of knowledge, which states that for someone to know a proposition, it must be (1) a belief, (2) true, and (3) justified. Edmund Gettier's 1963 paper presented counterexamples demonstrating that one can have a justified true belief that nevertheless fails to qualify as knowledge due to certain failures in the justification's relationship to the truth of the belief.
Gettier's examples show that justification can involve reasoning from false premises, resulting in a belief that is true merely by chance. For instance, in one of Gettier's scenarios, a character named Smith has strong justification for believing that Jones will get the job based on misleading evidence. He concludes that whoever gets the job has ten coins in their pocket, which turns out to be true, but not for the reasons he justified his belief; Smith himself happens to be the one with ten coins. Thus, even though Smith has a justified true belief, he does not 'know' it because that justification is based on falsehoods within the reasoning process[1].
This indicates that while justified true belief might satisfy some conditions for knowledge, those conditions are not jointly sufficient, necessitating the search for additional criteria that would exclude Gettier cases. Many epistemologists now attempt to define knowledge through additional conditions to sidestep the problems highlighted by Gettier, such as requiring that justification not stem from false beliefs or ensuring a certain degree of reliability in the justification chain[3][5].
In summary, the crux of the differences lies in recognizing that not all justified true beliefs qualify as knowledge, primarily due to the nature of their justification and its relation to the truth.
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Curated by Joan
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Human enhancement is at least as old as human civilization.
Pew Research[1]
Technological shortcuts may decrease the accomplishment's value.
MIT Technology Review[3]
The means by which people achieve their goals in life matter.
MIT Technology Review[3]
Morality is not an automatic byproduct of technological advance.
Unknown[6]
It is our job to improve ourselves and enable others to do so.
John Harris[6]
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The trouble about man is twofold. He cannot learn truths which are too complicated; he forgets truths which are too simple.
Unknown[4]
Truth will always be truth, regardless of lack of understanding, disbelief or ignorance.
Unknown[4]
In a world where the line between fiction and reality often blurs, the truth remains the guiding light.
Unknown[3]
Each quote offers a unique perspective, encouraging reflection and inspiring action.
Unknown[2]
Truth is an eternal force, subtly influencing personal happiness, moral courage, and wisdom.
Unknown[3]
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Time cannot transform itself into eternity.
Karl Jaspers[2]
Eternity exists in time.
Karl Jaspers[2]
Eternity is neither timelessness, nor is it lasting forever.
Karl Jaspers[2]
It is not death that a man should fear, but rather he should fear never beginning to live.
Marcus Aurelius[5]
Change is the only constant, and time is the objective ruler of the universe.
Unknown[4]
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Metal! These things metal? Metal—ALIVE AND THINKING!
Drake
They were metal things with—MINDS!
Narrator
And man, an atom in the ferment, clings desperately to what to him seems stable
Narrator
Dominion over all the earth? Yes—as long as man is fit to rule; no longer.
Ventnor
The greater the mystery, the more bitterly is its verity assailed
Narrator
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Here's life to those we love, and death to those we hate—Vive L'Anarchie and the Outlaws of the Air!
Max Renault
Yes, I suppose might is right after all, in love as well as war and nineteenth century society.
Lea Cassilis
To Humanity perhaps—to Society, as you call it, no. We owe no duty to Society, and we will pay none.
Edward Adams
These people are not honourable adversaries; they are only vermin, and as vermin we must destroy them.
Mr. Austen
I will have blood for blood, according to the creed of my race, so help me God, and the Holy Virgin, by this sign!
René Berthauld
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Introduction
The House on the Borderland explores the profound psychological impact of isolation and fear on its protagonist, an old man who lives in an ancient, remote house in the west of Ireland [1]. The narrative, presented as the man's diary, details his descent into a state of heightened anxiety and altered perception as he confronts inexplicable phenomena and monstrous entities. His self-imposed solitude, coupled with the house's sinister reputation, creates a fertile ground for psychological distress [1].
