Islands; and the Tetragonia expansa, a New Zealand annual, is cultivated as a garden vegetable and substituted for spinach. * e SCLERANTHACEX are inconspicuous herbs of no known use.

DaPHNADS. Evergreen Shrubs and trees sometimes of large dimensions, with monochlamydeous flowers; when a corolla exists the petals have the colour, texture, and quality of the calyx. Carpel solitary, and embryo almond-like, without albumen. Including the refreshing T/ymus, whose name speaks of reviving strength; Protea, of variety and transformations;Laurus, of all that is green and aromatic. The Cassyt. are tropical parasites of curious abit. |

Shrubby, “occasionally herbaceous plants, with simple alternate leaves; flowers unisexual by abortion, terminal or axillary, in heads, loured, petaloid, and tubular; CCIII. Thymelacee.

) ite, rarely unisexual, in s) K » Pl ceeding from the axils of the leaves; stamens four; anthers sessile, bursting longitudinally;ovules erect, and calyx valvate.

Parasitical plants resembling the Dodders, having scales here and } there in place of leaves on their twinin stems; six-parted ci COCVI. Cassythacex. the three outer lamingw being small and monospermous; stamens Petal-like, twelve, in four rows; anthers two-celled, bursting by | _ Tecurved valves; t buried in a succulent permanenent calyx. frui An interesting group of plants, whether we consider them as objects of floral beauty and fragrance, as associated with poetical iterature, or in a medicinal and industrial sense. The Tuyme-having the Lace, or Spurge Laurels, include (1) the Daphnidex, throat of the perianth naked; (2) the Gnidiew, in which the throat is bearded with scales or glands; (3) the Drymispermidze; The name hermaphrodite. the perianth being naked, and the flowers of the order is derived from Thymetwa, a plant spoken of by the ancients. The plants of this order occur in great abundance in the ; and Australia South Africa, America, cooler parts of India, South 1s property most common Their also in Europe. ey occur

causticity, which resides in the bark, which is very tough, and applitable to the purposes of cordage; thus Daphne Lagetta, the Lace Bark tree of Jamaica, is remarkable for the beauty of the inner fibre of its bark, and for the facility with which it is separated into layers and meshes, which by lateral stretching become equal in delicacy to the finest lace. The bark of Gnidia Daphnoides is manufactured in Madagascar into ropes; and a soft paper is made from the inner bark of Daphne Bholua, in Nepal, and from Daphne Cannabina,in China. Others, as Passarina tinctoria and Daphne Gnidium, yield a yellow die, used to colour wool in the South of Europe. The Mezereon of the garden (Daphne _ Mezerium), a deciduous plant, with spikes of white or purple flowers appearing on the plant before the leaves unfold, which is found wild in the mountain forests of the middle and south of Europe, yields berries of a smooth, shining, and bright red, which are extremely acrid and even poisonous. Linnzeus speaks of a person having been poisoned by eating a dozen Mezerium berries. They are employed in Sweden to poison wild animals; and in Russia it is asserted that the Tartar women rub their cheeks with the berries to heighten their colour,—a permanent species of rouge. _ The Spurge Laurel of our hedgerows and woods is a handsome evergreen bush, with greenish flowers growing in clusters, concealed by the leaves, and have the appearance of the laurel.

The Prorzace® are distinguished from Daphne by the hard woody texture of their leaves, their irregular tubular calyx, with valvate wstivation. Brown considers that the radicle pointing towards the base of the fruit is a distinguishing feature. The - order is named from the diversity of appearance presented by the several genera composing it. They are generally handsome evergreen shrubs, much prized by gardeners for the beauty and singularity of their flowers. Many of the genera are named after distinguished botanists, and their geographical distribution 18 extremely interesting. They are almost entirely confined to being found hemisphere, of the southern the larger continents in New Zealand, New Caledonia, and wherever the shores of Australia have been explored, the Proteaceous plants have been found; the great proportion of the order existing there in the same latitude as the Cape of Good Hope. On the south-east the Grevellias, coast it forms the chief feature in the vegetation;

named by Dr. Brown in honour of the Hon. Francis Greville, are numerous in species there. The Hakeas and Banksiars—the latter mamed in honour of Sir Joseph Banks—are equally numerous. Tnferentially the species belonging to the order, having been found in Madagascar and the lesser South Sea Islands, are supposed to be extensively diffused over Africa. e LauRACcEm® are trees sometimes of great. size, distinguished from imperfect apetalous Dicotyledons by the dehiscence of their anthers. Their habitat is cool places in the tropics of either hemisphere. Laurus nobilis is the only species found in a wild state in Europe. The species are all more or less aromatic and fragrant; some are valuable for their timber; others bear fruit like the nutmeg. Some yield fixed and essential oils, and an abundance of camphor. Cinnamon and cassia are well-known products of the order from the hottest parts of Asia, the former being produced from Cinnamonium Zeylanicum. Among the timber trees of the order is the Greenheart of Demerara (Nectandra Rodiea). The CassyTHace®, hoard in3 the hottest parts of the world only, _ are parasitic plants, resembling the Dodders, of no known use. Their structure is nearly that of Laurels, the difference being in the fruit, which in Cassytha is enclosed in a berried calyx. Little is known of their properties or uses.

Rosas. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, partaking somewhat of the Lauracez, so far as their apetalous and aromatic characters are concerned, but characterised by their apocarpus fruits, small ‘umber of seeds, and amygdaloid embryo, with little or no albumen. with distinct carpels, monodichlamydeous, eir flowers are Sutural placentae, definite seeds, corolla, if present at all, polypetalous,

pchTominti with square stems, leaves opposite; simple scalrons +) stipulate flowers, axillary or aenaorgge hermaphrredite or uni-rted in the rim of a numerous CCVII. Calycanthaceex. stamens sexualiyby abortion; eshytube; ovaries several; superior digest «embryo, convolute, with inferior radicle, J varaor shrubs, with slept stipulate leaves, gea ahovdn cage Fm with eacho Chrysobalanacez. us flowers in Ponce ‘niles oro cory eafiveielobed7; CCVIII, ° fens dente ornone; asolitary carpel; styl 2 fruit a drupe, one or two-celled.

Herbaceous plants, shrubs, or trees, having alternate, mostly com- — leaves; petiole swelling = so base; nid gemend or apetalous CCIX. Leguminacez. flow 1; a papilio maceous a, legumino 8s fruit, und solitary cepastyle gsi Afro oie apex

Trees or shrubs, simple alternate leaves, usually glandular eane the base; regular polypetalous flowers, white or pink, in CCX. Drupacee. umbelsor single; petalsfive; met 8 twenty, risingfrom the throat of the¢:rote A eogad

Trees or shrubs, with altern stipulate leaves,simple or com-| poumeat agespe net nagepoor solitary,0 white or ong calyx adherent, five-toothed; petals ve, unguicu- CCXI. Pomacez. late, the end on€ anterior; stamens indefinite; one adheering to the ‘calyx dors: y:

Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, with eimple, alternate lobed ae pm bi stipules, mete ‘flowers, sir often capitate; CCXII, Sanguisorbacez. calyx a thickened tube; petals nine; stamens asane: fruit a nut, arsenide enclosedin hardened — of sag —

, alternate, often with two serita at r hogsbase; flowe rs polypetalous, herma-bas ccaor bpmtesiogy by abortion; calyx four or dvetobed? carpels |CCXIII. Rosacez. eeded _— yx, and nearly "free from each otheer; fruit one- 8 ) TheCALYCANTHACE are hardy perigynous exogens, eal known in the garden for their delicious fragrance and for their chocolate-coloured flowers, with segments overlying each other in several rows. They present an imbricated calyx and corolla which pass insensibly into each other, combining at the base into a thick flesh tube;a small number of perigynous stamens with adnate anthers, with projecting connective; their hood presents four imperfect axes with concentric circles to each, lying at eq distances from the bark, which gives a square form to the circumference. Chimonanthus is called the Japan Allspice;and the bark of C. floridus is sometimes used as & for cinna- substitute

and probably of the They forests. Indian i or

» oubees¥g» todwe ob Thongthe hak, B, embryo minus one many 0 which edo, tadic: poin para of cotyledon, 2 eet oe oe eatable. (Fig. nee or as some ‘sect term grepr The LEGUMINACEX, Fasacex, form an extensive natural order,¢consisting

baceous plants, shrubs, and great trees, extremely variable in appearance. Their most common feature is to have what are called papilionaceous flowers, which are readily recognisable, and leguminous fruit; although these characters do not always exist throughout the order, in some cases a kind of drupe taking its place, while the Mimosezx have regular flowers, and indefinite hypogynous stamens.- The nominal fruit of the Leguminaceex, however, may be considered a Legume, namely, 4 dry simple carpel, with a suture along both its margins, which opens at maturity by the line of suture into two valves.