The Burden of Solitude
The protagonist's isolation is a central theme, established by his choice to live in a house that has been vacant for over eighty years due to its bad reputation [1]. He lives alone with his sister and keeps no servants, stating, "I hate them" [1]. The local peasantry considers him mad because he avoids interaction with them [1]. This profound social detachment means he has no one to confide in, leading him to start a diary to record thoughts and feelings he "cannot express to anyone" [1]. The house itself is described as an "ancient pile" with a vast, unkempt estate, further emphasizing its remoteness [1]. This extreme solitude intensifies his experiences, as he is left to grapple with the horrors he witnesses without external validation or support.
Manifestations of Fear
The protagonist's fear is triggered by a series of increasingly bizarre and terrifying events. Initially, subtle changes like candles glowing "ghastly green" and then "dull, ruddy tint" cause a "first twinge of real fear" [1]. He admits to feeling "distinctly frightened" but is paralyzed by uncertainty, able to "think of nothing better to do than wait" [1]. Later, encountering the chasm and the ruined structure, he experiences an "intolerable sense of terror" [1]. The appearance of the "Swinecreatures" is a major source of dread; their "brutish ferocity" leaves him "numbed with a feeling of unmitigated horror" [1]. The psychological toll of these encounters is evident in his inability to sleep, as he feels the "bestial thing haunting the shrubberies" [1]. The constant threat leads to a state of hyper-vigilance, where even silence becomes a source of anxiety, making him "very uneasy, concerning the continued quietness on the part of the creatures" [1].
Erosion of Sanity and Perception
The prolonged exposure to inexplicable horrors and isolation severely impacts the protagonist's mental state, leading to a blurring of reality and a sense of impending madness. After his first vision, he feels "dazed and muddled" [1], and his memory seems "dulled" [1]. He notes that he was "absent—at least in spirit—for nearly a day and a night" [1]. The constant questioning of his sanity is a recurring motif, as he writes, "God, Almighty God, help me! I shall go mad" [1]. His perception of time becomes distorted, with days and nights passing in seconds, and he witnesses his own rapid aging, seeing himself as a "bent, decrepit man, whose shoulders stooped, and whose face was wrinkled with the years of a century" [1]. The ultimate psychological breakdown occurs when he realizes his physical body has decayed into dust, leading to the chilling conclusion: "I was a bodiless thing" [1]. In his final moments, he experiences a complete loss of free will, compelled by an "immutable power" to open the bolted door to an unseen terror, his brain becoming "curiously blank" [1] [1]. This culmination of fear and isolation leaves him in a state of "supreme agony" [1].
Conclusion
The psychological impact of isolation and fear in The House on the Borderland is depicted as a relentless assault on the protagonist's mind. His initial solitude transforms into a terrifying confinement, where the very quietness of the house and gardens becomes a source of dread. The constant threat of the Swinecreatures, coupled with his inability to fully comprehend the supernatural phenomena, pushes him to the brink of madness, distorting his perception of time and reality, and ultimately leading to a profound sense of helplessness and despair.
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The Green Sun initially appears to the narrator as a 'single, great star, of vivid green' [1] that grows to 'vast proportions' [1], filling 'all the sky' [1]. It is described as a 'huge emerald, scintillating rays of fire across the world' [1], and its light is so tremendous that it appears to fill the sky with 'quivering flames' [1].
Symbolically, the narrator speculates that this 'stupendous globe of green fire might not be the vast Central Sun—the great sun, 'round which our universe and countless others revolve' [1]. He also questions if 'the dead stars make the Green Sun their grave' [1] and if it is 'the abode of some vast Intelligence' [1]. It represents a source of ultimate light and a potential cosmic center at the end of all things.
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And there I, a fragile flake of soul dust, flickered silently across the void, from the distant blue, into the expanse of the unknown.
Narrator
It was as though time had been annihilated for me; so that a year was no more to my unfleshed spirit, than is a moment to an earthbound soul.
Narrator
To see the sun rise and set, within a space of time to be measured by seconds; to watch (after a little) the moon leap...
Narrator
He had reached the time of his dying, and had passed, probably through sheer length of years. And here was I, alive, hundreds of thousands of centuries after my rightful period of years.
Narrator
The world, dark and intensely silent, rode on its gloomy orbit around the ponderous mass of the dead sun.
Narrator
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