This vast assemblage of plants useful to man, has been subdivided into groups which we shall abbreviate in order to give a comprehensive view of the whole.

Tripe I. Papatyriem.—Corolla papilionaceous; stamens ten; pod free, two-valved. Almost all natives of Australia, with the exception of Baptista tinctoria, the Wild Indigo, a bush of the United States of America, three feet high, which yields a 20 blue colouring matter, resembling Indigo of an inferior ind, Trive II. Lorrx.—Corolla papilionaceous; stamens ten, in

one or two bundles; pod two-valved, continuous, one-celled; rarely two-celled, from the suture being bent inwards. The Lotex are rich in fibre; Madras Hemp, the brown Hemp of India, being the produce of Crotolaria juncea. Some of the Lupines so exten- Sively cultivated by the Romans belong to this tribe; as do also the beautiful yellow-flowering Gorse, Furze, or Whin, the Ulea Europeus, of which Linneus preserved a plant in his greenhouse at Upsal. The Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum) yields a delicate fibre from which a fine linen cloth is made. The common yellow-flowered Broom (Cytisus scoparius), and the graceful Laburnum (C. Laburnum), all belong to one section of the tribe; while the Lucern (Medicago sativa), the Trefoil (M. upulina), the Mililotus, and the Clovers, (Trifolium), all so valuable in agriculture, form another section; and the Indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria); the Sommon Liquorice (Glycyrhiza glabra), the ornamental Bastard Acacia or Locust-tree (Robinia pseud-acacia), and the Astragalus, : from Which the Gum Tragacanth of commerce is obtained, form a third and fourth section of the same tribe.

Tripe III. Victz%.—Corolla papilionaceous; stamens ten, in two bundles, that is, nine joined together and one free; pod, two-valved and continuous.

In this section are ranged those leguminous plants which are cultivated for food, under the name of Pulse. Here we have the Bean (faba vulgaris), from which the cultivated Beans have been derived (Fig. 240); the Peas (Pisum sativum); the Lentils (Zrewm lens); the Tares or Velities (Vicia sativa); the Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus latifolius); the Sweet Pea, so fragrant and graceful. Tre IV. Hepysarr#.—Corolla papilionaceous; stamens ten, in one or two bundles, nine jointed and one free, or five in each bundle; pod divided transversely into one-seeded joints or

» Ceus. The Ground nut of America, the fruit of Arachis hypoged, ani Adesmia balsamifera, better known as the Jarella plant of Chili, bears flowers of great beauty; and the Moving plant of Bengal (Desmodium gyrans), and the French Honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium), and Santfoin, the well-known Fodder plant, belong to this tribe.

Trize V. PHasrorzx.—Corolla papilionaceous; stamens ten, united in two bundles, rarely in one; pod two-valved, continuous, many-seeded, with a cellular transverse membrane between each, divided by ridges, but never articulated.

In this section the most remarkable plants are Clitoria ternated, said to be a cure for croop; Soja hispida, a plant of Japan, free which soy is prepared; the Ox-eye Bean (Mucuna urens); the Shady Coral tree (Hrythrina umbrosa), grown in the Caracas and Trinidad for shading the young chocolate plantations; the Dhak tree of India (Butea frondosa), from which Bengal kino, °F butea gum, is drawn. This section also includes the Scarlet Runners (Phaseolus multiflorus), which is at once a beautiful ornament to our gardens and yields a useful vegetable for the table; the Dwarf Kidney Beans and Haricots, and other useful or ornamental plants, belong to the section. Trize VI. Darsercrrm.—Corolla papilionaceous; snag united either in one or two bundles;pod not opening, often ties - into cells by internal ridges:

Page 68 of 93